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Visual aids such as the trees of consanguinity or affinity helped the viewer such as a notary, law student or member of the clergy to do the ‘computation,’ or reckon how closely kin were related to each other by blood or by marriage and by lines of descent or collateral relations. Printed riddles in these early legal manuals were exercises to test how well the reader could calculate whether a marriage should be deemed incest. The riddles moved from legal textbooks into visual culture in the form of paintings and cheap broadside prints. This article examines a riddle painting ‘devoted’ to William Cecil when he was Elizabeth I’s principal secretary, before he became Lord Burghley and explores the painting’s links to the Dutch and Flemish kinship riddles circulating in the Low Countries in manuscript, print and painting. Cecil had a keen interest in genealogies and pedigrees as well as puzzles and ciphers. As a remarried widower with an eldest son from a first marriage and children from his longer second marriage, Cecil lived in a stepfamily typical of the sixteenth century in England and Europe. The visual kinship riddles in England and the Low Countries had a common root but branched into separate traditions. A shared element was the young woman at the centre of the images. To solve the riddle the viewer needed to determine how all the men in the painting were related to her as if she were the ego, or self, at the centre of a consanguinity tree. 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Theologians, lawyers, and secular and church leaders agreed on a unique outline of the institution and its legal framework, the essential features of which remained in force until the 1980s. The medieval Western European definition of marriage was unique: before the legal consequences of marriage came into being, the parties had to promise to engage in sexual union only with one partner and to remain in the marriage until one of the parties died. This requirement had profound implications for inheritance rules and for the organization of the family economy; it was explained and justified in a multitude of theological discussions and legal decisions across all faiths on the European continent. Normative texts, built on the foundations of the scriptures of several religious traditions, provided an impressive intellectual framework around marriage. In addition, developments in iconography, including sculpture and painting, projected the dominant model of marriage, while social, demographic and cultural changes encouraged its adoption. This volume traces the medieval discussion of marriage in practice, law, theology and iconography. It provides an examination of the wider political and economic context of marriage and offers an overview of the ebb and flow of society's ideas about how expressions of human sexuality fit within the confines of a clearly defined social structure and ideology. A Cultural History of Marriage in the Medieval Age presents an overview of the period with essays on Courtship and Ritual; Religion, State and Law; Kinship and Social Networks; the Family Economy; Love and Sex; the Breaking of Vows; and Representations of Marriage.", "series": "A Cultural History of Marriage", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "2", "numberOfVolumes": "6", "edition": "", "date": "2020", "publisher": "", "place": "London", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "PDF", "numPages": "242", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://dokumen.pub/qdownload/a-cultural-history-of-marriage-in-the-medieval-age-9781350001824-9781350001916-9781350179721-1350001821.html", "accessDate": "2026-05-16T18:26:28Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "UAIYWEUM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-05-16T18:26:28Z", "dateModified": "2026-05-16T18:44:59Z" } }, { "key": "P99AYJ4I", "version": 33190, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 77385, "name": "Colleen Greene", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colleengreene", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/77385/items/P99AYJ4I", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colleengreene/items/P99AYJ4I", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Cirivilleri", "parsedDate": "2000-05", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "P99AYJ4I", "version": 33190, "itemType": "thesis", "title": "Marriage and canon law: Consanguinity, affinity and the medieval Church (996–1215) - ProQuest", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert", "lastName": "Cirivilleri" } ], "abstractNote": "Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.", "thesisType": "M.A., History", "university": "San Jose State University", "place": "", "date": "2000-05", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "numPages": "200", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.proquest.com/docview/230798704?pq-origsite=primo&sourcetype=Dissertations%20&%20Theses", "accessDate": "2026-05-13T17:18:48Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "ProQuest", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Marriage and canon law", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Catholic marriage" }, { "tag": "consanguinity" } ], "collections": [ "UAIYWEUM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-05-13T17:18:48Z", "dateModified": "2026-05-16T17:39:12Z" } }, { "key": "W5DMP9BG", "version": 33159, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 77385, "name": "Colleen Greene", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colleengreene", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/77385/items/W5DMP9BG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colleengreene/items/W5DMP9BG", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Storke", "parsedDate": "1964-01-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "W5DMP9BG", "version": 33159, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Incestuous Marriage -- Relic of the Past", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Frederic", "lastName": "Storke" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "University of Colorado