[ { "key": "JJ2GWYEH", "version": 11945, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 279, "name": "Michael Schiltz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/279/items/JJ2GWYEH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz/items/JJ2GWYEH", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/279/items/FPX8GBGT", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JJ2GWYEH", "version": 11945, "parentItem": "FPX8GBGT", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_file", "title": "Enkhbold - 2019 - The role of the ortoq in the Mongol Empire in forming business partnerships.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "path": "/Users/michaelschiltz/Library/CloudStorage/GoogleDrive-michael.schiltz@gmail.com/My Drive/Zotero/logs/ZotMoov/Enkhbold - 2019 - The role of the ortoq in the Mongol Empire in forming business partnerships.pdf", "tags": [ { "tag": "zotmoov" } ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-06-07T15:56:45Z", "dateModified": "2026-06-07T15:56:55Z" } }, { "key": "FPX8GBGT", "version": 11942, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 279, "name": "Michael Schiltz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/279/items/FPX8GBGT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz/items/FPX8GBGT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Enkhbold", "parsedDate": "2019-10-02", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "FPX8GBGT", "version": 11942, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The role of the ortoq in the Mongol Empire in forming business partnerships", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Enerelt", "lastName": "Enkhbold" } ], "abstractNote": "This study investigates the emergence and development of business partnerships established by the Mongols and their merchant partners, ortoqs, in the Middle Ages. Ortoqs are known to have conducted trade and money-lending with the capital invested by their partners. This study shows that the contractual arrangements of Mongol–ortoq partnerships closely resembled medieval partnership contracts, such as mudharaba, inan, societas and commenda. Sophisticated concepts of liability in relation to investments and loans were developed in Mongol–ortoq partnerships, promoting trade and investment to facilitate the commercial integration of the Mongol Empire.", "publicationTitle": "Central Asian Survey", "publisher": "Routledge", "place": "", "date": "2019-10-02", "volume": "38", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "531-547", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1080/02634937.2019.1652799", "citationKey": "enkhboldRoleOrtoqMongol2019", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/02634937.2019.1652799", "accessDate": "2026-06-07T15:55:29Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0263-4937", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Taylor and Francis+NEJM", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/02634937.2019.1652799", "tags": [ { "tag": "Mongol Empire", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "business partnership", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "commenda", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "medieval trade", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "ortoq", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "trade contract", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-06-07T15:55:29Z", "dateModified": "2026-06-07T15:55:29Z" } }, { "key": "HYLP62EA", "version": 11940, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 279, "name": "Michael Schiltz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/279/items/HYLP62EA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz/items/HYLP62EA", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/279/items/ZFJZ78PY", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "HYLP62EA", "version": 11940, "parentItem": "ZFJZ78PY", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_file", "title": "Ramli - 2018 - COMMERCIAL PARTNERSHIP IN ISLAM A BRIEF SURVEY OF KITAB AL-MUDARABAH OF AL-MABSUT BY AL-SARAKHSI (D.pdf", "accessDate": "2026-06-05T05:18:24Z", "url": "https://tafhim.ikim.gov.my/index.php/tafhim/article/download/120/103", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "path": "/Users/michaelschiltz/Library/CloudStorage/GoogleDrive-michael.schiltz@gmail.com/My Drive/Zotero/logs/ZotMoov/Ramli - 2018 - COMMERCIAL PARTNERSHIP IN ISLAM A BRIEF SURVEY OF KITAB AL-MUDARABAH OF AL-MABSUT BY AL-SARAKHSI (D.pdf", "tags": [ { "tag": "zotmoov" } ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-06-05T05:18:24Z", "dateModified": "2026-06-05T05:18:29Z" } }, { "key": "ZFJZ78PY", "version": 11938, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 279, "name": "Michael Schiltz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/279/items/ZFJZ78PY", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz/items/ZFJZ78PY", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Ramli", "parsedDate": "2018-12-31", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "ZFJZ78PY", "version": 11938, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "COMMERCIAL PARTNERSHIP IN ISLAM: A BRIEF SURVEY OF KITAB AL-MUDARABAH OF AL-MABSUT BY AL-SARAKHSI (D. 483/1090)", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mohd Hilmi", "lastName": "Ramli" } ], "abstractNote": "Muḍārabah is a contract of profit-sharing known as partnership in capital and labour. Its concept and practices were