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"978-1-5349-2357-7", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "librarysearch.library.utoronto.ca", "callNumber": "PE 1128 .A2 S43", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "XMS48CGJ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-05-25T19:45:37Z", "dateModified": "2026-05-25T19:45:37Z" } }, { "key": "3FAUAKBK", "version": 3959, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 11675, "name": "Alexandra Guerson", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/3FAUAKBK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson/items/3FAUAKBK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Horowitch", "parsedDate": "2024-10-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "3FAUAKBK", "version": 3959, "itemType": "magazineArticle", "title": "The elite college students who can't read books", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rose", "lastName": "Horowitch" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "The Atlantic", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "01 October 2024", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "ISSN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "XMS48CGJ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-05-22T19:20:16Z", "dateModified": "2026-05-22T19:21:02Z" } }, { "key": "KRZZHSPR", "version": 3953, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 11675, "name": "Alexandra Guerson", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/KRZZHSPR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson/items/KRZZHSPR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Coutts", "parsedDate": "2025-09-24", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "KRZZHSPR", "version": 3953, "itemType": "magazineArticle", "title": "For whom the book tolls: how declining reading levels are reshaping the way universities teach", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ian", "lastName": "Coutts" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "University Affairs", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "24 September 2025", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "ISSN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "XMS48CGJ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-05-22T19:18:04Z", "dateModified": "2026-05-22T19:19:05Z" } }, { "key": "G5FIR2QF", "version": 3948, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 11675, "name": "Alexandra Guerson", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/G5FIR2QF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson/items/G5FIR2QF", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Baker et al.", "parsedDate": "2019", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "G5FIR2QF", "version": 3948, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The invisibility of academic reading as social practice and its implications for equity in higher education: a scoping study", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sally", "lastName": "Baker" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bongi", "lastName": "Bangeni" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rachel", "lastName": "Burke" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Aditi", "lastName": "Hunma" } ], "abstractNote": "While the importance of academic language and literacies in students' meaningful participation in higher education has been well-explored, studies have focused on writing rather than reading. There has been a significant silence in the literature around what constitutes reading in higher education, the sociocultural complexities of reader engagement with text, and contemporary understandings of situated experiences regarding reading practices in the disciplines, especially for traditionally under-represented student groups. Scholarly interest in academic literacies, and reading in particular, has significant implications for the equity and widening participation agenda. To this end this article critically engages with research examining reading in tertiary education and describes a scoping study of scholarly work at the intersection of three domains: academic literacies, reading studies, and widening participation and equity in higher education. In asking questions of these three overlapping fields of inquiry, we map trends in existing academic literature, and argue for a research agenda that examines the experiences, perceptions and enactments of academic reading in the context of South African and Australian efforts to widen participation to higher education.", "publicationTitle": "Higher education research and development", "publisher": "Routledge", "place": "", "date": "2019", "volume": "38", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "142–156", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1080/07294360.2018.1540554", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0729-4360", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The invisibility of academic reading as social practice and its implications for equity in higher education", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "librarysearch.library.utoronto.ca", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Academic ability", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Academic reading", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Access to Education", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "At Risk Students", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "College Students", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Disadvantaged Youth", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Equal Education", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Foreign Countries", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Higher Education", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Language Minorities", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Language Usage", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Language of Instruction", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Literacy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Participation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Reading", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Reading Research", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Reading Skills", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Reading teaching", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Socialisation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Student participation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "academic literacies", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "equity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "widening