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Adjectives and verbs accompanying the noun data turn out to be even more important than data itself in specifying data »</span> <span class=\"citation\" data-citation=\"%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%221%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D\">(<span class=\"citation-item\">Bordignon et Maisonobe, 2022, p. 1</span>)</span></p><p><span class=\"highlight\" data-annotation=\"%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FIUM9NX2W%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22M49GKARK%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%221%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A0%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B247.631%2C374.936%2C561.375%2C383.696%5D%2C%5B198.026%2C361.954%2C228.293%2C370.714%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%221%22%7D%7D\">« authors tend to claim ownership of their data at the very end of the research process »</span> <span class=\"citation\" data-citation=\"%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%221%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D\">(<span class=\"citation-item\">Bordignon et Maisonobe, 2022, p. 1</span>)</span></p><p><span class=\"highlight\" data-annotation=\"%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FIUM9NX2W%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%2222MFW7ST%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%221%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A0%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B364.928%2C361.954%2C564.337%2C370.714%5D%2C%5B198.026%2C348.971%2C567.787%2C357.731%5D%2C%5B198.026%2C335.932%2C283.846%2C344.692%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%221%22%7D%7D\">« even if data-handling operations are increasingly frequent, they are still described with imprecise verbs that do not reflect the complexity of these transformations »</span> <span class=\"citation\" data-citation=\"%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%221%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D\">(<span class=\"citation-item\">Bordignon et Maisonobe, 2022, p. 1</span>)</span></p><p><span class=\"highlight\" data-annotation=\"%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FIUM9NX2W%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%226DS83QSM%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%221%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A0%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B529.393%2C253.385%2C576.011%2C262.145%5D%2C%5B198.028%2C240.402%2C384.565%2C249.162%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%221%22%7D%7D\">« a change of scale in our access and means to process data »</span> <span class=\"citation\" data-citation=\"%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%221%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D\">(<span class=\"citation-item\">Bordignon et Maisonobe, 2022, p. 1</span>)</span></p><p><span class=\"highlight\" data-annotation=\"%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FIUM9NX2W%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%222K9C7GWJ%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%222%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A1%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B226.884%2C542.406%2C576.012%2C551.166%5D%2C%5B198.027%2C529.424%2C239.083%2C538.184%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%222%22%7D%7D\">« the term data is so polysemous that it seems difficult to understand it independently of its context »</span> <span class=\"citation\" data-citation=\"%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%222%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D\">(<span class=\"citation-item\">Bordignon et Maisonobe, 2022, p. 2</span>)</span></p><p><span class=\"highlight\" data-annotation=\"%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FIUM9NX2W%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22PN4JJFW8%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%222%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A1%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B297.692%2C529.424%2C575.961%2C538.184%5D%2C%5B198.027%2C516.385%2C487.037%2C525.144%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%222%22%7D%7D\">« most specialists share the idea that data does not have a stable meaning, its significance and utility varying throughout the research process »</span> <span class=\"citation\" data-citation=\"%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%222%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D\">(<span class=\"citation-item\">Bordignon et Maisonobe, 2022, p. 2</span>)</span></p><p><span class=\"highlight\" data-annotation=\"%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FIUM9NX2W%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22WIXIF8ZX%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%222%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A1%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B282.271%2C472.392%2C576.072%2C481.151%5D%2C%5B198.025%2C459.409%2C575.968%2C468.169%5D%2C%5B198.025%2C446.427%2C510.829%2C455.187%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%222%22%7D%7D\">« we offer to investigate how the rhetorical function of data emerges in academic writing by analyzing in which contexts data occurs in scientific articles, which are among the written outputs that researchers use to formulate their argument and reasoning »</span> <span class=\"citation\" data-citation=\"%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%222%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D\">(<span class=\"citation-item\">Bordignon et Maisonobe, 2022, p. 2</span>)</span></p><p><span class=\"highlight\" data-annotation=\"%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FIUM9NX2W%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22E3U8Y6PS%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%222%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A1%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B283.235%2C433.388%2C576.058%2C442.147%5D%2C%5B198.025%2C420.405%2C530.6%2C429.165%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%222%22%7D%7D\">« a computational method of discourse analysis, starting from the pivot term data and looking for different lexico-grammatical realizations in our corpus of full texts »</span> <span class=\"citation\" data-citation=\"%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%222%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D\">(<span class=\"citation-item\">Bordignon et Maisonobe, 2022, p. 2</span>)</span></p><p><span class=\"highlight\" data-annotation=\"%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FIUM9NX2W%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22W4GJKUD5%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%222%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A1%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B420.883%2C324.425%2C576.069%2C333.185%5D%2C%5B198.025%2C311.386%2C575.985%2C320.145%5D%2C%5B198.025%2C298.403%2C246.13%2C307.163%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%222%22%7D%7D\">« What does the linguistic environment of the word data tell us about the very nature of data in two different disciplinary fields, and over a 30year period? »</span> <span class=\"citation\" data-citation=\"%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%222%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D\">(<span class=\"citation-item\">Bordignon et Maisonobe, 2022, p. 2</span>)</span></p><p><span class=\"highlight\" data-annotation=\"%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FIUM9NX2W%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%228PFMLVY7%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%223%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A2%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B231.966%2C633.397%2C575.981%2C642.157%5D%2C%5B198.028%2C620.415%2C289.732%2C629.175%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%223%22%7D%7D\">« course epistemetrics, a specialty at the interface between quantitative science studies and applied linguistics »</span> <span class=\"citation\" data-citation=\"%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%223%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D\">(<span class=\"citation-item\">Bordignon et Maisonobe, 2022, p. 3</span>)</span></p><p><span class=\"highlight\" data-annotation=\"%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FIUM9NX2W%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22ZW6CW83Y%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%223%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A2%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B314.151%2C327.881%2C579.686%2C336.641%5D%2C%5B198.027%2C314.898%2C337.755%2C323.658%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%223%22%7D%7D\">« the use of the word data hasbeencriticizedwhenitrefersto objects that are rather constructed »</span> <span class=\"citation\" data-citation=\"%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%223%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D\">(<span class=\"citation-item\">Bordignon et Maisonobe, 2022, p. 3</span>)</span></p><p><span class=\"highlight\" data-annotation=\"%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FIUM9NX2W%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22WHBSUIKD%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%223%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A2%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B333.126%2C301.916%2C575.985%2C310.676%5D%2C%5B198.027%2C288.877%2C327.593%2C297.637%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%223%22%7D%7D\">« sublata instead, meaning achievements, and illustrating the cumulative nature of knowledge »</span> <span class=\"citation\" data-citation=\"%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%223%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D\">(<span class=\"citation-item\">Bordignon et Maisonobe, 2022, p. 3</span>)</span></p><p><span class=\"highlight\" data-annotation=\"%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FIUM9NX2W%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22CJY35VCD%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%223%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A2%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B328.079%2C275.295%2C601.064%2C285.295%5D%2C%5B391.578%2C275.892%2C575.986%2C284.651%5D%2C%5B198.028%2C262.445%2C575.979%2C271.915%5D%2C%5B198.028%2C249.406%2C337.493%2C258.876%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%223%22%7D%7D\">« Drucker (2011) Q2 also suggests reconsidering data and proposes to speak of capta: “data are capta, taken not given, constructed as an interpretation of the phenomenal world, not inherent in it.” »</span> <span class=\"citation\" data-citation=\"%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%223%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D\">(<span class=\"citation-item\">Bordignon et Maisonobe, 2022, p. 3</span>)</span></p><p><span class=\"highlight\" data-annotation=\"%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FIUM9NX2W%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%223ZDFQVUT%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%223%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A2%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B339.93%2C249.406%2C575.984%2C258.876%5D%2C%5B198.027%2C236.888%2C466.697%2C245.647%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%223%22%7D%7D\">« Even if neither capta nor sublata have passed into common usage, there is a consensus that data are not indeed already there »</span> <span class=\"citation\" data-citation=\"%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%223%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D\">(<span class=\"citation-item\">Bordignon et Maisonobe, 2022, p. 3</span>)</span></p><p><span class=\"highlight\" data-annotation=\"%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FIUM9NX2W%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22AYZYN99D%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%224%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A3%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B420.434%2C599.383%2C575.994%2C608.143%5D%2C%5B198.027%2C586.401%2C575.968%2C595.16%5D%2C%5B198.027%2C572.954%2C285.467%2C582.424%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%224%22%7D%7D\">« raw data is a common term for data that has not yet been cleaned; they are indeed awaiting transformation and do not yet have the status of certified data »</span> <span class=\"citation\" data-citation=\"%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%224%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D\">(<span class=\"citation-item\">Bordignon