notable in the history of Muslims specifically after its incorporation in the fiqh literatures that have spread to the entire education and economic institutions in the Muslim world. It combines two parties: those who have capital and those who are skilful in business to achieve a common economic objective underpinned by the Sharīʿah. This study analyses the work of al- Mabsūṭ by al-Sarakhsī (d. 483 A.H./1090 C.E.), an accomplished Hanafī jurist (fāqih) in the fifth/ eleventh century, pertaining to muḍārabah drawn from the analysis of the first chapter of the book titled Kitāb al-Muḍārabah. This study is significant as it fills the lacuna in the historiography of Islamic economic thought by focusing on al-Sarakhsī’s epistemic framework and definition of muḍārabah, as well as extending in its coverage from the individual to the institutional. It is a testimony of how Muslims conducted their economic activities based on the intellectual framework and moral guidance underlined by the Sharīʿah.", "publicationTitle": "TAFHIM: IKIM Journal of Islam and the Contemporary World", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2018-12-31", "volume": "11", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.56389/tafhim.vol11no1.4", "citationKey": "ramliCOMMERCIALPARTNERSHIPISLAM2018", "url": "https://tafhim.ikim.gov.my/index.php/tafhim/article/view/120", "accessDate": "2026-06-05T05:18:22Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2231-7015", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "COMMERCIAL PARTNERSHIP IN ISLAM", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "tafhim.ikim.gov.my", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "al-Mabsut", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "al-Sarakhsi", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "knowledge.", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "mudarabah", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "profit-sharing", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-06-05T05:18:22Z", "dateModified": "2026-06-05T05:18:22Z" } }, { "key": "7VGZL5VP", "version": 11936, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 279, "name": "Michael Schiltz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/279/items/7VGZL5VP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz/items/7VGZL5VP", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/279/items/55YZEXIZ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": {}, "data": { "key": "7VGZL5VP", "version": 11936, "parentItem": "55YZEXIZ", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2026-06-05T04:59:15Z", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166046221000843", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S0166046221000843.html", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-06-05T04:59:15Z", "dateModified": "2026-06-05T04:59:15Z" } }, { "key": "55YZEXIZ", "version": 11935, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 279, "name": "Michael Schiltz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/279/items/55YZEXIZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz/items/55YZEXIZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Allen and Donaldson", "parsedDate": "2022-05-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "55YZEXIZ", "version": 11935, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Persistence and path dependence: A primer", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Treb", "lastName": "Allen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dave", "lastName": "Donaldson" } ], "abstractNote": "How much of the spatial distribution of economic activity today is determined by history rather than by geographic fundamentals? How long should we expect temporary local shocks to persist in their effects on local economic concentration? When will such shocks have permanent (i.e. path-dependent) consequences? This paper develops a simple dynamic model of economic geography—with many heterogeneous locations interacting through trade, migration, agglomeration externalities, and endogenous fertility—that delivers tractable answers to these questions. Our results highlight an important distinction between agglomeration spillovers that endogenously affect productivity (or amenities) contemporaneously and those that do so with a lag.", "publicationTitle": "Regional Science and Urban Economics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2022-05-01", "volume": "94", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "103724", "series": "Urban Economics and History", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Regional Science and Urban Economics", "DOI": "10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2021.103724", "citationKey": "allenPersistencePathDependence2022", "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166046221000843", "accessDate": "2026-06-05T04:59:10Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0166-0462", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Persistence and path dependence", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Agglomeration", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Dynamics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Economic geography", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Multiplicity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Path dependence", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Persistence", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-06-05T04:59:10Z", "dateModified": "2026-06-05T04:59:10Z" } }, { "key": "8QEKVHCL", "version": 