Law Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1964-01-01", "volume": "36", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "473", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/lawreview/vol36/iss4/3", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0041-9516", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "COinS", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Catholic marriage" }, { "tag": "consanguinity" }, { "tag": "marriage laws" } ], "collections": [ "UAIYWEUM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-05-16T04:15:12Z", "dateModified": "2026-05-16T17:23:25Z" } }, { "key": "KI4FVXTE", "version": 33127, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 77385, "name": "Colleen Greene", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colleengreene", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/77385/items/KI4FVXTE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colleengreene/items/KI4FVXTE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Bittles and Black", "parsedDate": "2010-01-26", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "KI4FVXTE", "version": 33127, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Consanguinity, human evolution, and complex diseases", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A. H.", "lastName": "Bittles" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. L.", "lastName": "Black" } ], "abstractNote": "There is little information on inbreeding during the critical early years of human existence. However, given the small founding group sizes and restricted mate choices it seems inevitable that intrafamilial reproduction occurred and the resultant levels of inbreeding would have been substantial. Currently, couples related as second cousins or closer (F ≥ 0.0156) and their progeny account for an estimated 10.4% of the global population. The highest rates of consanguineous marriage occur in north and sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and west, central, and south Asia. In these regions even couples who regard themselves as unrelated may exhibit high levels of homozygosity, because marriage within clan, tribe, caste, or biraderi boundaries has been a long-established tradition. Mortality in first-cousin progeny is ≈3.5% higher than in nonconsanguineous offspring, although demographic, social, and economic factors can significantly influence the outcome. Improving socioeconomic conditions and better access to health care will impact the effects of consanguinity, with a shift from infant and childhood mortality to extended morbidity. At the same time, a range of primarily social factors, including urbanization, improved female education, and smaller family sizes indicate that the global prevalence of consanguineous unions will decline. This shift in marriage patterns will initially result in decreased homozygosity, accompanied by a reduction in the expression of recessive single-gene disorders. Although the roles of common and rare gene variants in the etiology of complex disease remain contentious, it would be expected that declining consanguinity would also be reflected in reduced prevalence of complex diseases, especially in population isolates.", "publicationTitle": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2010-1-26", "volume": "107", "issue": "Suppl 1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1779-1786", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A", "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.0906079106", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2868287/", "accessDate": "2026-05-16T03:04:46Z", "PMID": "19805052", "PMCID": "PMC2868287", "ISSN": "0027-8424", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed Central", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Catholic marriage" }, { "tag": "consanguinity" }, { "tag": "peer-reviewed" } ], "collections": [ "UAIYWEUM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-05-16T03:04:46Z", "dateModified": "2026-05-16T04:11:18Z" } }, { "key": "RPIKZURT", "version": 33083, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 77385, "name": "Colleen Greene", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colleengreene", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/77385/items/RPIKZURT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colleengreene/items/RPIKZURT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Bittles", "parsedDate": "2009-12-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "RPIKZURT", "version": 33083, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Commentary: The background and outcomes of the first-cousin marriage controversy in Great Britain", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A H", "lastName": "Bittles" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "International Journal of Epidemiology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2009-12-01", "volume": "38", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1453-1458", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Int J Epidemiol", "DOI": "10.1093/ije/dyp313", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyp313", "accessDate": "2026-05-16T02:18:34Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0300-5771", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Commentary", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Silverchair", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "consanguinity" }, { "tag": "peer-reviewed" } ], "collections": [ "UAIYWEUM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-05-16T02:18:34Z", "dateModified": "2026-05-16T02:19:17Z" } }, { "key": "VDYBVYMU", "version": 33035, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 77385, "name": "Colleen Greene", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colleengreene", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/77385/items/VDYBVYMU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colleengreene/items/VDYBVYMU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "VDYBVYMU", "version": 33035, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "Medieval Sourcebook: Twelfth Ecumenical Council: Lateran IV 1215", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "websiteTitle": "Internet