et Maisonobe, 2022, p. 4</span>)</span></p><p><span class=\"highlight\" data-annotation=\"%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FIUM9NX2W%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22QCZJX2HW%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%224%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A3%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B356.087%2C572.954%2C576.005%2C582.424%5D%2C%5B198.027%2C559.915%2C544.211%2C569.385%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%224%22%7D%7D\">« We will consider that an article constitutes the authors’ narrative of a part of the “data journey,” the one they wished to share with the reader »</span> <span class=\"citation\" data-citation=\"%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%224%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D\">(<span class=\"citation-item\">Bordignon et Maisonobe, 2022, p. 4</span>)</span></p><p><span class=\"highlight\" data-annotation=\"%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FIUM9NX2W%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22RTEH9RSN%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%224%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A3%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B560.799%2C542.408%2C575.989%2C551.167%5D%2C%5B198.027%2C528.961%2C576%2C538.431%5D%2C%5B198.027%2C516.386%2C268.446%2C525.146%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%224%22%7D%7D\">« The data have become a symbol of “what the researcher seeks and more importantly, needs” (Markham, 2013) »</span> <span class=\"citation\" data-citation=\"%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%224%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D\">(<span class=\"citation-item\">Bordignon et Maisonobe, 2022, p. 4</span>)</span></p><p><span class=\"highlight\" data-annotation=\"%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FIUM9NX2W%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22TCL563JB%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%224%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A3%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B209.99%2C498.414%2C576.002%2C507.174%5D%2C%5B198.027%2C485.375%2C434.905%2C494.134%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%224%22%7D%7D\">« Whether observations, traces or other entities become data depends on who collects them and how, with different practices in different disciplines »</span> <span class=\"citation\" data-citation=\"%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%224%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D\">(<span class=\"citation-item\">Bordignon et Maisonobe, 2022, p. 4</span>)</span></p><p><span class=\"highlight\" data-annotation=\"%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FIUM9NX2W%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22FNLPH42Q%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2221%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A20%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B474.062%2C355.148%2C575.951%2C363.908%5D%2C%5B198.028%2C342.166%2C545.692%2C350.926%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2221%22%7D%7D\">« there is no point in trying to define the word data, as researchers do it themselves in the course of their writing »</span> <span class=\"citation\" data-citation=\"%7B%22citationItems%22%3A%5B%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2221%22%7D%5D%2C%22properties%22%3A%7B%7D%7D\">(<span class=\"citation-item\">Bordignon et Maisonobe, 2022, p. 21</span>)</span></p><p><span class=\"highlight\" data-annotation=\"%7B%22attachmentURI%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FIUM9NX2W%22%2C%22annotationKey%22%3A%22JV6B2QS8%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22%23ffd400%22%2C%22pageLabel%22%3A%2221%22%2C%22position%22%3A%7B%22pageIndex%22%3A20%2C%22rects%22%3A%5B%5B198.03%2C316.144%2C576.021%2C324.904%5D%2C%5B198.031%2C303.162%2C454.461%2C311.922%5D%5D%7D%2C%22citationItem%22%3A%7B%22uris%22%3A%5B%22http%3A%2F%2Fzotero.org%2Fusers%2F87713%2Fitems%2FYU7KR7SF%22%5D%2C%22locator%22%3A%2221%22%7D%7D\">« The word data serves as a rhetorical base and draws on the context for its meaning, relying on the properties conveyed by adjectives and verbs 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            "note": "<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\">“<span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">Qualitative researchers</span> in <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">applied linguistics</span> have for some time used <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">ethnographic interviews</span> and <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">autobiographical narratives</span> for <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">insight</span> into the challenges, successes, and <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">lived experiences</span> of <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">language learners and users</span>. […] increasingly challenging the unproblematized acceptance of these forms of autobiographical talk as accessing ‘reality’ by pressing for a closer examination of them as <em>accounts</em>.</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\">”In this article, I apply a <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">narrative constructionist framework</span> (cf. Sparkes and Smith 2007) to <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">second language (L2) immigrant narratives</span> and <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">interview talk</span>, informed by <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">discourse analysis</span> (e.g. Buttny 1993; Edwards and Potter 2005; Potter and Hepburn 2008) and <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">conversation analytic</span> (CA) work on storied accounts (Sacks 1992; Wooffitt 1992).” (p. 60)</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\">“[...] I examine the following: points of <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">similarity and difference</span>; the <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">collaborative work</span> the <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">narrative teller and interviewer</span> engage in to <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">story experience</span> in ways that are <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">sensitive to context and the interpretation of talk</span>; matters of <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">rationality, morality, and consistency</span> of represented <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">characters, events, and actions</span>. Finally, I suggest that <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">attending to</span> how <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">interview talk</span> is <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">occasioned and co-constructed</span> allows for <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">greater researcher reflexivity</span> and <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">recognition</span> of the ways in which <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">L2 speakers are agentive, creative, and competent language users</span>.” (p. 61)</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\">“[...] <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">narrative</span> in this study refers to <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">storied autobiographical accounts</span> through which speakers <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">make intelligible their lives and actions</span> (Gergen and Gergen 1988). As constructions of sequence and consequence, narratives are a means by which <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">speakers organize and comment</span> upon <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">their social worlds</span>. <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">More than recounted experiences or displays of self</span>, narratives are also <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">speech events</span> (Mishler 1986) and <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">oral performances</span> (Bauman 1986) that are <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">designed for their recipients</span> (Sacks 1992). Thus, narratives are treated here as <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">versions of the world as well as interactional resources</span>.” (p. 61)</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\">“[...] the <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">narrative constructionist framework</span> employed here grounds <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">analysis</span> in the <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">sequential unfolding of talk</span> and the <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">rhetorical, relational, emotional, and moral work interactants engage in</span> as they <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">describe</span> events. By comparing two narrative versions and their contexts, this study aims to <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">open up the activity</span>, <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">not just the content</span>, of the <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">qualitative research interview for inspection</span>. In addition, by exploring points of similarity and difference, it seeks to <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">better understand</span> <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">how retold narratives</span> function as <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">interactional and presentational resources</span> as they are <span style=\"background: #ff0000;\">embedded in talk across time</span>.” (p. 62)</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\">“In the following <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">analysis</span>, I give special attention to (i) <em><span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">narrative framing</span></em> (i.e. the pre-narrative material and orientation) and <em><span style=\"background: #ff0000;\">context</span></em> (i.e. the placement of the narrative within the meta-narrative sequence and interactional history), (ii) <em>the </em><em><span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">presentation of self and others</span></em>, and (iii) <em>the </em><em><span style=\"background: #ff0000;\">co-construction</span></em><em><span style=\"background: #ffff00;\"> of descriptions</span></em>.” (p. 63)</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\">“As a <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">reflexive process of sense-making for self and others</span>, <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">personal narratives</span> are <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">neither produced nor interpreted in a vacuum</span> (Gubrium and Holstein 2009). Narrative tellers <!-- Sequentiality --><span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">build upon prior utterances</span> and <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">shared understandings</span> with their interactants to <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">create cohesion and stability</span> of <!-- Kauffmann (2001 : 168) disait que “l'individu travaille continuellement à son unité” --><span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">self-presentation across time</span>. […] <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">Telling a story multiple times</span>, as Trang did, undoubtedly made it all the more a <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">readily accessible resource</span> in his <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">communicative repertoire</span>. Moreover, <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">consistency of self-presentation</span> is an important means by which <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">speakers make themselves understandable</span>, <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">sensible, and rational</span> to their listeners (Edwards and Stokoe 2004).”</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\">“In this study, <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">agency</span> is more than an <em>individual</em>’s ability to act within (or upon) the world. […] agency is <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">interconnected with as well as constrained by culture, social relations, and linguistic resources and practices</span>.” (p. 67)</p>",