11933, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 279, "name": "Michael Schiltz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/279/items/8QEKVHCL", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz/items/8QEKVHCL", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/279/items/DZ6T2M22", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "8QEKVHCL", "version": 11933, "parentItem": "DZ6T2M22", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_file", "title": "Kobayashi - 2026 - Monetary integration and purchasing power parity between Singapore and Britain during the 19th centu.pdf", "accessDate": "2026-06-04T13:11:27Z", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/aehr.70020", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "path": "/Users/michaelschiltz/Library/CloudStorage/GoogleDrive-michael.schiltz@gmail.com/My Drive/Zotero/logs/ZotMoov/Kobayashi - 2026 - Monetary integration and purchasing power parity between Singapore and Britain during the 19th centu.pdf", "tags": [ { "tag": "zotmoov" } ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-06-04T13:11:27Z", "dateModified": "2026-06-04T13:11:32Z" } }, { "key": "DZ6T2M22", "version": 11931, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 279, "name": "Michael Schiltz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/279/items/DZ6T2M22", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz/items/DZ6T2M22", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Kobayashi", "parsedDate": "2026", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "DZ6T2M22", "version": 11931, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Monetary integration and purchasing power parity between Singapore and Britain during the 19th century", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Atsushi", "lastName": "Kobayashi" } ], "abstractNote": "This study examines the development of purchasing power parity between Singapore and Britain during the 19th century. Using new monthly data from 1831 to 1872, it finds that real exchange rates became more stable after the late 1850s. This convergence was supported by growing connections in international bullion markets, which reduced exchange rate fluctuations and aligned price levels. The findings highlight how monetary adjustments between silver-based Singapore and gold-standard Britain promoted long-run equilibrium. By applying historical price indices and bilateral exchange data, the study offers new insights into how external imbalances were managed in Asia before the global adoption of the gold standard.", "publicationTitle": "Asia-Pacific Economic History Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2026", "volume": "66", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "33-57", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1111/aehr.70020", "citationKey": "kobayashiMonetaryIntegrationPurchasing2026", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/aehr.70020", "accessDate": "2026-06-04T13:11:26Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2832-157X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© 2026 The Author(s). Asia-Pacific Economic History Review published by Economic History Society of Australia and New Zealand and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.", "extra": "_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/aehr.70020", "tags": [ { "tag": "Singapore", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "bullion trade", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "foreign exchange", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "purchasing power parity", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-06-04T13:11:26Z", "dateModified": "2026-06-04T13:11:26Z" } }, { "key": "6UMNZPEM", "version": 11929, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 279, "name": "Michael Schiltz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/279/items/6UMNZPEM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz/items/6UMNZPEM", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/279/items/Z2FSD5S4", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "6UMNZPEM", "version": 11929, "parentItem": "Z2FSD5S4", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_file", "title": "Takagi - Fugitive or orphan The Shanghai yen in the early days of the Sino‐Japanese war, 1938–1939.pdf", "accessDate": "2026-06-04T13:11:08Z", "url": "https://agi.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/2000262/files/WP2026-04.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "path": "/Users/michaelschiltz/Library/CloudStorage/GoogleDrive-michael.schiltz@gmail.com/My Drive/Zotero/logs/ZotMoov/Takagi - Fugitive or orphan The Shanghai yen in the early days of the Sino‐Japanese war, 1938–1939.pdf", "tags": [ { "tag": "zotmoov" } ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-06-04T13:11:08Z", "dateModified": "2026-06-04T13:11:13Z" } }, { "key": "Z2FSD5S4", "version": 11927, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 279, "name": "Michael Schiltz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/279/items/Z2FSD5S4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz/items/Z2FSD5S4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Takagi", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "Z2FSD5S4", "version": 11927, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Fugitive or orphan? The Shanghai yen in