participation", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "XMS48CGJ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-05-22T19:09:27Z", "dateModified": "2026-05-22T19:09:27Z" } }, { "key": "ID4NL9K4", "version": 3944, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 11675, "name": "Alexandra Guerson", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/ID4NL9K4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson/items/ID4NL9K4", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/AC8A3KIL", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "numChildren": false }, "data": { "key": "ID4NL9K4", "version": 3944, "parentItem": "AC8A3KIL", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text", "accessDate": "2026-05-22T19:04:13Z", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/jaal.1346", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Bergman - 2024 - Students' reading in higher education Challenges and ways forward.pdf", "md5": "3f7f16549a0f2eed7346e63959642b49", "mtime": 1779476653011, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-05-22T19:04:13Z", "dateModified": "2026-05-22T19:04:13Z" } }, { "key": "AC8A3KIL", "version": 3942, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 11675, "name": "Alexandra Guerson", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/AC8A3KIL", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson/items/AC8A3KIL", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Bergman", "parsedDate": "2024", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "AC8A3KIL", "version": 3942, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Students' reading in higher education: Challenges and ways forward", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lotta", "lastName": "Bergman" } ], "abstractNote": "This article deals with reading as a significant challenge for higher education students. The study aimed to understand students' experiences of challenges in reading during their first three semesters at university and how they handled these challenges. It is a qualitative case study built on in‐depth interviews with nine people studying to be primary teachers and their diaries about reading experiences in the academy. The findings show that students experience considerable anxiety and stress regarding finding enough time for reading tasks and comprehending what they read. They soon discover that extensive reading is a prerequisite for writing, questioning, and active participation in lectures and seminars. Despite experiences of lack of support from their teachers, most students identify new approaches and strategies to develop their reading, moving from passive to active engagement with texts. The findings implicate that continuous support from disciplinary experts is crucial for students' reading and writing development. Such support includes inviting students to participate in disciplinary practices, its tools, concepts, ways of thinking, genres used, approaches to reading, and what it means to reason, analyze, and argue in a discipline.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of adolescent & adult literacy", "publisher": "Blackwell Publishing Ltd", "place": "Hoboken", "date": "2024", "volume": "67", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "414–423", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1002/jaal.1346", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1081-3004", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Students' reading in higher education", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "librarysearch.library.utoronto.ca", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Anxiety", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Case studies", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "College students", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Diaries", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Educational Change", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Elementary School Teachers", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Higher education", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Lectures", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Reading", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Seminars", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Students", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Teachers", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "academic and disciplinary literacy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "inclusion", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "reading in higher education", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "reading to write", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "XMS48CGJ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-05-22T19:04:11Z", "dateModified": "2026-05-22T19:04:11Z" } }, { "key": "4HVZHVEL", "version": 3941, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 11675, "name": "Alexandra Guerson", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/4HVZHVEL", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson/items/4HVZHVEL", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Weller", "parsedDate": "2010", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "4HVZHVEL", "version": 3941, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Comparing Lecturer and Student Accounts of Reading in the Humanities", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Saranne", "lastName": "Weller" } ], "abstractNote": "This article reports the outcomes of an exploratory small-scale study to compare lecturer and student conceptions of critical reading at a research-intensive UK institution. Analysis of lecturer and student interviews in four humanities subjects suggests differences in the way lecturers and students conceptualize and articulate the practices of critical reading. Lecturers conceptualize reading as creative and intertextual, a defamilarization of personal experiences of the world and the development of relational ways of understanding through close reading. Conversely, students are found to conceptualize reading as evaluating different perspectives, domesticating new experiences into existing personal value schema and apprehending the text as object. The discussion considers the pedagogical implications of these differences for developing reading practices in the humanities classroom. The article also reflects on the relationship between the capacity to participate in the discourses of criticality and the capacity to enact critical encounters with texts as readers.", "publicationTitle": "Arts and humanities in higher education", "publisher": "SAGE