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            "note": "<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\"><a name=\"OLE_LINK35\"></a> « […] une fois que l’événement a eu lieu, il ne nous reste qu’un ensemble d’impressions vaguement appréciatives, un sentiment autocritique aigre-doux et nous sommes aussitôt talonnés par l’immédiateté de la classe suivante, des heures et des jours à venir, pour analyser ce qui s’est passé, pour réfléchir sur les effets de nos propositions, pour vérifier nos hypothèses sur la valeur de tel ou tel procédé. » (p. 13 <em>; </em><em>justification</em><em> de l’approche, reconnaissance d’une </em><em>problématique</em><em>, celle de la dimension affective dans la classe, des rapports qu’y ont lieu</em>)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\"><a name=\"OLE_LINK36\"></a> « L’approche ethnographique est participante, ce qui ne veut pas dire que l’observateur assume d’autres formes de participation dans le milieu étudié, mais que sa relation avec les acteurs est celle de quelqu’un qui se trouve dans le groupe avec la fonction d’observer, que son rôle est reconnu par les acteurs et qu’il est intégré dans le champ même de l’observation. […] l’interprétation de l’observateur se construit sur l’analyse des faits tels qu’ils sont perçus de l’intérieur de la situation. Incorporer les éléments tacites, les représentations des acteurs, ainsi que leurs sentiments et leurs émotions, les aspects esthétiques et créatifs, le non-dit, les relations internes, fait aussi partie du champ d’observation. […] L’ethnographe doit avoir des qualités de contemplation attentive et d’empathie, et son recueil de données devra être soigneux, minutieux et réflexif, afin de tenir compte des significations locales que les événements ont pour les personnes qui participent […] » (p.17)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\"><a name=\"OLE_LINK37\"></a> « L’approche ethnographique est également générative, car elle ne part pas de données manipulées ni d’hypothèses aprioristiques. » (p. 17)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">« […] L’ethnographe s’intéresse à la réalité des situations éducatives : la classe n’est pas abordée en termes de ce qu’elle devrait être, mais de ce qu’elle est et de ce que professeur et apprenants y font effectivement. En outre, la classe de langue n’est plus perçue comme une scène ou se jouent des saynètes de la vie sociale importées pour mimer le monde extérieur, mais comme un lieu bien réel, où les participants vivent leur propre réalité, se livrant à des activités de communication en tant que moyen pour l’apprentissage d’une langue<span style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"><!-- Mettre dans la section de la classe --></span> […] » (p. 18 <em><strong>; d’accord, « réel », mais aussi étanche ? Ou se peut-il qu’il y ait des conflits provoqués par l’intrusion d’éléments personnels, du côté de l’enseignant ou bien du côté des apprenants ?</strong></em>)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">« […] interpréter les valeurs et les normes sous-jacentes, et de contribuer à connaître les cultures de classe, avec leurs dimensions expressive et émotionnelle, affective, sociale. » (p. 18)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">« […] Faire une recherche ethnographique c’est accepter la singularité de chaque classe et jouer sur cette compréhension plurielle de la réalité. […] Son observation participante et son interprétation sont sans doute subjectives, mais c’est à partir de l’intersubjectivité et de la transférabilité de résultats entre situations similaires qu’elle atteint une certaine portée générale. » (p. 19)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">« […] un domaine métis comme celui de la didactique des langues, peut – et doit – emprunter à d’autres domaines des concepts et des outils méthodologiques utiles pour interpréter […] [<em>saut de page</em>] À partir du moment où les méthodes héritées du positivisme se sont avérées insuffisantes pour rendre compte de la complexité des situations éducatives, elle est allée chercher des réponses dans les disciplines qui s’occupent des phénomènes humains et sociaux. » (pp. 19-20 ; <em><strong>justification de la multidisciplinarité en DLE</strong></em>)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\"><a name=\"OLE_LINK38\"></a> « […] le souci méthodologique de faire une recherche empirique, phénoménologique et non aprioriste, fondée sur une observation participante minutieuse et une construction de la théorie à partir de l’interprétation [saut de page] des donnés dans une perspective émique [<em>sic</em>]. » (pp. 21-22)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">« La distribution de l’espace s’avère en effet très contraignante pour l’activité relationnelle des participants. » (p. 43)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">« Les expériences du passé scolaire des apprenants et des enseignants sont la source d’attentes et de représentations culturelles de que qu’est une classe, et, plus spécifiquement, une classe de langue, de sorte que c’est dans une scène familière qu’ils pénètrent le premier jour de classe. Le résultat est la permanence de structures de comportement communicatif déjà établies, très réglées, non contestées, car fortement ancrées dans le vécu de chacun, dans l’enfance surtout. » (p. 44)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">« L’enseignant est, par le mandat que l’institution lui a confié, la voix légitime de l’autorité <span style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"><!-- Rôles canoniques --></span>; il est investi du droit à la correction et à l’évaluation et ceci est reconnu par l’ensemble de la société et par les élèves, bien que son prestige dépende des conditions historiques, politiques et économiques. À l’asymétrie de rôles entre enseignant et étudiants de n’importe quelle situation de classe – différences sociales et culturelles, d’âge, de savoirs académiques, d’expertise et de savoir-faire professionnels – s’ajoute, en classe de LE, la condition du professeur de locuteur compétent en cette langue objet et véhicule d’apprentissage. </p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">» Une classe est un espace conversationnel où la parole a le rôle principal.<span style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"><!-- Frase lapidaria ? --></span> Plus spécifiquement, dans la classe de LE, celle-ci est pratiquée, observée, manipulée, reprise, expliquée, reformulée, réparée, évaluée, commentée. L’usage de la parole est le noyau central de toute l’activité et son apprentissage la raison d’être de la rencontre. C’est un endroit mouvementé et bruyant, avec un grand nombre de participants et de voix. » (p. 45 <em>; </em><em><strong>est-ce que chaque participant aurait, par ailleurs, une seule voix, unique, ou plusieurs ?</strong></em>)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">« Le chercheur d’orientation ethnographique, qui veut découvrir et montrer – sans démontrer – ce qui se passe dans les classes, doit apprendre à regarder, à sentir et à écouter ; faire l’expérience d’être immergé dans la vie de la classe telle qu’elle se déroule naturellement et telle qu’elle est vécue par ses acteurs. » (p. 49)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">« Mais, dans les deux cas, la différence fondamentale avec la recherche anthropologique est que ceux qui s’intéressent à la culture de la classe ne sont pas des anthropologues extérieurs qui ont tout à apprendre ; bien à contraire, ce sont des membres de cette culture. » (p. 50)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">« L’analyse conversationnelle, l’ethnométhodologie, l’ethnographie de la communication, l’approche interactionnelle, etc., ont souligné la [<em>saut de page</em>] construction interactive du contexte, sa négociation et sa redéfinition par les participants qui doivent, tout en conversant, se mettre d’accord sur les objectifs, les intentions, les rôles, autant de composantes du contexte. » (pp. 52-53)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\"><a name=\"OLE_LINK28\"></a> « Une classe est une sorte de microcosme où les participants apportent des identités et filiations socioculturelles, des statuts et des rôles, ainsi que des relations d’autorité, de pouvoir et d’entraide<span style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"><!-- Ça recoupe un peu Willliams et Burden (1997), mais aussi van Lier (1996), à propos du decorum --></span>, qui reflètent les rapports de force de la société et les valeurs des cultures auxquelles ils appartiennent. Il s’agit de comprendre la classe comme une société et une culture en soi, tout en tenant compte de l’arrière-plan, c’est-à-dire de l’ensemble plus vaste et complexe de groupes sociaux et de cultures dont elle fait partie. Par là, elle peut aussi contribuer à brosser un tableau social et culturel plus large à partir de ce qui se passe concrètement entre les personnes. » (p. 58)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\"><a name=\"OLE_LINK22\"></a><a name=\"OLE_LINK29\"></a> « Les interactants sont coresponsables de la construction et la négociation du sens : ils se font une représentation de la situation et développent des attentes quant au type d’interaction à laquelle ils participent, aux finalités des interlocuteurs, à leurs rôles interactionnels et leurs positionnements sociaux respectifs. Communiquer […] n’est pas seulement s’exprimer ou réaliser des actes de parole, mais c’est aussi, et surtout, négocier avec le ou les interlocuteurs : prendre une initiative, réagir, ouvrir quand il le faut des négociations secondaires, en un mot, maîtriser des interactions complexes. […] l’interaction en classe de langue est constitutive de l’acquisition […] Cette interaction est modelée de manière à favoriser ces processus d’acquisition, ce qui lui donne des traits spécifiques qui la distinguent d’autres types d’interaction sociale. » (p. 69)<span style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"><!-- Aussi pour la classe, ça recoupe un peu Pica (1987), mais attention à ne pas dédire Mackey (1998-1999 ?) --></span></p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\"><a name=\"OLE_LINK30\"></a> « Une classe de LE diffère donc d’une conversation par son caractère spécialisé, asymétrique et institutionnalisé, par un degré moindre d’imprévisibilité, par ses rapports de place fixés et prédéfinis, par son organisation hiérarchique, [<em>saut de page</em>] par son caractère formel, par des règles contractuelles implicites et explicites, et, enfin, par une double finalité essentiellement externe : un objectif de communication et le but d’acquérir, par ce biais, une compétence en langue cible (la communication étant mise au service de cette dernière finalité). Elle diffère également des interactions complémentaires telles que la consultation, de nature occasionnelle et ayant une répartition complémentaire des rôles ; l’enquête, où le but du participant spécialisé est de réunir certaines informations ; l’entretien, qui est informel mais finalisé ; la transaction, qui recherche l’obtention d’un service et présente des scénarios très fermés ; ou la conférence, qui ressemble assez au cours magistral, tout en ayant des finalités autres et un caractère plus formel. » (p. 71)<span style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"><!-- Mettre dans la classe --></span></p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">« […] l’<strong>illusion</strong> que [le conférencier décrit par Goffman] donne de parler spontanément est comparable à celle <strong>de l’enseignant</strong>, qui apporte des modèles de langue, utilise des énoncés préfabriqués et ne résiste pas à la tentation de redire expression et de faire des improvisations selon les réactions de <strong>son auditoire</strong>. » (p. 71)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">« […] il y a aussi des phénomènes de figuration, ainsi que des questions émotionnelles et affectives qui contraignent le <strong>comportement du professeur</strong>. » (p. 72)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">« Le devoir de l’enseignant<span style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"><!-- Rôles canoniques, praxis/skills --></span> est de transmettre des savoir et des savoir-faire qu’il détient, tandis que le devoir de l’apprenant est de les faire siens et de montrer ses prestations langagières en répondant aux questions et en intervenant lorsqu’il est sollicité. Le contrat propre de la situation de classe de LE est fondé sur la <strong>simulation</strong>, condition nécessaire pour faire preuve de ses savoir-faire langagiers.<span style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"><!