the early days of the Sino‐Japanese war, 1938–1939", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Shinji", "lastName": "Takagi" } ], "abstractNote": "We explore a phenomenon observed during the Second Sino-Japanese War in which the value of the yen in Shanghai fell below the official rate. Shanghai provided a parallel market in which yen could be ...", "publicationTitle": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1111/aehr.70027", "citationKey": "takagiFugitiveOrphanShanghai", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/aehr.70027", "accessDate": "2026-06-04T13:11:04Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Fugitive or orphan?", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-06-04T13:11:04Z", "dateModified": "2026-06-04T13:11:04Z" } }, { "key": "S7SPG9K6", "version": 11924, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 279, "name": "Michael Schiltz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/279/items/S7SPG9K6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz/items/S7SPG9K6", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/279/items/B7XIUTU4", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": {}, "data": { "key": "S7SPG9K6", "version": 11924, "parentItem": "B7XIUTU4", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Fullext PDF", "accessDate": "2026-06-04T09:27:19Z", "url": "http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1998/07/01/000009265_3980901110212/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "windows-1252", "filename": "Pritchett - 1998 - Patterns of economic growth hills, plateaus, mountains, and plains.html", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-06-04T09:27:19Z", "dateModified": "2026-06-04T09:27:27Z" } }, { "key": "54DGKV98", "version": 11922, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 279, "name": "Michael Schiltz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/279/items/54DGKV98", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz/items/54DGKV98", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/279/items/B7XIUTU4", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": {}, "data": { "key": "54DGKV98", "version": 11922, "parentItem": "B7XIUTU4", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2026-06-04T09:27:20Z", "url": "https://ideas.repec.org//p/wbk/wbrwps/1947.html", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "1947.html", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-06-04T09:27:20Z", "dateModified": "2026-06-04T09:27:20Z" } }, { "key": "B7XIUTU4", "version": 11921, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 279, "name": "Michael Schiltz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/279/items/B7XIUTU4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz/items/B7XIUTU4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Pritchett", "parsedDate": "1998-07-31", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "B7XIUTU4", "version": 11921, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Patterns of economic growth : hills, plateaus, mountains, and plains", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lant", "lastName": "Pritchett" } ], "abstractNote": "Except during the Great Depression, the historical path for per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the United Stateshas been reasonably stable exponential trend growth, with modest cyclical deviation. Graphically, growth in the United States displays as a modestly sloping, only slightly bumpy, hill. But almost nothing that is true about per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the United States (or for other member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)) is true for developing countries. First, per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in most developing countries does not follow a single time trend: For a given country, there is great instability in growth rates over time, relative to both average level of growth and to cross-sectional variance. These shifts in growth rates lead to distinct patterns. Some countries have had steady growth (hills and steep hills); others have had rapid growth followed by stagnation (plateaus); others have had rapid growth followed by declines (mountains) or even catastrophic declines (cliffs): still others have experienced continuous stagnation (plains) or even steady decline (valleys). Second, volatility--however measures--is much greater in developing than in industrial countries. These stylized observations about growth rates, the author concludes, suggest that it may be useless to use\"panel data\"to investigate long-term growth rates in developing countries. Perhaps more can be learned about developing countries by investigating what initiates (or halts) episodes of growth. There is something of a professional split in\"growth\"literature, the author observes. Macroeconomists studying industrial countries discuss steady-state growth and ponder whether all countries in the convergence club will reach the same happy level in the end. Development economists, on the other hand, are the pathologists of economics, having discovered that developing countries are most emphatically not all alike. Developing countries have found ways to be ecstatic but they have also discovered many different ways to be unhappy.", "publicationTitle": "Policy Research Working Paper Series", "publisher": "The World Bank", "place": "", "date": "1998/07/31", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "Policy Research Working Paper Series", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "pritchettPatternsEconomicGrowth1998", "url": "https://ideas.repec.org//p/wbk/wbrwps/1947.html", "accessDate": "2026-06-04T09:27:18Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Patterns of economic growth", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "ideas.repec.