History Sourcebooks: Medieval Sourcebook", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "Fordham University Center for Medieval Studies", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://sourcebooks.web.fordham.edu/basis/lateran4.asp", "accessDate": "2026-05-15T02:02:12Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Canon Law" }, { "tag": "Catholic marriage" }, { "tag": "consanguinity" } ], "collections": [ "UAIYWEUM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-05-15T02:02:12Z", "dateModified": "2026-05-15T04:03:15Z" } }, { "key": "3ZVC6AZA", "version": 33027, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 77385, "name": "Colleen Greene", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colleengreene", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/77385/items/3ZVC6AZA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colleengreene/items/3ZVC6AZA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Rousseau", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "3ZVC6AZA", "version": 33027, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Harbingers of the future: Marriage cases during the Pontificate of Innocent III and Lateran IV", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Constance M.", "lastName": "Rousseau" } ], "abstractNote": "The Fourth Lateran Council (1215) under Pope Innocent III had a lasting impact on the reform of the church and the life of the laity. Indeed, scholars of medieval marriage have long regarded the conciliar legislation, canons 50-52, as causing a major sea-change in the canon law of marriage. They have proposed numerous factors which motivated these reforms such as this pope's previous education under the tutelage of Peter the Chanter and his circle in Paris, decretals of earlier popes such as Alexander III, the reasons of 'urgency and necessity', and even cosmic numerology, the last two reasons noted in the Lateran IV decrees themselves. This article argues for an additional influence: the individual marriage cases concerning forbidden degrees of relationship that Innocent addressed throughout his pontificate (1198-1216) acted as an influential catalyst and an ad hoc preparation for the ultimate formulation of canon 50 which reduced the degrees of forbidden relationship of consanguinity and affinity from seven to four and abolished the impediment of the second and third kinds of affinity. Furthermore, Innocent's experience and decisions concerning earlier marriage cases involving procedural issues influenced canons 51 and 52 of this council. Eventually, the pope realized that formalized conciliar legislation was necessary. Thus, Innocent attempted in an innovative way through canons 50-52 to streamline, clarify, and define the canon law, stipulating uniform and stringent rules to achieve a pastoral and practical solution so that the Christian faithful could marry and stay married more easily, and obtain annulments and dispensations less frequently.", "publicationTitle": "Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte. Kanonistische Abteilung", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "0201-00-04 201-04--01", "volume": "103", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "178-203", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "Obtained through Pollak Library ILL", "tags": [ { "tag": "Catholic marriage" }, { "tag": "consanguinity" } ], "collections": [ "UAIYWEUM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-05-14T22:52:12Z", "dateModified": "2026-05-15T01:55:25Z" } }, { "key": "QHUGNUKC", "version": 32953, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 77385, "name": "Colleen Greene", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colleengreene", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/77385/items/QHUGNUKC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colleengreene/items/QHUGNUKC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Holt", "parsedDate": "2022-07-11", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "QHUGNUKC", "version": 32953, "itemType": "thesis", "title": "Gendered Violence and the Family: An Analysis of the 14th-Century Epic \"Lion de Bourges\"", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ashley Paige", "lastName": "Holt" } ], "abstractNote": "", "thesisType": "Dissertation", "university": "Louisiana State University", "place": "", "date": "2022-07-11", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "numPages": "", "DOI": "10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.5924", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://repository.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/5924", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Gendered Violence and the Family", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "LSU Scholarly Repository", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Catholic marriage" }, { "tag": "consanguinity" } ], "collections": [ "UAIYWEUM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-05-13T23:03:39Z", "dateModified": "2026-05-13T23:07:09Z" } }, { "key": "P9XGM4J2", "version": 32938, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 77385, "name": "Colleen Greene", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colleengreene", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/77385/items/P9XGM4J2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colleengreene/items/P9XGM4J2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "P9XGM4J2", "version": 32938, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "Canon Law - Florida Gulf Coast University", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://scholarscommons.fgcu.edu/esploro/outputs/journalArticle/Canon-Law/99383414199606570", "accessDate": "2026-05-13T22:19:27Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "UAIYWEUM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-05-13T22:19:27Z", "dateModified": "2026-05-13T22:19:27Z" } }, { "key": "8TZG5R6K", "version": 32905, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 77385, "name": "Colleen