-- Communication en classe de langue --></span> Les élèves ont le droit de demander toutes sortes d’explications et d’aire ; le professeur, lui, a le droit de solliciter ses élèves, de les évaluer, de les corriger, en plus de gérer les activités, de contrôler l’organisation et l’ordre […] » (p. 84)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">« […] l’utilisation du rire de la part de l’enseignant, avec comme résultat soit un sentiment d’interaction réussie, soit des situations conflictuelles où l’apprenant n’accepte pas le jeu et se bloque. » (p. 91)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">« Les enseignants sont généralement experts dans la gestion des faces<span style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"><!-- Rôles canoniques, praxis/skills – ou bien communication en classe de L2 ? --></span> et le ménagement de celles-ci : ils évitent, atténuent ou euphémisent [<em>sic</em>] autant que possible les critiques directes, les reproches, les évaluations négatives, évitant ou réparant les actes menaçants. » (p. 91 <em>; </em><em><strong>possible rapport avec le besoin de se trouver face à une situation bien structurée, qu’ils arrivent à comprendre et à accepter ; possible rapport avec le besoin que l’interaction se déroule dans des termes qui leur permettent d’intégrer le rôle qu’ils considèrent approprié pour eux, celui d’interrogateur ?</strong></em>)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">« […] c’est le dédoublement des rôles spécifique à la classe de langue qui est le responsable de cette double énonciation permanente qui la caractérise. » (p. 95)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">« […] la subjectivité du chercheur affleure dans le choix de la place des appareils, dans la partialité des transcriptions, dans les effets de catégorisation. » (p. 100)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\"><a name=\"OLE_LINK39\"></a> « Les observations ne sont jamais objectives, car nous ne voyons que ce que nous voulons voir et nous le voyons d’une certaine façon.<span style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"><!-- Méthodologie – ça recoupe van Lier (1988), mais aussi Devereux. --></span> Même s’il faut chercher à minimiser les préjugés de l’observateur, et cela peut être garanti par des procédés de <strong>triangulation</strong>, il est certain que chaque observation obéit à l’objectif précis de chaque recherche. » (p. 101)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\"><a name=\"OLE_LINK40\"></a> « Mais le chercheur a le loisir de décider de ne transcrire que le segment qui l’intéresse, et de ne pas investir des efforts inutiles à transcrire ceux qui ne présentent pas d’intérêt<span style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"><!-- Cf. Ten Have (intuition), et van Lier (1988) --></span> ; dans ce cas, la segmentation doit se faire avant la transcription. Il faut cependant être conscient du risque de travailler sur des <em>a priori</em>. Il faudra en tout cas veiller à ce que ces segments ne soient pas décontextualisés et à les présenter, pour ce faire, de façon synoptique en une sorte de carte de l’ensemble de la leçon. » (p. 102)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.04cm 0.14cm; line-height: 100%;\">« La focalisation de la recherche sur les professeurs, facteurs contextuels cruciaux des responsables en grande partie de la diversité et de la singularité des classes, est cohérente avec les principes de l’approche ethnographique : l’inclusion des manières de sentir et de concevoir des participants, est fondamentale pour un recherche qui puise sa force dans la contextualisation et dans la façon dont les membres d’un groupe se représentent le contexte. » (p. 203)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.04cm 0.14cm; line-height: 100%;\">« En cohérence avec une perception de la classe comme un lieu social et avec l’intérêt pour les interactions qui s’y produisent, de nombreux chercheurs se sont donnés pour objet d’explorer les représentations des enseignants en tant que systèmes de signification construits par les personnes et les groupes sociaux. Cette ligne de recherche, qui ne porte plus directement sur la classe mais, disons, sur l’entourage de la classe, et qui est centrée sur […] le professeur, essaye de découvrir les forces qui sous-tendent les comportements observables, dans le but de mieux comprendre les actes d’enseignement/apprentissage. Cette approche part d’une conception de l’enseignant vu non pas comme un « technicien » dont on voudrait mesurer l’efficacité[…] mais comme un agent rationnel et réfléchi qui a ses propres idées et prend des [<em>saut de page</em>] décisions en conséquence […] » (p. 203-204)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">« Je crois, avec certains chercheurs et formateurs, qu’il existe un fossé entre la pratique des enseignants et la recherche traditionnelle en éducation, trop éloignée des problématiques quotidiennes. Pour aborder la complexité de leur métier, ceux-ci s’appuient moins sur des modèles théoriques développés par la recherche que sur des cadres de référence propres et éclectiques. Nous partons de la prémisse selon laquelle les décisions que prennent les enseignants sont en relation avec un système de savoirs, de croyances et de représentations et qu’il y a une relation directe entre leurs actions et leurs pensées. Les professeurs en formation filtrent le contenu des programmes de formation à travers leur propre système de croyances […] et agissent en conséquence […] » (p. 204)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.04cm 0.14cm; line-height: 100%;\">« Nous partons de la prémisse selon laquelle les décisions que prennent les enseignants sont en relation avec un système de savoirs, de croyances et des représentations et qu’il y a une relation directe entre leurs actions et leurs pensées. Les professeurs en formation filtrent le contenu des programmes de formation à travers leur propre système de croyances […] et agissent en conséquence. » (p. 204)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.04cm 0.14cm; line-height: 100%;\">« […] le développement, dans le domaine de la psychologie cognitive, de l’idée que les cognitions interagissent avec les actions ; le besoin de comprendre les relations entre la connaissance et la pratique ; la prise en compte des savoirs déjà acquis ; […] l’avènement d’un paradigme de recherche interprétatif et le développement des recherches ethnographiques en éducation, centrées sur le professeur […] le développement d’études de cas qui se sont données comme but l’analyse du travail quotidien, de l’histoire personnelle et de la carrière des professeurs. […] l’évolution des modèles de formation, qui se sont éloignés du simple « entraînement » méthodologique fondé sur des leçons-modèle […] qui ont passé de la prescription à la réflexion en collaboration<span style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"><!-- Cf. Tochon (2000 : 134), recoupe émique --></span>, du profil de l’enseignant-consommateur exécutant des instructions à celui de l’enseignant-chercheur […] » (pp. 204-205)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">« […] sous les comportements des enseignants, derrière leurs façons de résoudre les problèmes, il y a toujours une certaine interprétation de la situation et, par conséquent, une construction d’un sens subjectif attribué à leur travail. […] Si certaines modèles universitaires de formation ont échoué, c’est en partie parce qu’ils n’ont pas envisagé le développement de certaines compétences que la réalité exige des enseignants, telles que l’improvisation, la gestion de l’incertitude, la créativité et la capacité de trouver des solutions imaginatives, la prise en compte des dimensions sociale, affective et émotionnelle<span style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"><!-- Praxis/skills --></span>.» (p. 205)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.04cm 0.14cm; line-height: 100%;\">« C’est vers le milieu des années soixante-dix que prend son essor une ligne de recherche qualitative centrée sur la vie mentale des professeurs, ayant des aspects communs avec les approches ethnographiques. » (p. 206)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.04cm 0.14cm; line-height: 100%;\">« Nous pouvons envisager un classement des décisions comme suit : préactives/interactives (planifiées auparavant à partir de prévisions/prises immédiatement, au cours de l’interaction), ces dernières pouvant être improvisées ou routinières. Les décisions routinières sont choisies à l’intérieur d’un répertoire d’habilités validées par l’expérience, prêtes à être adaptées rapidement. » (p. 206)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.04cm 0.14cm; line-height: 100%;\">« Les enseignants utilisent des croyances, des savoirs pratiques et des représentations en tant que cadre de référence et boîte à outils pour aborder et maîtriser les situations de classe avec une base instrumentale nécessaire et suffisante. Ce cadre est inévitablement schématique, en tant que stratégie simplificatrice de la complexité de la classe de langue. Cette façon de voir la réalité permet d’attribuer un sens à l’expérience, de guider les actions et les comportements et de gérer les dilemmes qui se posent. » (p. 207)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.04cm 0.14cm; line-height: 100%;\">« La recherche sur les représentations des enseignants est étroitement liée aux problèmes posés par la formation. » (p. 219)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\"><!-- Freeman (2002), Morandi (2005 : 45) --></p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.04cm 0.14cm; line-height: 100%;\">« Même<span style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"><!-- Aquí empiezan los argumentos para auto-análisi, auto-confrontación --></span> si les [représentations, croyances et savoirs, RCS] sont inconscients et tacites, les professeurs peuvent construire un sens au cours d’une recherche de type ethnogra- [<em>saut de page</em>] phique, par la réflexion systématique et par l’interaction avec les autres acteurs impliqués dans la recherche. Par exemple, au cours d’un entretien de recherche, il ne se produit pas seulement un acte d’information mais bien un acte négocié de réflexion et d’interprétation. Nous pouvons accéder aux croyances en interprétant les verbalisations des enseignants, non seulement à partir de ce qu’ils disent, mais aussi, et surtout, par la façon dont ils le disent, c’est-à-dire la manière d’organiser leur discours […] Encore faut-il faire le tri entre ce que les professeurs voudraient croire, ou pensent qu’il faudrait croire ou ce qu’ils souhaiteraient montrer qu’ils croient, au cours d’un entretien. » (pp. 222-223)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.04cm 0.14cm; line-height: 100%;\">« Les données qui devraient permettre de découvrir les RCS des enseignants sont donc de deux types : des données introspectives et déclaratives d’une part, et des données observationnelles de l’autre. Quant aux introspectives, elles peuvent être obtenues à partir de méthodes telles que des entretiens de recherche, des journaux de bord, des commentaires rétrospectifs ou stimulation de la mémoire, des histoires autobiographiques professionnelles et linguistiques ou des récits de vie […] Le chercheur imaginera des combinaisons de ces méthodes […] ainsi que leur enchaînement […] ou l’association de données individuelles et des données collectives […] à la recherche de données qualitatives et riches. […]« Une autre source de données sont les observations de classe, au [<em>saut de page</em>] moyen desquelles peuvent être appréhendés des comportements, des façons de faire, des styles, des réactions aux évènements et aux comportements interactifs des participants. […] il est certain que l’observation permet de saisir ce que les enseignants croient et font réellement, alors que dans les données introspectives, nous pouvons accéder plutôt à ce qu’ils croient qu’ils font, ce qu’ils disent qu’ils font ou ce qu’ils souhaiteraient faire. On note souvent des décalages entre ce que les enseignants font et ce qu’ils font. Le contraste de ces données divergentes est souhaitable […] » (pp. 223-224)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.04cm 0.14cm; line-height: 100%;\">« Au cours<span style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"><!-- Auto-análisi/confrontación --></span> de la réflexion en interaction que suppose tout entretien à orientation ethnographique, l’interviewer-chercheur construit une interprétation qui lui permettra de bâtir ses constructions théoriques ; mais l’enseignant-interviewé construit lui aussi un sens par son interaction même avec cette personne qui lui pose des questions, visant moins à lui tirer des informations toutes faites qu’à lui faire bâtir <em>hic et nunc</em> un sens d’un autre type, non pas scientifique, mais subjectif et pratique. Les entretiens et les récits de vie génèrent des données, parce que ce sont des évènements communicatifs créatifs. » (p. 225)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.04cm 0.14cm; line-height: 100%;\">« Le professeur passe<span style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"><!