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "Number: 1947", "tags": [ { "tag": "Achieving Shared Growth", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Economic Conditions and Volatility", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Economic Growth", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Economic Theory&Research", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Governance Indicators", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Health Monitoring&Evaluation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Public Health Promotion", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Statistical&Mathematical Sciences", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-06-04T09:27:18Z", "dateModified": "2026-06-04T09:27:18Z" } }, { "key": "BXF23589", "version": 11920, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 279, "name": "Michael Schiltz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/279/items/BXF23589", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz/items/BXF23589", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Çızakça", "parsedDate": "2023-10-16", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "BXF23589", "version": 11920, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "A Comparative Evolution of Business Partnerships: The Islamic World and Europe, with Specific Reference to the Ottoman Archives", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Murat", "lastName": "Çızakça" } ], "abstractNote": "", "bookTitle": "A Comparative Evolution of Business Partnerships", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2023-10-16", "publisher": "Brill", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "", "ISBN": "978-90-04-66106-6", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "cizakcaComparativeEvolutionBusiness2023", "url": "https://brill.com/display/title/379", "accessDate": "2026-06-04T06:01:42Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "A Comparative Evolution of Business Partnerships", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "brill.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "History & Culture", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Middle East and Islamic Studies", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-06-04T06:01:42Z", "dateModified": "2026-06-04T06:01:42Z" } }, { "key": "Y4BIWDS6", "version": 11918, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 279, "name": "Michael Schiltz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/279/items/Y4BIWDS6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz/items/Y4BIWDS6", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/279/items/7Y8KYUCN", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "Y4BIWDS6", "version": 11918, "parentItem": "7Y8KYUCN", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_file", "title": "Bondioli - 2021 - The Sicilian Tithe Business State and Merchants in the Eleventh-Century Islamic Mediterranean.pdf", "accessDate": "2026-06-01T14:11:23Z", "url": "https://www.medievalworlds.net/0xc1aa5572_0x003d0812.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "path": "/Users/michaelschiltz/Library/CloudStorage/GoogleDrive-michael.schiltz@gmail.com/My Drive/Zotero/logs/ZotMoov/Bondioli - 2021 - The Sicilian Tithe Business State and Merchants in the Eleventh-Century Islamic Mediterranean.pdf", "tags": [ { "tag": "zotmoov" } ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-06-01T14:11:23Z", "dateModified": "2026-06-01T14:11:39Z" } }, { "key": "7Y8KYUCN", "version": 11915, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 279, "name": "Michael Schiltz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/279/items/7Y8KYUCN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz/items/7Y8KYUCN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Bondioli", "parsedDate": "2021", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "7Y8KYUCN", "version": 11915, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Sicilian Tithe Business: State and Merchants in the Eleventh-Century Islamic Mediterranean", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lorenzo M.", "lastName": "Bondioli" } ], "abstractNote": "In the mid-eleventh century, Sicilian authorities levied the »Sicilian tithe«, a customs duty hitting foreign merchants. The imposition of this tax put in motion a long chain of events that would be lost to us were it not for the exceptional evidence of the Cairo Geniza. This article focuses on a handful of Geniza commercial letters and legal queries in Judeo-Arabic that chronicle the unfolding of the Sicilian tithe business, from the initial attempt by a group of Geniza merchants to evade it, through the harsh reaction of state authorities, to the eventual abolition of the tax through merchant lobbying at the Fatimid court in Egypt. The events surrounding the Sicilian tithe not only shed light on a chapter in the history of Islamic Sicily; they also offer fresh insights into the much broader question of the relationship between state and merchants in the Islamic Mediterranean of the Central Middle Ages. Addressing