Publications", "place": "London, England", "date": "2010", "volume": "9", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "87–106", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1177/1474022209349767", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1474-0222", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "librarysearch.library.utoronto.ca", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Comparative Analysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Critical Reading", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Differences", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Educational Practices", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Foreign Countries", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Higher Education", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humanities", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Interviews", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Phenomenology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Student Attitudes", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Teacher Attitudes", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Theory Practice Relationship", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "United Kingdom", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "XMS48CGJ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-05-22T18:56:12Z", "dateModified": "2026-05-22T18:56:12Z" } }, { "key": "JU7A58FU", "version": 3940, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 11675, "name": "Alexandra Guerson", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/JU7A58FU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson/items/JU7A58FU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Marcus", "parsedDate": "2000", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JU7A58FU", "version": 3940, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Nonreaders Anonymous: Reading History Collaboratively", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert D.", "lastName": "Marcus" } ], "abstractNote": "Addresses the issue of teaching students in the U.S. history survey course to read historical works by shifting the focus from the lecture method to collaborative learning techniques. Describes various techniques that can be used in the classroom such as expert groups, Particulars into Generalizations (PIG), and making lists and evaluative judgments. (CMK)", "publicationTitle": "The History teacher (Long Beach, Calif.)", "publisher": "Society for History Education", "place": "", "date": "2000", "volume": "33", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "453–468", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.2307/494942", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0018-2745", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Nonreaders Anonymous", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "librarysearch.library.utoronto.ca", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Boycotts", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Collaborative Learning", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "College students", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Concentration camps", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Course Content", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Educational Strategies", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Group Activities", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Higher Education", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Historians", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "History instruction", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Introductory Courses", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Lecture Method", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Moral judgment", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Reading Skills", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social Studies", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Teachers", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "The Craft of Teaching", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Undergraduate Students", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Undergraduate Study", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "United States History", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Writing instruction", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "XMS48CGJ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-05-22T18:55:33Z", "dateModified": "2026-05-22T18:55:33Z" } }, { "key": "RB772E2D", "version": 3939, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 11675, "name": "Alexandra Guerson", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/RB772E2D", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson/items/RB772E2D", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Boud et al.", "parsedDate": "2013", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "RB772E2D", "version": 3939, "itemType": "book", "title": "Peer learning in higher education: learning from & with each other", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Boud" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ruth", "lastName": "Cohen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jane", "lastName": "Sampson" } ], "abstractNote": "While peer learning is often used informally by students - and for many can form an essential part of their HE experience - this book discusses methods of developing more effective learning through the systematic implementation of peer learning approaches.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2013", "publisher": "Routledge", "place": "London ;", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "193", "ISBN": "978-1-135-38353-4", "DOI": "10.4324/9781315042565", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Peer learning in higher education", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "librarysearch.library.utoronto.ca", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "College teaching", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Peer teaching", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "XMS48CGJ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-05-22T18:54:04Z", "dateModified": "2026-05-22T18:54:04Z" } }, { "key": "7D22SGJR", "version": 3937, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 11675, "name": "Alexandra Guerson", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/7D22SGJR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson/items/7D22SGJR", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/2CCEA9A3", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "numChildren": false }, "data": { "key": "7D22SGJR", "version": 3937, "parentItem": "2CCEA9A3", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text", "accessDate": "2026-05-22T18:52:52Z", "url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10734-023-01145-2.