-- Auto-confrontación/análisis --></span>, au cours de l’entretien, d’une position extérieure à une position intérieure et vice-versa, ce qui produit des effets d’implication ou de non implication face au thème traité, et face à son propre discours. Le jeu dialectique entre identité et altérité se fait entre « moi » et « eux », que ce soit les collègues, que ce soit les « autres » enseignants en général. Nous trouvons là des indices d’appartenance à diverses cultures d’enseignants : on se range du côté de ce que font les autres, ce qui se présente comme une garantie pour ses propres options ; ou bien on affirme sa façon de faire et sa liberté de décider, en se distinguant du collectif, ou même contre les comportements admis par autrui. L’autre positionnement est le pôle enseignant/apprenants (<em>moi/eux</em>) : les statuts différents, l’absence de souplesse dans la répartition des rôles, les asymétries très fortes entre les participants de la classe de LE s’ajoutent aux appartenances à des cultures très différentes […] » (p. 226)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">« Le discours des enseignants de langues est un langage vivant, imagé, truffé de métaphores qui ne sont pas de simples effets de style, mais [<em>saut de page</em>] qui expriment de façon synthétique et intense la complexité et les difficultés du métier, ainsi que l’embarras de les exprimer, tout en cherchant la connivence de l’interlocuteur […] » (pp. 226-227)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">« C’est le début d’une relation professionnelle et sociale, où les sentiments jouent un rôle très important et où l’enseignant essaie de séduire son public. Cette dimension humaine<span style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"><!-- Praxis/skills – ça recoupe un peu Williams et Burden --></span> a sans doute un poids beaucoup plus important que la dimension curriculaire, en particulier chez les professeurs qui attachent beaucoup d’importante aux aspects relationnels et affectifs. » (p. 234)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">« Quant aux relations, aux questions affectives et aux stratégies avec le groupe-classe en général et les apprenants en particulier, <strong>les soucis envahissent même les heures de loisir et la vie privée</strong>. » (p. 266)</p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%;\">« Il est tout à fait habituel que les enseignants tâchent de présenter leur meilleur côté<span style=\"font-size: xx-small;\"><!-- Praxis/skills – ça recoupe ce que R disait --></span>, ainsi que ce dont ils rêvent, en puisant dans les discours officiels ou bien dans l’expérience accumulée des collectifs auxquels ils appartiennent. Et leurs discours doivent être interprétés en conséquence non pas comme une re-présentation réaliste, mais comme une recréation de leur réalité. » (p. 269 ; <em>idéalisation</em>)</p>",
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            "note": "<p><strong>Extracted Annotations (5/7/2018 15:23:08)</strong></p>\n<p>\"Les méthodologies hypothético-déductives apparaissent alors comme les plus téléologiques et les plus rigides (d'autres diraient rigoureuses) alors que les méthodes empirico inductives apparaissent comme les plus souples et les plus ouvertes (d'autres diraient &lt;bricolées »), mais il y a bien sûr des modalités intermédiaires et mixtes de recherche. Elles sont également renforcées par le continuum méthodologie expérimentale &lt;-&gt; méthode ethnographique\" (<a href=\"zotero://open-pdf/library/items/IK83NSK8?page=1\">Blanchet 2011:1</a>)</p>\n<p>\"la méthode hypothético-déductive expérimentale décontextualise et artificialise les observations pour neutraliser la complexité des variables et les maitriser. L'expérimentation est organisée à partir d'une hypothèse intellectuelle émise par le chercheur qu'il faut valider ou réfuter notamment par l'argument de la fréquence statistique (supposé garantir une objectivité intrinsèque, elle-même renforcée par le fait que le chercheur se positionne hors du monde social et isolé de ses influences). Le résultat de la recherche est donc déduit de la confirmation de l'hypothèse initiale. Le postulat épistémologique qui fonde cette forme de science est celui d'un monde logique constitué d'unités minimales subissant des relations de causalité, dont l'organisation serait dévoilée de l'extérieur et avec objectivité par un chercheur hyper-spécialisé qui expliquerait ainsi des lois universelles permettant des prédictions\" (<a href=\"zotero://open-pdf/library/items/IK83NSK8?page=1\">Blanchet 2011:1</a>)</p>\n<p>\"Le projet d'une méthode El est de proposer une compréhension (une interprétation) de phénomènes individuels et sociaux observés sur leurs terrains spontanés 15, en prenant prioritairement en compte les significations qu'ils ont pour leurs acteurs eux mêmes et donc en vivant ces phénomènes aux côtés des acteurs, comme un acteur parmi d'autres mais selon des procédures méthodiques qui garantissent la significativité des situations observées et comparées et qui exploitent consciemment les relations intersubjectives entretenues au sein du groupe, notamment celles où le chercheur est impliqué. Ce sont les phénomènes observés qui induisent l'interprétation, laquelle résulte de la recherche : il n'y a pas d'hypothèse de départ au sens d'une réponse prédéterminée à valider ou invalider) mais un questionnement auquel la recherche permet d'apporter des éléments de réponse on parle en anglais de data driven research, &lt; recherche pilotée par les données &gt; 4)\" (<a href=\"zotero://open-pdf/library/items/IK83NSK8?page=1\">Blanchet 2011:1</a>)</p>\n<p>\"Les principes épistémologiques damentaux de cette forme de science sont le principe d'humanisme (les humains, individus et/ou groupes, sont considérés comme des sujets autonomes, dignes, respectables, riches de toute leur singularité), le principe d'intersubjectivité (c'est dans et par les interactions entre les sujets et les significations qu'ils y attribuent, chercheur compris, que se développent et peuvent être compris les phénomènes humains et sociaux), le principe d'endo-référentialité (compréhension des sujets à partir de leur propre système de référence, de valeurs, de significations), le principe d'hétérogénéité (les phénomènes humains et sociaux, les humains, sont avant tout marqués par leur extrême hétérogénéité, complexe et chaoïde 15, qui interdit de les réduire à des règles universelles et qui permettent de proposer des connaissances profondément situées, en dégageant éventuellement des\" (<a href=\"zotero://open-pdf/library/items/IK83NSK8?page=1\">Blanchet 2011:1</a>)</p>\n<p>\"tendances partielles mais jamais des prédictions absolues)\" (<a href=\"zotero://open-pdf/library/items/IK83NSK8?page=2\">Blanchet 2011:2</a>)</p>\n<p>\"L'argument principal y est donc de type qualitatif : on recherche et on propose en priorité des significations et non des chiffres (qui peuvent néanmoins venir corroborer, secondairement, les interprétations proposées)\" (<a href=\"zotero://open-pdf/library/items/IK83NSK8?page=2\">Blanchet 2011:2</a>)</p>\n<p>\"Dans une approche El qualitative, ethnographique, des phénomènes humains et sociaux, on peut considérer qu'il n'y a pas de corpus Blanchet 2011:3)</p>\n<p>\"Dans une méthode ethnographique, le statut des observables réunis en un corpus selon une élaboration orientée par la compréhension du terrain relève du principe de significativité et non du principe de représentativité. La question n'est pas de déterminer comment et en quoi ce matériau partiel &lt; reflète le réel mais comment et en quoi il rend compte de certaines constructions interprétatives du monde social par certains de ses acteurs (y compris le chercheur qui en est un acteur en méta-position)\" (<a href=\"zotero://open-pdf/library/items/IK83NSK8?page=3\">Blanchet 2011:3</a>)</p>",
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            "note": "<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\">“Both Harvey <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">Sacks</span> and Emanuel <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">Schegloff</span> had been working with Erving <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">Goffman</span> as part of their graduate studies at the University of California at Berkeley, while Sacks had developed a working relationship with Harold <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">Garfinkel</span> at the University of California in Los Angeles. The insight that many issues that had been debated for centuries in the human sciences could be elucidated by paying <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">close attention to the details of human interaction in situations of co-presence</span> clearly reflected <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">Goffman’s influence</span>. But their <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">approach to interaction</span> differed from his as they were <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">much more critical</span> of the then current intellectual styles in sociology than Goffman ever was. In that respect, Harold <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">Garfinkel’s efforts</span> to build an ‘alternate sociology’ under the name of ‘ethnomethodology’ had a major impact on the intellectual particularities of what later became conversation analysis. To summarize in a few words, <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">Garfinkel</span> <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">objected</span> to the <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">practice in sociology</span> of <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">studying the order in and of society</span> through the <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">conceptual ordering</span> which <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">sociologists</span> had themselves <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">applied</span>, while <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">ignoring this constitutive effect</span>, <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">as well as the constitutive activities of ordinary societal members</span>. Therefore, the <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">task of ethnomethodology</span> was to <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">study ‘members’ methods’</span>, the everyday, ‘seen but unnoticed’ <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">ways in which members of society</span>, social scientists included, <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">constituted the facts of society as part of their ordinary activities</span>. In a sense, then, Sacks and Schegloff used Garfinkel’s program of an alternate sociology to study the kinds of phenomena that Goffman had put on the sociological agenda. In so doing, however, they developed a style of social research that was remarkably different from both sources, Goffman and Garfinkel.” (p. 1, manuscript<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" name=\"sdfootnote1anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote1sym\"><sup>1</sup></a>)</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\">“An essential part of the <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">ethnomethodological program</span> is the <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">effort</span> to <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">study members’ practices as such</span>, <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">rather than</span> some sociological work-up of their products, as in <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">survey research tables</span> or <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">archived documents</span>.” (p. 1)</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\">“[…] for <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">Sacks</span>, <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">working with tape-recorded conversations</span> had a kind of <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">exemplary value</span> of <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">making the details of actual human action available for detailed scrutiny and formal analysis</span>.” (p. 2)</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\">“[…] the <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">main function of recordings</span> is to <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">provide access to the details of human conduct</span> in general, and interaction in particular, in the first instance