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            "annotationText": "Gale initially drew elements of ideology and organizing tactics from earlier movements. The most prominent of these organizations was the John Birch Society (JBS), which had emerged in 1958.1 Attacking the spread of communism, the JBS urged members to resist this \"gigantic conspiracy to enslave mankind\" and the unwitting helpers of the communists who controlled the United States government. The Birchers consisted of local elites-businessmen and other notables-who saw education and grassroots politics as the best way to eliminate the creeping red menace.",
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