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"issue": "s1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "S442", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1086/392927", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/392927", "accessDate": "2009-10-05T02:00:00Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Simulations, Models, and Theories", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "University of Chicago", "callNumber": "0035", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "HDWFN5TV", "XVX8TKVM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-10-05T02:00:00Z", "dateModified": "2010-04-06T18:33:53Z" } }, { "key": "HUS7MS2R", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 358, "name": "Trevor Owens", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/358/items/HUS7MS2R", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": 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Online", "callNumber": "0061", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "HDWFN5TV", "XVX8TKVM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-10-05T01:42:30Z", "dateModified": "2010-04-06T18:33:52Z" } }, { "key": "Z42URGJB", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 358, "name": "Trevor Owens", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/358/items/Z42URGJB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens/items/Z42URGJB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Trenholme", "parsedDate": "1994-03-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "Z42URGJB", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Analog Simulation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Russell", "lastName": "Trenholme" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Philosophy of Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 01, 1994", "volume": "61", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "115", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1086/289783", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/289783", "accessDate": "2009-10-05T01:59:58Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "University of Chicago", "callNumber": "0106", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "HDWFN5TV" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-10-05T01:59:58Z", "dateModified": "2010-04-06T18:33:10Z" } }, { "key": "6K7VH67A", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 358, "name": "Trevor Owens", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/358/items/6K7VH67A", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens/items/6K7VH67A", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Sismondo", "parsedDate": "1999", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "6K7VH67A", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Models, simulations, and their objects", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Sismondo" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Science in Context", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1999", "volume": "12", "issue": "02", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "247–260", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "0030", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "HDWFN5TV", "XVX8TKVM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-10-05T01:30:33Z", "dateModified": "2010-04-06T18:32:13Z" } }, { "key": "JVT7KUI2", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 358, "name": "Trevor Owens", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/358/items/JVT7KUI2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens/items/JVT7KUI2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Schweber and Waechter", "parsedDate": "2000", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "JVT7KUI2", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Complex systems, modelling and simulation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Schweber" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Waechter" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2000", "volume": "31", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "583–609", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "0012", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "HDWFN5TV" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-10-05T01:31:53Z", "dateModified": "2010-04-06T18:32:00Z" } }, { "key": "77IQNX84", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 358, "name": "Trevor Owens", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/358/items/77IQNX84", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens/items/77IQNX84", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Nersessian", "parsedDate": "2006-12-01", "numChildren": 5 }, "data": { "key": "77IQNX84", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Model‐Based Reasoning in Distributed Cognitive Systems", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nancy J.", "lastName": "Nersessian" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Philosophy of Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 01, 2006", "volume": "73", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "699-709", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1086/518771", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/518771", "accessDate": "2009-10-05T01:59:55Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "University of Chicago", "callNumber": "0001", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "*****" }, { "tag": "Philosophy" }, { "tag": "biomedical engineering" } ], "collections": [ "HDWFN5TV", "XVX8TKVM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-10-05T01:59:55Z", "dateModified": "2010-04-06T18:30:28Z" } }, { "key": "NT9NV2TC", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 358, "name": "Trevor Owens", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/358/items/NT9NV2TC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens/items/NT9NV2TC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Myers", "parsedDate": "2008-04-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "NT9NV2TC", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Molecular Embodiments and the Body-work of Modeling in Protein Crystallography", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Natasha", "lastName": "Myers" } ], "abstractNote": "Protein molecules, those objects of increasing interest and investment in post-genomics research, are complex, three-dimensional structures made up of thousands of atoms. Protein crystallographers build atomic-resolution models of proteins using the techniques of X-ray diffraction. This ethnographic study of protein crystallography shows that becoming an expert crystallographer, and so making sense of such intricate objects, requires researchers to draw on their bodies as a resource to learn about, work with, and communicate precise molecular configurations. Contemporary crystallographic modeling relies intensively on interactive computer graphics technology, and requires active and prolonged handling and manipulation of the model onscreen throughout the often arduous process of model-building. This paper builds on both ethnographic observations of contemporary protein crystallographers and historical accounts of early molecular modeling techniques to examine the body-work of crystallographic modeling, in particular the corporeal practices through which modelers learn the intricate structures of protein molecules. Ethnographic observations suggest that, in the process of building and manipulating protein models, crystallographers also sculpt embodied models alongside the digital renderings they craft onscreen. Crystallographic modeling at the computer interface is thus not only a means of producing representations of proteins; it is also a means of training novice crystallographers' bodies and imaginations. Protein crystallographers' molecular embodiments thus offer a site for posing a new range of questions for studies of the visual cultures and knowledge practices in the computer-mediated life sciences.", "publicationTitle": "Social Studies of Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "April 1, 2008", "volume": "38", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "163-199", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1177/0306312707082969", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://sss.