f<span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">or the researcher</span>, and secondly also <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">to his or her audience</span>. <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">Recordings of human interaction</span> are, in CA, <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">not just listened to or looked at</span>, they are also <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">rendered in textual formats as ‘transcription’</span> [...]” (p. 2)</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\">“The <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">purpose</span> of the first two processes, i.e. <em><span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">recording</span></em><span style=\"background: #ffff00;\"> and </span><em><span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">transcription</span></em>, is to <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">produce a non-perishable, transportable, and manageable representation</span> […] to <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">assist</span> in the later <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">following processes of understanding and </span><em><span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">analysis</span></em>.” (p. 3)</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\">“[…] the <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">inevitable reduction, simplification and idealization</span> which are the effect of these processes, have to be considered <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">in terms of the specific analytic interests</span> that are brought to bear on the original. In other words, <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">before discussing the cost of the inevitable losses</span> which the two processes of <em><span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">recording</span></em><span style=\"background: #ffff00;\"> and </span><em><span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">transcription</span></em> bring about, one has to <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">clarify which aspects, properties or features of the original</span> will have to be analyzed and explicated. In short, one has to be <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">clear about one’s analytic object</span> […]” (p. 3)</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\">“The <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">language of humans</span> is of <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">limited</span> use in providing a recognizable image of calls and songs produced by birds. In the same vein, laughter done by humans seems to be difficult to ‘picture’ as well […]” (p. 5)</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\">“[…] to <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">analyze the interaction</span> taking place in <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">greater depth</span>, because it <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">provides details of timing and inter-action</span> that are <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">not available in the first rendering</span>. In the case at hand, she suggests, it does not seem to be an accident that the girl laughs through the obscenity, producing it in a suggestive but not well- [saut de page] articulated manner, while continuing afterwards in an undisturbed voice. Extending her argument, one can suggest that <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">the standard orthography</span> rendering of spoken interaction, i.e. in <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">the language of writing</span>, is a <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">poor means to picture</span> the hearably functioning <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">details of that interaction</span>.” (p. 5-6)</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\">“Any actually produced transcription is analyzable as a practical but always ambivalent solution to <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">inescapable dilemma’s in transcription routines</span>.</p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li> </li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\">The <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">use of standard orthography</span>, with more or less adaptations to display some of the properties of the actual speech production: <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">‘words-as-spoken’ versus ‘sounds-as-uttered’</span></p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li> </li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\">The <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">use of mechanical timing devices for pauses</span>, versus a <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">reliance on informal procedures</span> like <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">counting syllables in muttered words</span>, as an unavoidable subjective ‘measure’ that may take into account pace relativity</p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li> </li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\">Decisions regarding <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">formatting issues</span>, for example <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">line breaks</span> to signal ‘describable actions’ <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">versus a more continuous rendering</span>.” (p. 6)</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\">“Whether we <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">use CA of MCA or both</span>, we <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">start with an overhearers’ perspective</span> and <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">then try to use the information</span> we are able to get <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">to reconstruct the participants’ perspectives as enacted in the ‘overheard’ interaction</span>. What we <span style=\"background: #ff0000;\">as analysts</span> do, then, is <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">trying to </span><span style=\"background: #ff0000;\">convince</span> our readers <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">of the plausibility of this action understanding and the analysis that is based on it</span>, <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">referring to the utterances’ properties</span> foregrounded by our transcript’s details.” (p. 8)</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\">“It is, of course, quite <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">often </span> the case that a <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">large part of the details</span> given <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">in a transcript</span> included in a CA publication is <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">not taken up in the analysis</span> as represented in that publication. Some <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">practitioners have suggested</span> to make <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">full transcripts during the exploratory stages of a project</span>, and <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">simplify</span> these <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">in specific publications</span>, deleting <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">details</span> that have <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">not been taken up</span>. Others may argue, however, that by <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">keeping such details</span>, <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">readers</span> are given the <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">means</span> to do partly <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">independent analyses of their own</span>, and confront these with the ones offered by the author. The latter may, for instance, have given a particular analysis of the action performed by an utterance that has be produced in overlap with another. By noting the more or less exact point of overlap, a reader may <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">find grounds to propose a different analysis</span>, even when the point of overlap has not been discussed by the author.” (p. 10)</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\">“[…] <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">transcription</span> has various functions within the CA enterprise transcription has various functions within the CA enterprise: ‘making transcriptions helps to <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">take note of particular phenomena</span>, it serves to built an <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">accessible data archive</span>, and it <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">provides an audience</span> with a <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">limited but useful access</span> to the <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">phenomena discussed in an analysis</span>’ (Ten Have, 1999: 78). The first two functions are best fulfilled by making more or less ‘full’ transcripts, using the Jefferson conventions as a useful shopping list of phenomena that have been proved potentially significant within the CA tradition.” (p. 10)</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\">“[…] <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">transcripts</span> tend to be <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">used</span> when CA researchers are in a phase of <span style=\"background: #ff0000;\">searching</span><span style=\"background: #ffff00;\"> for interesting phenomena</span> to analyze, while <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">tapes</span> are the <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">more trusted objects</span> as it comes to <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">proving one’s analyses</span> […]” (p. 12)</p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\"> </p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\">“A <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">transcript</span>, then, is no more than a <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">practically useful rendering</span> of a recording of an actual interactional event. What is left of the original is <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">limited to what can be heard and/or seen</span> on the tape. The <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">process of transcription</span> <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">reduces</span> most of the actually <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">hearable sounds to recognizable words</span> in the <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">standardized written version of the language</span> used on the tape, while also <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">allowing to add to this reduced version a number of symbols</span> that evoke those aspects of the hearable sounds that have in the CA tradition acquired a status of potential interactional relevance, and thereby analytic utility. Furthermore, a <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">transcript</span> may serve – when given with a playing of the audio or video record – to <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">instruct an audience</span> as to what is there to be heard on the tape. In fact, when <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">working on the transcript</span>, the <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">researcher may become only gradually aware</span> of what there is to be heard. The <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">relationship</span> between this after-the-fact constitution of the sense of an event, and the lived order of that event, is a <span style=\"background: #ffff00;\">problematic one</span>. There are no final solutions to sense-making.” (p. 15)</p>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote1\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" name=\"sdfootnote1sym\" href=\"#sdfootnote1anc\">1</a>Article téléchargé à partir de <a href=\"http://www.paultenhave.nl/introduc.htm\">http://www.paultenhave.nl/introduc.htm</a> (page consultée le 15-02-2011).</p>\n</div>",