Greene", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colleengreene", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/77385/items/8TZG5R6K", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colleengreene/items/8TZG5R6K", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Erdélyi", "parsedDate": "2011", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "8TZG5R6K", "version": 32905, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "“Married the Sister of His Late Wife”: The Negotiation of Kin-Marriages in Renaissance Hungary", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gabriella", "lastName": "Erdélyi" } ], "abstractNote": "The study examines the social practices and cultural attitudes concerning kin-marriages of both the aristocracy and the common man. The analysis of lay petitions handed in to the papal curia asking the dispensation of kin-marriages highlights the dynamic relationship of social practices and official norms and reveals changing attitudes and practices to marriage, kinship and law from the 15th to the 17th century.", "publicationTitle": "Specimina Nova Pars Prima Sectio Medaevalis", "publisher": "University of Pécs, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Institute of History, Department of Medieval and Early Modern History", "place": "Pécs, Hungary", "date": "2011", "volume": "6", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "109-127", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.15170/SPMNNV.2011.06.07", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://journals.lib.pte.hu/index.php/speciminanova/article/view/5477", "accessDate": "2026-05-13T19:29:32Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "3057-8051", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "“Married the Sister of His Late Wife”", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "PTeJournals", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Copyright (c) 2011", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "UAIYWEUM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-05-13T19:29:32Z", "dateModified": "2026-05-13T20:25:13Z" } }, { "key": "RIKALN5U", "version": 32896, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 77385, "name": "Colleen Greene", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colleengreene", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/77385/items/RIKALN5U", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colleengreene/items/RIKALN5U", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Bouchard", "parsedDate": "2001", "numChildren": 4 }, "data": { "key": "RIKALN5U", "version": 32896, "itemType": "book", "title": "Those of My Blood: Creating Noble Families in Medieval Francia", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Constance Brittain", "lastName": "Bouchard" } ], "abstractNote": "For those who ruled medieval society, the family was the crucial social unit, made up of those from whom property and authority were inherited and those to whom it passed. One's kin could be one's closest political and military allies or one's fiercest enemies. While the general term used to describe family members was consanguinei mei, \"those of my blood,\" not all of those relations-parents, siblings, children, distant cousins, maternal relatives, paternal ancestors, and so on-counted as true family in any given time, place, or circumstance. In the early and high Middle Ages, the \"family\" was a very different group than it is in modern society, and the ways in which medieval men and women conceptualized and structured the family unit changed markedly over time. Focusing on the Frankish realm between the eighth and twelfth centuries, Constance Brittain Bouchard outlines the operative definitions of \"family\" in this period when there existed various and flexible ways by which individuals were or were not incorporated into the family group. Even in medieval patriarchal society, women of the aristocracy, who were considered outsiders by their husbands and their husbands' siblings and elders, were never completely marginalized and paradoxically represented the very essence of \"family\" to their male children. Bouchard also engages in the ongoing scholarly debate about the nobility around the year 1000, arguing that there was no clear point of transition from amorphous family units to agnatically structured kindred. Instead, she points out that great noble families always privileged the male line of descent, even if most did not establish father-son inheritance until the eleventh or twelfth century. Those of My Blood clarifies the complex meanings of medieval family structure and family consciousness and shows the many ways in which negotiations of power within the noble family can help explain early medieval politics.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2001", "publisher": "University of Pennsylvania Press", "place": "Philadelphia, UNITED STATES", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "978-0-8122-0140-6", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/fullerton/detail.action?docID=3441428", "accessDate": "2026-05-13T15:08:19Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Those of My Blood", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ProQuest Ebook Central", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Catholic marriage" } ], "collections": [ "UAIYWEUM" ], "relations": { "dc:relation": "http://zotero.org/users/77385/items/EQT3IZKQ" }, "dateAdded": "2026-05-13T15:08:19Z", "dateModified": "2026-05-13T16:14:05Z" } }, { "key": "EQT3IZKQ", "version": 32896, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 77385, "name": "Colleen Greene", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colleengreene", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/77385/items/EQT3IZKQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/colleengreene/items/EQT3IZKQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Bouchard", "parsedDate": "2001", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "EQT3IZKQ", "version": 32896, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Chapter Three: Consanguinity and Noble Marriages", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Constance Brittain", "lastName": "Bouchard" } ], "abstractNote": "", "bookTitle": "Those of My Blood: Creating Noble Families in Medieval Francia", "series": "", 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