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/38/2/163", "accessDate": "2009-10-05T00:35:54Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Sage Journals Online", "callNumber": "0012", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "HDWFN5TV", "XVX8TKVM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-10-05T00:35:54Z", "dateModified": "2010-04-06T18:30:23Z" } }, { "key": "J95VNEUA", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 358, "name": "Trevor Owens", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/358/items/J95VNEUA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens/items/J95VNEUA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Myers", "parsedDate": "2006", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "J95VNEUA", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Animating Mechanism: Animation and the Propagation of Affect in the Lively Arts of Protein Modeling", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "N.", "lastName": "Myers" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Science Studies", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2006", "volume": "19", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "6–30", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Animating Mechanism", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "0006", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "HDWFN5TV", "XVX8TKVM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-10-05T00:54:39Z", "dateModified": "2010-04-06T18:30:22Z" } }, { "key": "4EWGAZ5X", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 358, "name": "Trevor Owens", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/358/items/4EWGAZ5X", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens/items/4EWGAZ5X", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Muldoon", "parsedDate": "2007-12-01", "numChildren": 5 }, "data": { "key": "4EWGAZ5X", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Robust Simulations", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ryan", "lastName": "Muldoon" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Philosophy of Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 01, 2007", "volume": "74", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "873-883", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1086/525629", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/525629", "accessDate": "2009-10-05T01:59:52Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "University of Chicago", "callNumber": "0030", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "*****" }, { "tag": "Philosophy" } ], "collections": [ "HDWFN5TV" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-10-05T01:59:52Z", "dateModified": "2010-04-06T18:30:19Z" } }, { "key": "SDP3KZGK", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 358, "name": "Trevor Owens", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/358/items/SDP3KZGK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens/items/SDP3KZGK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Loettgers", "parsedDate": "2007-03", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "SDP3KZGK", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Getting Abstract Mathematical Models in Touch with Nature", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Loettgers" } ], "abstractNote": "Argument This article focuses on the scientific practice of a specific class of models in neuroscience and biology that approach biological systems as computational or information processing systems. This specific approach to biological systems has a long tradition that started with the information discourse in the 1940s. Borrowing concepts, methods, and techniques from cybernetics, information theory, and physics, these models are situated at the interface of different scientific disciplines. This article examines in detail the Hopfield model, a model of the specific brain function of auto-associative memory that is situated at the interface of neuroscience, theoretical physics, and engineering. By drawing analogies to a model of disordered magnetic systems in physics, John Hopfield constructed a model that was able to mimic auto-associative memory. The model became an active field of research in theoretical physics and in engineering but not in neuroscience. According to neuroscientists, in the process of construction the model had lost touch with the biological system and the function that it was supposed to model. How did this happen? As will be shown, the process of constructing the model was guided by conceptualizing the biological organism as a computational, information-processing device. This construction process gained its own momentum that involved an interrelated development of a computational concept and a redescription of the biological system or phenomenon for bringing the computational concept to work. We will see how physicists and engineers tried to get models in touch with biological systems by constructing \"a synthetic model.\" [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]", "publicationTitle": "Science in Context", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Mar 2007", "volume": "20", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "9", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "02698897", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ProQuest", "callNumber": "0002", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Engineering", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Information processing", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Information systems", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mathematical models", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neurosciences", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Physics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Scientists", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "HDWFN5TV", "XVX8TKVM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-10-05T01:34:28Z", "dateModified": "2010-04-06T18:29:27Z" } }, { "key": "HF8P5VRN", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 358, "name": "Trevor Owens", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/358/items/HF8P5VRN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens/items/HF8P5VRN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Lenhard", "parsedDate": "2007-04-01", "numChildren": 4 }, "data": { "key": "HF8P5VRN", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Computer Simulation: The Cooperation between Experimenting and Modeling", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Johannes", "lastName": "Lenhard" } ], "abstractNote": "The goal of the present article is to contribute to the epistemology and methodology \nof computer simulations. The central thesis is that the process of simulation modeling \ntakes the form of an explorative cooperation between experimenting and modeling. \nThis characteristic mode of modeling turns simulations into autonomous mediators in \na specific way; namely, it makes it possible for the phenomena and the data to exert \na direct influence on the model. The argumentation will be illustrated by a case study \nof the general circulation models of meteorology, the major simulation models in \nclimate research.", "publicationTitle": "Philosophy of Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "April 01, 2007", "volume": "74", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "176-194", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1086/519029", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/519029", "accessDate": "2009-10-05T01:59:45Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Computer Simulation", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "University of Chicago", "callNumber": "0006", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "*****" }, { "tag": "climate research" }, { "tag": "metorology" } ], "collections": [ "HDWFN5TV" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-10-05T01:59:45Z", "dateModified": "2010-04-06T18:29:15Z" } }, { "key": "4MVRDBUH", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 358, "name": "Trevor Owens", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/358/items/4MVRDBUH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens/items/4MVRDBUH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Lenhard", "parsedDate": "2006-12-01", "numChildren": 7 }, "data": { "key": "4MVRDBUH", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Surprised by a Nanowire: Simulation, Control, and Understanding", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Johannes", "lastName": "Lenhard" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Philosophy of Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 01, 2006", "volume": "73", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "605-616", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1086/518330", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/518330", "accessDate": "2009-10-05T01:59:43Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Surprised by a Nanowire", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "University of Chicago", "callNumber": "0005", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "material science" }, { "tag": "nanoscience" }, { "tag": "simulation as experiment" } ], "collections": [ "HDWFN5TV", "XVX8TKVM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-10-05T01:59:43Z", "dateModified": "2010-04-06T18:29:14Z" } }, { "key": "GA4TDIAD", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 358, "name": "Trevor Owens", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/358/items/GA4TDIAD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens/items/GA4TDIAD", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Lehtinen and Kuorikoski", "parsedDate": "2007-07-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "GA4TDIAD", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Computing the Perfect Model: Why Do Economists Shun Simulation?