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            "note": "<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"es-ES\">“<span lang=\"en-GB\">As </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">conversation analysts</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\">, we </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">analyze</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> the </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">sense-making practices</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> that </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">participants</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> use to accomplish </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">conversational actions, identities and roles</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\">. We study these practices by </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">closely observing</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> the </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">details</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> of the </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">conduct</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> of people </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">in interaction</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> as captured or rendered on </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">videotape</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> and/or </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">audiotape</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> recordings.” (p. 93)</span></p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\"> </p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"es-ES\"><a name=\"OLE_LINK44\"></a> “<span lang=\"en-GB\">[…] the </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">conversation analytic program of research</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> is built on </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">close analysis</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> of interactional data, for example, audio and videotapes of </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">interaction</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\">. However, in some circumstances, using </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">participants’ comments in conjunction</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> with recordings of interactions provides the </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">potential for enhancing</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> one’s </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">analytic claims</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> and/or for </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">opening up avenues</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> for investigation that otherwise might go unnoticed.” (p. 93)</span></p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\"> </p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"es-ES\"><a name=\"OLE_LINK45\"></a> “<span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">Collecting comments</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> is consistent with an </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">interest in the participants’ moment to moment understandings</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> as both </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">reflecting and shaping</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> their </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">interactional conduct</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\">.” (p. 95)</span></p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\"> </p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"es-ES\"><a name=\"OLE_LINK46\"></a> “<span lang=\"en-GB\">An </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">alternative to concurrent verbalization</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> is to </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">have participants report</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> the thoughts, interpretations, explanations, concerns, etc. that they </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">experienced in an interaction</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> when the </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">interaction is finished</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\">. The obvious </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">disadvantage</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> to </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">retrospective reporting</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> is that many of the </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">thoughts, reactions, interpretations</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\">, etc. that occurred during an interaction are </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">unavailable for reporting</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> when the interaction is over. </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">With the aim of retrieving more</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> of the stream of thoughts, reactions, interpretations, etc. that occur during an interaction, investigators simulate the experience of participating in an interaction with the experience of </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">viewing the interaction on videotape</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\">.” (p 95)</span></p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\"> </p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"es-ES\"><a name=\"OLE_LINK47\"></a> “<span lang=\"en-GB\">Researchers invoke </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">two explanations</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> for how </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">watching a videotape</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> of an interaction gives participants </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">access to the thoughts and feelings</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> they had while engaged in the interaction: recollecting and re-experiencing. For researchers who see </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">recollection as a mechanism for retrieval</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\">, watching the interaction on videotape is thought to </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">provide cues to prompt</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> the participant to </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">recollect</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> his or her </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">previous thoughts and feelings</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\">. For those who see </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">re-experiencing as the mechanism</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\">, watching the interaction on videotape is thought to </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">allow the participant to become involved and react in ways that resonate</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> with his or her previous reactions.” (p. 95)</span></p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\"> </p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"es-ES\"><a name=\"OLE_LINK48\"></a> “<span lang=\"en-GB\">Regardless of the choice of explanation, the </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">primary purpose in collecting video stimulated comments</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> is to </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">gain access to the thoughts, feelings, concerns, interpretations, reactions</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\">, etc. that were oriented to </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">by the participants during Event</span></span><sub><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">1</span></span></sub><span lang=\"en-GB\">. […] One approach is to </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">treat</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> ‘intentions’, ‘concerns’, ‘motives’, and other cognitive concepts </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">as Members’ concepts</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\">. While performing conversational activities such as praising, blaming, complaining, disagreeing, challenging, etc., Members attribute ‘motives’ to their own and each other’s conduct, they read each other’s ‘intentions’, they state their ‘concerns’. This approach is </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">consistent</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> with a research program aimed at </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">analyzing Members’ shared sense making practices</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\">.</span></p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"es-ES\">”<span lang=\"en-GB\">The second approach is to </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">assume that cognitive phenomena</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> such as </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><em>understandings</em></span><span lang=\"en-GB\">, </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><em>aims</em></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> and </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><em>concerns</em></span> <span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">exist</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> and, at times, even </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">influence the selection and employment of specific practices</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\">. This approach is </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">consistent</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> with a research program aimed both at </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">analyzing how practices function and at understanding how actors come to employ particular practices over other practices</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\">. It is with this second approach to cognitive phenomena that I pursue an interest in supplementing analyses of interaction with video stimulated comments.” (p. 96)</span></p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\"> </p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"es-ES\">“<span lang=\"en-GB\">Some researchers attempt to have the participants report only the thoughts and feelings that they experienced during Event</span><sub><span lang=\"en-GB\">1</span></sub><span lang=\"en-GB\">.” (p. 98)</span></p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\"> </p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"es-ES\"><a name=\"OLE_LINK49\"></a> “<span lang=\"en-GB\">When </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">researchers</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> attempt to </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">ascertain the thoughts and feelings that the participants experienced during Event</span></span><sub><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">1</span></span></sub><span lang=\"en-GB\">, they design their </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">instructions accordingly</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\">, e.g., by telling the, to stop the videotape anytime they recall having had a specific thought during the conversation […] Other researchers attempt to have participants serve as informants in whatever ways they can. This </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">more open ethnographic approach</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> recognizes that participants make different kinds of comments: they report on previous thoughts and reactions that they experienced during Event</span><sub><span lang=\"en-GB\">1</span></sub><span lang=\"en-GB\">, they make observations derived from viewing the videotape, they explain practices they assume are unfamiliar to outsiders, and/or they offer explanations of conduct designed specifically for the investigator. Ethnographically oriented investigators design their instructions so as to encourage a range of comments. Such </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">instructions direct participants</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> to address both the </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">investigators’ interests and ‘anything else of