this theme, this article will advance three interrelated claims. First, it will argue that Sicilian state administrators adopted what we might call a protectionist fiscal policy with the aim of maximizing tax revenues while at the same time supporting a domestic merchant class. Second, it will show that to accomplish this goal state administrators categorized merchants on the basis of administrative procedures that were largely detached from the complex and shifting forms of identity that merchants themselves adopted. Third, it will argue that the state’s protectionist calculus clashed against the trans-territorial character of contemporary merchant consortiums, highlighting the fundamental misalignment between the tributary logic that animated state officials and the capitalist logic that animated merchants.", "publicationTitle": "ISBN", "publisher": "Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften", "place": "", "date": "2021", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "208-228", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1553/medievalworlds_no14_2021s208", "citationKey": "bondioliSicilianTitheBusiness2021", "url": "https://www.medievalworlds.net?arp=0x003d0812", "accessDate": "2026-06-01T14:11:14Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2412-3196", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The Sicilian Tithe Business", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "medievalworlds.net", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-06-01T14:11:14Z", "dateModified": "2026-06-01T14:11:14Z" } }, { "key": "W4ERXTPZ", "version": 11914, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 279, "name": "Michael Schiltz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/279/items/W4ERXTPZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz/items/W4ERXTPZ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/279/items/R4RKVXZ2", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": {}, "data": { "key": "W4ERXTPZ", "version": 11914, "parentItem": "R4RKVXZ2", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Google Books Link", "accessDate": "2026-05-27T13:39:15Z", "url": "https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=nOGjMAEACAAJ", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-05-27T13:39:15Z", "dateModified": "2026-05-27T13:39:15Z" } }, { "key": "R4RKVXZ2", "version": 11913, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 279, "name": "Michael Schiltz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/279/items/R4RKVXZ2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz/items/R4RKVXZ2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Kamali", "parsedDate": "2000", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "R4RKVXZ2", "version": 11913, "itemType": "book", "title": "Islamic Commercial Law: An Analysis of Futures and Options", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mohammad Hashim", "lastName": "Kamali" } ], "abstractNote": "Islamic Commercial Law: An Analysis of Futures and Options focuses on options and futures as trading tools and explores their validity from an Islamic point of view. Futures and options are a completely new phenomenon which has no parallel in Islamic commercial law. After reviewing the existing rules of Islamic law of contract and verifying their relevance or otherwise to futures trading, the author, Professor M H Kamali, advances a new perspective on the issue of futures and options based on an interpretation of the Qur'an and the Sunnah and referring to the principle of maslaha (consideration of public interest) as enshrined in the Shari'ah. Islamic Commercial Law consists of three parts. Part One is devoted to the description of futures trading and the understanding of operational procedures of futures and futures markets; Part Two investigates the issue of permissibility of futures trading in Islamic law and the underlying questions of risk-taking and speculation, which are of central concern to the topic. Part Three is devoted to an analysis of options. This work will be of use to anyone working on Islamic law, comparative law or working in Islamic banking.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2000", "publisher": "Islamic Texts Society", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "253", "ISBN": "978-0-946621-80-4", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "kamaliIslamicCommercialLaw2000", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Islamic Commercial Law", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Google Books", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "Google-Books-ID: nOGjMAEACAAJ", "tags": [ { "tag": "Religion / Islam / General", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social Science / Islamic Studies", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-05-27T13:39:14Z", "dateModified": "2026-05-27T13:39:14Z" } }, { "key": "MCCUHHIG", "version": 11911, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 279, "name": "Michael Schiltz", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/279/items/MCCUHHIG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/michaelschiltz/items/MCCUHHIG", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/279/items/9W3QVBVP", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "MCCUHHIG", "version": 11911, "parentItem": "9W3QVBVP", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_file", "title": "Dreijer - 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