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Aki", "lastName": "Lehtinen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jaakko", "lastName": "Kuorikoski" } ], "abstractNote": "Like other mathematically intensive sciences, economics is becoming increasingly com- \nputerized. Despite the extent of the computation, however, there is very little true \nsimulation. Simple computation is a form of theory articulation, whereas true simu- \nlation is analogous to an experimental procedure. Successful computation is faithful \nto an underlying mathematical model, whereas successful simulation directly mimics \na process or a system. The computer is seen as a legitimate tool in economics only \nwhen traditional analytical solutions cannot be derived, i.e., only as a purely com- \nputational aid. We argue that true simulation is seldom practiced because it does not \nfit the conception of understanding inherent in mainstream economics. According to \nthis conception, understanding is constituted by analytical derivation from a set of \nfundamental economic axioms. We articulate this conception using the concept of \neconomists’ perfect model. Since the deductive links between the assumptions and the \nconsequences are not transparent in ‘bottom-up’ generative microsimulations, micro- \nsimulations cannot correspond to the perfect model and economists do not therefore \nconsider them viable candidates for generating theories that enhance economic \nunderstanding.", "publicationTitle": "Philosophy of Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "July 01, 2007", "volume": "74", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "304-329", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1086/522359", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/522359", "accessDate": "2009-10-05T01:59:49Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Computing the Perfect Model", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "University of Chicago", "callNumber": "0011", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "computation" }, { "tag": "economics" } ], "collections": [ "HDWFN5TV" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-10-05T01:59:49Z", "dateModified": "2010-04-06T18:29:11Z" } }, { "key": "C8THH9NS", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 358, "name": "Trevor Owens", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/358/items/C8THH9NS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens/items/C8THH9NS", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Lahsen", "parsedDate": "2005-12-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "C8THH9NS", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Seductive Simulations? Uncertainty Distribution Around Climate Models", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Myanna", "lastName": "Lahsen" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper discusses the distribution of certainty around General Circulation Models (GCMs) - computer models used to project possible global climatic changes due to human emissions of greenhouse gases. It examines the trope of distance underpinning Donald MacKenzie's concept of certainty trough', and calls for a more multi-dimensional and dynamic conceptualization of how uncertainty is distributed around technology. The certainty trough describes the level of certainty attached to particular technoscientific constructions as distance increases from the site of knowledge production, and proposes that producers of a given technology and its products are the best judges of their accuracy. Processes and dynamics associated with GCM modeling challenge the simplicity of the certainty trough diagram, mainly because of difficulties with distinguishing between knowledge producers and users, and because GCMs involve multiple sites of production. This case study also challenges the assumption that knowledge producers always are the best judges of the accuracy of their models. Drawing on participant observation and interviews with climate modelers and the atmospheric scientists with whom they interact, the study discusses how modelers, and to some extent knowledge producers in general, are sometimes less able than some users to identify shortcomings of their models.", "publicationTitle": "Social Studies of Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 1, 2005", "volume": "35", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "895-922", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1177/0306312705053049", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://sss.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/35/6/895", "accessDate": "2009-10-05T01:10:48Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Seductive Simulations?", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Sage Journals Online", "callNumber": "0028", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "HDWFN5TV", "XVX8TKVM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-10-05T01:10:48Z", "dateModified": "2010-04-06T18:29:03Z" } }, { "key": "ZJMKSKUG", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 358, "name": "Trevor Owens", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/358/items/ZJMKSKUG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens/items/ZJMKSKUG", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Henman", "parsedDate": "2002", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "ZJMKSKUG", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Computer modeling and the politics of greenhouse gas policy in Australia", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Henman" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Social Science Computer Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2002", "volume": "20", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "161", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "0010", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "HDWFN5TV" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-10-05T01:31:56Z", "dateModified": "2010-04-06T18:28:01Z" } }, { "key": "ETJXT56T", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 358, "name": "Trevor Owens", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/358/items/ETJXT56T", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens/items/ETJXT56T", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Edwards", "parsedDate": "1999", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "ETJXT56T", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Global Climate Science, Uncertainty and Politics: Data. laden Models, Model-Filtered Data", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Edwards" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Science as Culture", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1999", "volume": "8", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "437–472", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Global Climate Science, Uncertainty and Politics", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "0042", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "HDWFN5TV", "XVX8TKVM" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-10-05T01:31:48Z", "dateModified": "2010-04-06T18:27:02Z" } }, { "key": "HEGV8QRP", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 358, "name": "Trevor Owens", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/358/items/HEGV8QRP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens/items/HEGV8QRP", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Agar", "parsedDate": "2006-12-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "HEGV8QRP", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "What Difference Did Computers Make?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jon", "lastName": "Agar" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper asks the question: what difference did access to computers make to the first generation of scientists to use them? While we do know something about the use of computers in particular scientific specialities, a comparative perspective across disciplines is revealing. So this paper casts the net wider, not only revisiting microphysics and X-ray crystallography, but also examining natural history and the implicit social science of government administration. It focuses on the period when computers were first introduced, since the novelty of the techniques caused scientists to reflect on the changes. 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To conclude, I would like to stress that simulation does not simply fall
below established standards. It introduces and brings about new elements
of methodology and epistemology, thereby cultivating a new kind of mod-
eling: simulation modeling. This development has consequences on the
general level for how human (scientific) endeavors are conceptualized: By
decoupling understanding and insight, the technology of simulation
changes the very meaning of “understanding.” I do not question the
superior quality of theory-based explanations, but maybe they are out of
reach in many fields of nanoscience in which theory is often silent or only
whispers about behavior.