interest’</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\">.” (p. 99)</span></p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\"> </p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"es-ES\"><a name=\"OLE_LINK50\"></a> “<span lang=\"en-GB\">One implication of eliciting a variety of kinds of comments is that on a case by case basis the </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">investigator</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> needs to </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">assess the plausibility</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> of whether the </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">reported-on matter</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> was </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">likely to have been oriented to during Event</span></span><sub><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">1</span></span></sub><span lang=\"en-GB\">. […] there is good reason to conclude that the </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">participants’ comments</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> should </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">not</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> be read as </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">representing or approximating</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> the </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">participants’ stream of thought during Event</span></span><sub><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">1</span></span></sub><span lang=\"en-GB\">.” (p. 100)</span></p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\"> </p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"es-ES\"><a name=\"OLE_LINK51\"></a> “<span lang=\"en-GB\">The </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">video stimulated comments</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> reported in published studies often consist of </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">well-formed, coherent talk</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\">. It seems likely that </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">whatever fleeting thoughts</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> occur to </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">participants as they interact</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\">, they are distinctly </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">different from the thoughts and feelings as indicated in the comments</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\">. In the best case scenario, </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">a comment would modify or transform and original thought yet still indicate something of it</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\">. Needless to say, there is </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">no formula</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> to determine what parts of the comment reflect Event</span><sub><span lang=\"en-GB\">1</span></sub><span lang=\"en-GB\">, versus Event</span><sub><span lang=\"en-GB\">2 </span></sub><span lang=\"en-GB\">thinking […]” (p. 100)</span></p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\"> </p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"es-ES\">“<span lang=\"en-GB\">Langer (Langer, 1989) argues that </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">people</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> tend to be </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">‘mindless’ when activities are effortless</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> and routine and </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">‘mindful’ when encountering a novel situation</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\">, when behaviour becomes effortful, when behaviour is interrupted by external factors that do not allow for its completion, when experiencing a negative or positive consequence that is sufficiently discrepant with the consequences of prior enactments of the same behaviour, and when the situation does not allow for sufficient involvement.” (p. 101)</span></p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\"> </p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"es-ES\"><a name=\"OLE_LINK52\"></a> “<span lang=\"en-GB\">[…] there is </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">no simple correspondence</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> between the </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">matters to which the participants oriented while interacting</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> and the </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">matters on which the participants report</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> in their comments.” (p. 101)</span></p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\"> </p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"es-ES\">“<span lang=\"en-GB\">[…] some </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">comments may be artifacts</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> of watching the videotape.” (p. 101)</span></p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\"> </p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"es-ES\">“<span lang=\"en-GB\">When making </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">comments while watching Event</span></span><sub><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">1</span></span></sub><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\"> on videotape</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\">, the </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">participants know what is going to happen next</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\">. It is unclear </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">how</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> knowing the ending </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">affects the matters on which the participants comment</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> and the </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">ways in which they shape what they report</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\">.” (p. 102)</span></p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\"> </p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"es-ES\"><a name=\"OLE_LINK53\"></a> “<span lang=\"en-GB\">[…] </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">participants</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> may not be able to, or may elect </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">not</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> to, </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">talk about the matters to which they oriented during an interaction</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\">. […] the </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">matters</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> about which the participants report, as well as how they shape the reports, </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">may be ‘recipient designed’</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\">, that is, shaped for the investigators with whom they interacted during the video session. […] participants may make comments while watching the video that </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">have no bearing on matters experienced during Event</span></span><sub><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">1</span></span></sub><span lang=\"en-GB\">.</span></p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"es-ES\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">These challenges should encourage </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">investigators to treat participants’ comments</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> as </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">complex products</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> that </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">may point to matters from Event</span></span><sub><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">1</span></span></sub><span lang=\"en-GB\"> and/or </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">may be shaped for the investigator co-present in Event</span></span><sub><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">2</span></span></sub> <span lang=\"en-GB\">and/or </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">may be an artifact</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> of viewing the videotape. When attempting to draw inferences about matters to which a participant possibly or probably oriented, an </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">investigator should consider</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> at the very least </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">how and possibly why the reported matter became a reportable matter during Event</span></span><sub><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">2</span></span></sub><span lang=\"en-GB\">.” (p. 102)</span></p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\"> </p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"es-ES\"><a name=\"OLE_LINK54\"></a> “<span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">Participants’ comments</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> may serve as </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">suggestions of places</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> in the interaction </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">for close investigation</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\">; they </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">may help us to understand the bases of puzzling patterns of interactive conduct</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\">; they </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">may serve as correctives of inferences</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> we may be making about the apparent aims, concerns, or understandings of the participants; they </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">may serve as confirmatory evidence for claims</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> about the functions of features of discourse, and they </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">may lead us to investigate possible instances of conduct</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> standing in place of possibly withheld actions.” (p. 112)</span></p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\"> </p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"es-ES\"><a name=\"OLE_LINK55\"></a> ”<span lang=\"en-GB\">[…] there is an </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">inclination</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> to </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">take a participant’s report on face value</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> and </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">not see how the comment came to be produced</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> on the occasion in which it was offered and what the speaker might have been doing with it. Moreover, there is a </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">temptation to treat</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\"> the inferred interpretation, aim, or concern </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">as stable and explanatory rather than as shifting, amorphous</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\">, or however else it may be manifest.” (p. 112)</span></p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"en-GB\"> </p>\n<p class=\"western\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\" lang=\"es-ES\">“<span lang=\"en-GB\">[…] analytic observations come from very close attention to the details of interactional conduct. Without that close attention to detail, we do not happen upon the puzzles and surprises that are so much a part of our work. </span><span lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"background: #ff00ff;\">If using participants’ comments leads an investigator to attend to the comments over the interaction, far more is lost than can possibly be gained</span></span><span lang=\"en-GB\">.” (p. 113)</span></p>",
            "tags": [],
            "relations": {},
            "dateAdded": "2018-03-18T12:11:57Z",
            "dateModified": "2020-02-25T11:12:47Z"
        }
    }
]