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Mason and Warmington - 2024 - Academic reading as a grudging act how do Higher Education students experience academic reading and.pdf", "md5": "c51f16786c68ffeeb79fea8799ba6baa", "mtime": 1779475972609, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-05-22T18:52:52Z", "dateModified": "2026-05-22T18:52:52Z" } }, { "key": "2CCEA9A3", "version": 3935, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 11675, "name": "Alexandra Guerson", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/2CCEA9A3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson/items/2CCEA9A3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "creatorSummary": "Mason and Warmington", "parsedDate": "2024", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "2CCEA9A3", "version": 3935, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Academic reading as a grudging act: how do Higher Education students experience academic reading and what can educators do about it?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Will", "lastName": "Mason" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Meesha", "lastName": "Warmington" } ], "abstractNote": "This article examines Higher Education students’ experiences of academic reading as a grudging act: something that is performed reluctantly or half-heartedly, because it has to be done. Drawing on group interviews with 30 social science undergraduates, registered at a research-intensive UK university, we offer a reflexive thematic analysis of academic reading, experienced as ‘a struggle’, as ‘a chore’ and as ‘pointless’. Our analysis centres the experiential dimensions of reading, revealing how student orientations towards reading—and the teaching that surrounds it—can influence their practices. The article makes two original contributions to the developing literature about student reading experiences in Higher Education. First, by examining student accounts of reading through Bottero’s (\n2022\n) sociology of ‘grudging acts’, we extend what is known about the intersection between reading experiences and practices, raising important questions for educators in the social sciences and beyond. Second, by examining what educators can do in response to these challenges, we\ncollate\nand\nextend\nexisting guidance for educators that seek to support student engagement with academic reading in Higher Education.", "publicationTitle": "Higher education", "publisher": "Springer Netherlands", "place": "Dordrecht", "date": "2024", "volume": "88", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "839–856", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1007/s10734-023-01145-2", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0018-1560", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Academic reading as a grudging act", "language": "eng", "libraryCatalog": "librarysearch.library.utoronto.ca", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "College students", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Education", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Higher Education", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Learner Engagement", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Reading", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Reflexivity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social aspects", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social sciences", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sociology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Student attitudes", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Student participation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Students", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Teachers", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Teaching", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Undergraduate students", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "University students", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "XMS48CGJ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-05-22T18:52:50Z", "dateModified": "2026-05-22T18:52:50Z" } }, { "key": "4KKGVP6M", "version": 3910, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 11675, "name": "Alexandra Guerson", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/4KKGVP6M", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson/items/4KKGVP6M", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/G5U3RM5R", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": {}, "data": { "key": "4KKGVP6M", "version": 3910, "parentItem": "G5U3RM5R", "itemType": "annotation", "annotationType": "highlight", "annotationText": "In 2006, three hundred billion single-use plastic beverage bottles were produced worldwide. A decade later that number had jumped to 480 billion. In 2021, the figure was estimated to be 583 billion—more than 1.1 million bottles per minute.179 Who is responsible for producing these bottles? A large-scale study of garbage collected on beaches and shores in 42 countries found that Coca-Cola (which uses three million tons of plastic packaging annually) was the top source of plastic garbage 70 | Making a Market entering the oceans, followed by PepsiCo, Nestlé, and Danone.180 While the Big Four generate the largest share of the problem, they bottle a wide range of beverages in plastic, not just water. However, according to Rosemary Downey, a leading expert in plastic bottle production, the majority of plastic bottles used across the globe are for drinking water.1", "annotationComment": "", "annotationColor": "#ffd400", "annotationPageLabel": "42", "annotationSortIndex": "00041|001956|00528", "annotationPosition": "{\"pageIndex\":41,\"rects\":[[75,153.92,368.97,163.18],[63,140.92,368.98,150.18],[63,127.92,369.02,137.18],[63,114.92,369.011,124.599],[63.001,101.92,368.981,111.18],[63.001,88.92,368.961,98.18],[63.001,75.92,368.961,85.18]],\"nextPageRects\":[[72,605.568,165.517,613.439],[72,582.9200000000001,378.00340000000006,592.59934],[72.0034,569.9200000000001,378.05340000000035,579.1800000000001],[72.0034,556.9200000000001,377.99340000000035,566.1800000000001],[72.0034,543.9200000000001,377.9634000000005,553.1800000000001],[72.0034,530.9200000000001,371.55208000000005,540.59934]]}", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-03-03T16:09:44Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-03T16:09:44Z" } }, { "key": "65M35HSI", "version": 3907, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 11675, "name": "Alexandra Guerson", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/65M35HSI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson/items/65M35HSI", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/G5U3RM5R", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": {}, "data": { "key": "65M35HSI", "version": 