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-10-05T13:22:27Z", "dateModified": "2009-10-05T13:22:30Z" } }, { "key": "8SHDPT7T", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 358, "name": "Trevor Owens", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/358/items/8SHDPT7T", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens/items/8SHDPT7T", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/358/items/4MVRDBUH", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "8SHDPT7T", "version": 1, "parentItem": "4MVRDBUH", "itemType": "note", "note": "

In this respect, computer simulation is not without parallels. As Alfred
Nordmann pointed out in a discussion, the organisms of animals in med-
ical research imitate, or “simulate,” their human counterpart. I like this
analogy: Experiments with animals are often significant for the treatment
of humans, and this research tradition has acquired much experience on
how to conduct meaningful experiments. The model itself, that is, the
animal organism and the way it works, however, remains opaque in im-
portant respects. In short, animal experiments can be viewed as a method
with which to circumvent a complexity barrier. Simulation models fulfill
a methodologically similar task. Of course, the analogy is not complete,
because simulation models are constructed from scratch. Thus, they pre-
sent an extreme case: Mathematical modeling, the paradigm of epistemic
lucidity, contributes to a mode of epistemic opacity!

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-10-05T13:21:13Z", "dateModified": "2009-10-05T13:21:15Z" } }, { "key": "T7D38XT7", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 358, "name": "Trevor Owens", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/358/items/T7D38XT7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens/items/T7D38XT7", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/358/items/4MVRDBUH", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "T7D38XT7", "version": 1, "parentItem": "4MVRDBUH", "itemType": "note", "note": "

Thus Feynman’s account has been turned upside
down: His “a feeling for the consequences” may be developed, and a
researcher can acquire a kind of orientation within the model that is based
on experience of the model’s behavior (although that experience is me-
diated by the calculating machine), whereas the model itself remains ep-
istemically opaque.

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-10-05T13:20:24Z", "dateModified": "2009-10-05T13:20:26Z" } }, { "key": "ARFXESG2", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 358, "name": "Trevor Owens", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/358/items/ARFXESG2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens/items/ARFXESG2", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/358/items/4MVRDBUH", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ARFXESG2", "version": 1, "parentItem": "4MVRDBUH", "itemType": "note", "note": "

I shall argue that the
simulation approach opens up a new mode of scientific understanding based
on the deployment of epistemically opaque models whose behavior is
made assessable by simulation.

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-10-05T13:17:40Z", "dateModified": "2009-10-05T13:17:44Z" } }, { "key": "9ZD7MX5Q", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 358, "name": "Trevor Owens", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/358/items/9ZD7MX5Q", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tjowens/items/9ZD7MX5Q", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/358/items/4MVRDBUH", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "9ZD7MX5Q", "version": 1, "parentItem": "4MVRDBUH", "itemType": "note", "note": "

This “amazement” is also theoretically amazing because well-known phys-
ical laws at the atomic level served as the basis of the simulation that, in
turn, showed unexpected behavior at the nanoscale.

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-10-05T13:16:36Z", "dateModified": "2009-10-05T13:16:38Z" } } ]