3907, "parentItem": "G5U3RM5R", "itemType": "annotation", "annotationType": "highlight", "annotationText": "A frequently cited estimate is that by 2050 the oceans will contain more plastic by weight than fish.177", "annotationComment": "check note 177", "annotationColor": "#ffd400", "annotationPageLabel": "42", "annotationSortIndex": "00041|001572|00437", "annotationPosition": "{\"pageIndex\":41,\"rects\":[[135.71,218.92,368.98,228.18],[63,205.92,269.057,215.599]]}", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-03-03T16:03:28Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-03T16:04:03Z" } }, { "key": "LIE47VI6", "version": 3906, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 11675, "name": "Alexandra Guerson", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/LIE47VI6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson/items/LIE47VI6", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/G5U3RM5R", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": {}, "data": { "key": "LIE47VI6", "version": 3906, "parentItem": "G5U3RM5R", "itemType": "annotation", "annotationType": "highlight", "annotationText": "Plastic bottles are central to this picture: one report found that bottles and their caps together were the number-one marine garbage item, and another concluded that they account for fully half of all marine waste.178", "annotationComment": "", "annotationColor": "#ffd400", "annotationPageLabel": "42", "annotationSortIndex": "00041|001658|00450", "annotationPosition": "{\"pageIndex\":41,\"rects\":[[272.097,205.92,368.987,215.599],[62.997,192.92,368.977,202.18],[62.997,179.92,368.957,189.18],[62.997,166.92,272.743,176.599]]}", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-03-03T16:03:40Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-03T16:03:40Z" } }, { "key": "CEZEP4DB", "version": 3904, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 11675, "name": "Alexandra Guerson", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/CEZEP4DB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson/items/CEZEP4DB", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/G5U3RM5R", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": {}, "data": { "key": "CEZEP4DB", "version": 3904, "parentItem": "G5U3RM5R", "itemType": "annotation", "annotationType": "highlight", "annotationText": "The evidence is unequivocal: we are facing a veritable tsunami of plastic waste. An article in the journal Science Advances concluded that fully half of all the plastics ever produced worldwide (8.3 billion metric tons) had been manufactured in just the previous thirteen years. Only 9 percent of this plastic had been recycled, 12 percent was incinerated, and the rest ended up in landfills or as litter dumped on land, or in rivers, lakes, or the ocean.175 Approximately eleven million metric tons of plastic garbage enter the marine environment every year, including between twentyone billion and thirty-four billion plastic beverage bottles.176", "annotationComment": "", "annotationColor": "#ffd400", "annotationPageLabel": "42", "annotationSortIndex": "00041|001091|00333", "annotationPosition": "{\"pageIndex\":41,\"rects\":[[75,413.92,369,423.18],[63,400.89,369,410.18],[63,387.92,369.02,397.18],[63,374.92,369,384.18],[63,361.92,369.03,371.18],[63,348.92,368.96,358.18],[63,335.92,369.004,345.599],[63.004,322.92,369.034,332.18],[63.004,309.92,318.513,319.599]]}", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-03-03T16:03:00Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-03T16:03:00Z" } }, { "key": "GTNALIMF", "version": 3903, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 11675, "name": "Alexandra Guerson", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/GTNALIMF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson/items/GTNALIMF", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/G5U3RM5R", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": {}, "data": { "key": "GTNALIMF", "version": 3903, "parentItem": "G5U3RM5R", "itemType": "annotation", "annotationType": "highlight", "annotationText": "Yet there is one externality that dwarfs all the others: the massive ecological crisis of plastic waste that has engulfed the planet, largely in the past three decades. I", "annotationComment": "But the biggest issue is waste, more specifically plastic waste - single-use plastic pollution has become a major environmental crisis worldwide", "annotationColor": "#ffd400", "annotationPageLabel": "42", "annotationSortIndex": "00041|000094|00112", "annotationPosition": "{\"pageIndex\":41,\"rects\":[[63,556.92,369,566.18],[63,543.92,369.04,553.18],[63,530.92,150.09,540.18]]}", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-03-03T16:01:40Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-03T16:02:22Z" } }, { "key": "3RIULP68", "version": 3900, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 11675, "name": "Alexandra Guerson", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/3RIULP68", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson/items/3RIULP68", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/G5U3RM5R", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": {}, "data": { "key": "3RIULP68", "version": 3900, "parentItem": "G5U3RM5R", "itemType": "annotation", "annotationType": "note", "annotationComment": "impact of extraction of water - when source is springs or groundwater on local supplies is also a major concern", "annotationColor": "#ffd400", "annotationPageLabel": "41", "annotationSortIndex": "00040|001693|00471", "annotationPosition": "{\"pageIndex\":40,\"rects\":[[378.4,172.6,400.4,194.6]]}", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-03-03T16:00:41Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-03T16:01:06Z" } }, { "key": "NXBTHQVF", "version": 3898, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 11675, "name": "Alexandra Guerson", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/NXBTHQVF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson/items/NXBTHQVF", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/G5U3RM5R", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": {}, "data": { "key": "NXBTHQVF", "version": 3898, "parentItem": "G5U3RM5R", "itemType": "annotation", "annotationType": "highlight", "annotationText": "“plants that use reverse osmosis to purify tap water lose between three and nine gallons of water . . . for every filtered gallon that ends up on the shelf.”173", "annotationComment": "", "annotationColor": "#ffd400", "annotationPageLabel": "41", "annotationSortIndex": "00040|001445|00437", "annotationPosition": "{\"pageIndex\":40,\"rects\":[[220.29,218.92,378,228.18],[72,205.92,377.97,215.18],[72,192.92,283.993,202.599]]}", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-03-03T16:00:28Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-03T16:00:28Z" } }, { "key": "E5FZNHVK", "version": 3897, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 11675, "name": "Alexandra Guerson", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/E5FZNHVK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson/items/E5FZNHVK", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/G5U3RM5R", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": {}, "data": { "key": "E5FZNHVK", "version": 3897, "parentItem": "G5U3RM5R", "itemType": "annotation", "annotationType": "note", "annotationComment": "estimates of water use in the production of bottled water - outside of the water contained in the bottle - is difficult to assess and there are lots of different studies. While one study claims that 1.4 gallons are used for each gallon sold others state that manufacturing of plastic water bottles consumes twice as much water", "annotationColor": "#ffd400", "annotationPageLabel": "41", "annotationSortIndex": "00040|001060|00347", "annotationPosition": "{\"pageIndex\":40,\"rects\":[[375.4,296.2,397.4,318.2]]}", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-03-03T15:58:19Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-03T16:00:11Z" } }, { "key": "Z4MV85JU", "version": 3894, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 11675, "name": "Alexandra Guerson", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/Z4MV85JU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson/items/Z4MV85JU", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/G5U3RM5R", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": {}, "data": { "key": "Z4MV85JU", "version": 3894, "parentItem": "G5U3RM5R", "itemType": "annotation", "annotationType": "highlight", "annotationText": "Bottled water also requires significant water use—beyond what is contained in the bottle itself—in plastic manufacturing, cleaning, and water wasted at all stages of production.", "annotationComment": "", "annotationColor": "#ffd400", "annotationPageLabel": "41", "annotationSortIndex": "00040|001061|00359", "annotationPosition": "{\"pageIndex\":40,\"rects\":[[84,309.92,377.96,319.18],[72,296.92,377.98,306.18],[72,283.92,251.53,293.18]]}", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-03-03T15:58:07Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-03T15:58:07Z" } }, { "key": "44JYXFMF", "version": 3893, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 11675, "name": "Alexandra Guerson", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/44JYXFMF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson/items/44JYXFMF", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/G5U3RM5R", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": {}, "data": { "key": "44JYXFMF", "version": 3893, "parentItem": "G5U3RM5R", "itemType": "annotation", "annotationType": "highlight", "annotationText": "A newer study calculated bottled water’s overall environmental impact as 1,400 to 3,500 times higher than that of tap water.171", "annotationComment": "", "annotationColor": "#ffd400", "annotationPageLabel": "41", "annotationSortIndex": "00040|000926|00320", "annotationPosition": "{\"pageIndex\":40,\"rects\":[[228.722,348.92,377.992,358.599],[72.002,335.92,378.002,345.18],[72.002,322.92,178.404,332.599]]}", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-03-03T15:57:54Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-03T15:57:54Z" } }, { "key": "KPFQQZZP", "version": 3892, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 11675, "name": "Alexandra Guerson", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/KPFQQZZP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson/items/KPFQQZZP", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/G5U3RM5R", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": {}, "data": { "key": "KPFQQZZP", "version": 3892, "parentItem": "G5U3RM5R", "itemType": "annotation", "annotationType": "highlight", "annotationText": "According to a study by Gleick and Heather Cooley, bottled water consumes between 1,000 and 2,000 times more energy per unit volume compared to local tap water.", "annotationComment": "higher energy and carbon footprint", "annotationColor": "#ffd400", "annotationPageLabel": "41", "annotationSortIndex": "00040|000491|00216", "annotationPosition": 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"annotationPageLabel": "41", "annotationSortIndex": "00040|000344|00156", "annotationPosition": "{\"pageIndex\":40,\"rects\":[[403,487.6,425,509.6]]}", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-03-03T15:56:37Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-03T15:56:52Z" } }, { "key": "5YPBF5PW", "version": 3888, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 11675, "name": "Alexandra Guerson", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/5YPBF5PW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson/items/5YPBF5PW", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/G5U3RM5R", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": {}, "data": { "key": "5YPBF5PW", "version": 3888, "parentItem": "G5U3RM5R", "itemType": "annotation", "annotationType": "highlight", "annotationText": "leaving a huge footprint", "annotationComment": "Environmental impact", "annotationColor": "#ffd400", "annotationPageLabel": "41", "annotationSortIndex": "00040|000266|00159", "annotationPosition": "{\"pageIndex\":40,\"rects\":[[72,496.692,226.033,506.878]]}", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-03-02T19:57:13Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-02T19:57:21Z" } }, { "key": "ZGBF8GAM", "version": 3882, "library": { "type": "user", "id": 11675, "name": "Alexandra Guerson", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/ZGBF8GAM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/guerson/items/ZGBF8GAM", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/users/11675/items/G5U3RM5R", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": {}, "data": { "key": "ZGBF8GAM", "version": 3882, "parentItem": "G5U3RM5R", "itemType": "annotation", "annotationType": "highlight", "annotationText": "Bottles of Nestlé Pure Life water from the United States had the highest level of microplastics in the study, averaging 2,277 particles per liter, with one sample containing an astonishing 10,390 particles per liter.", "annotationComment": "", "annotationColor": "#ffd400", "annotationPageLabel": "35", "annotationSortIndex": "00034|001609|00424", "annotationPosition": "{\"pageIndex\":34,\"rects\":[[189.49,231.92,378.01,241.599],[72,218.92,377.99,228.18],[72,205.92,377.99,215.18],[72,192.92,179.81,202.18]]}", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2026-03-02T19:56:20Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-02T19:56:20Z" } } ]