[ { "key": "XP2X356W", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91518, "name": "HumanEv_Australopithecines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91518/items/XP2X356W", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines/items/XP2X356W", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91518/items/37UN6AHI", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1140693, "username": "Bondi", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bondi", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "XP2X356W", "version": 2, "parentItem": "37UN6AHI", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2012-10-10T20:33:30Z", "url": "http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/40/1/1.short", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "1.html", "md5": "f938defb24df7a9df521f40a37cf4549", "mtime": 1349901210837, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-10-10T20:33:30Z", "dateModified": "2012-10-10T20:33:30Z" } }, { "key": "37UN6AHI", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91518, "name": "HumanEv_Australopithecines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91518/items/37UN6AHI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines/items/37UN6AHI", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1140693, "username": "Bondi", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/bondi", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Baum and Larson", "parsedDate": "1991", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "37UN6AHI", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Adaptation reviewed: a phylogenetic methodology for studying character macroevolution", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D. A.", "lastName": "Baum" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Larson" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Systematic Biology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1991", "volume": "40", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1–18", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/40/1/1.short", "accessDate": "2012-10-10T20:33:26Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Adaptation reviewed", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "NSKXCS4T" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-10-10T20:33:26Z", "dateModified": "2012-10-10T20:33:26Z" } }, { "key": "TPHA7XRD", "version": 26, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91518, "name": "HumanEv_Australopithecines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91518/items/TPHA7XRD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines/items/TPHA7XRD", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1140667, "username": "kelseyellis", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/kelseyellis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Schmitt", "parsedDate": "2003-05-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "TPHA7XRD", "version": 26, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Insights into the evolution of human bipedalism from experimental studies of humans and other primates", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daniel", "lastName": "Schmitt" } ], "abstractNote": "An understanding of the evolution of human bipedalism can provide valuable insights into the biomechanical and physiological characteristics of locomotion in modern humans. The walking gaits of humans, other bipeds and most quadrupedal mammals can best be described by using an inverted-pendulum model, in which there is minimal change in flexion of the limb joints during stance phase. As a result, it seems logical that the evolution of bipedalism in humans involved a simple transition from a relatively stiff-legged quadrupedalism in a terrestrial ancestor to relatively stiff-legged bipedalism in early humans. However, experimental studies of locomotion in humans and nonhuman primates have shown that the evolution of bipedalism involved a much more complex series of transitions, originating with a relatively compliant form of quadrupedalism. These studies show that relatively compliant walking gaits allow primates to achieve fast walking speeds using long strides, low stride frequencies, relatively low peak vertical forces, and relatively high impact shock attenuation ratios. A relatively compliant, ape-like bipedal walking style is consistent with the anatomy of early hominids and may have been an effective gait for a small biped with relatively small and less stabilized joints, which had not yet completely forsaken arboreal locomotion. Laboratory-based studies of primates also suggest that human bipedalism arose not from a terrestrial ancestor but rather from a climbing, arboreal forerunner. Experimental data, in conjunction with anatomical data on early human ancestors, show clearly that a relatively stiff modern human gait and associated physiological and anatomical adaptations are not primitive retentions from a primate ancestor, but are instead recently acquired characters of our genus.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Experimental Biology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "05/01/2003", "volume": "206", "issue": "9", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1437-1448", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Exp Biol", "DOI": "10.1242/jeb.00279", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://jeb.biologists.org/content/206/9/1437", "accessDate": "2012-10-01T19:49:22Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0022-0949, 1477-9145", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "jeb.biologists.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Evolution", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "biomechanics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "bipedalism", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "electromyography", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "force", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "human", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "kinematics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "locomotion", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "primate", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "T4K5NRHF" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-10-01T19:49:22Z", "dateModified": "2012-10-08T03:20:37Z" } }, { "key": "U8QZZUKT", "version": 16, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91518, "name": "HumanEv_Australopithecines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91518/items/U8QZZUKT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines/items/U8QZZUKT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1140667, "username": "kelseyellis", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/kelseyellis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Copeland et al.", "parsedDate": "2011-06-02", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "U8QZZUKT", "version": 16, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Strontium isotope evidence for landscape use by early hominins", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sandi R.", "lastName": "Copeland" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Matt", "lastName": "Sponheimer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Darryl J. de", "lastName": "Ruiter" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Julia A.", "lastName": "Lee-Thorp" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daryl", "lastName": "Codron" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Petrus J. le", "lastName": "Roux" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Vaughan", "lastName": "Grimes" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael P.", "lastName": "Richards" } ], "abstractNote": "Ranging and residence patterns among early hominins have been indirectly inferred from morphology, stone-tool sourcing, referential models and phylogenetic models. However, the highly uncertain nature of such reconstructions limits our understanding of early hominin ecology, biology, social structure and evolution. We investigated landscape use in Australopithecus africanus and Paranthropus robustus from the Sterkfontein and Swartkrans cave sites in South Africa using strontium isotope analysis, a method that can help to identify the geological substrate on which an animal lived during tooth mineralization. Here we show that a higher proportion of small hominins than large hominins had non-local strontium isotope compositions. Given the relatively high levels of sexual dimorphism in early hominins, the smaller teeth are likely to represent female individuals, thus indicating that females were more likely than males to disperse from their natal groups. This is similar to the dispersal pattern found in chimpanzees, bonobos and many human groups, but dissimilar from that of most gorillas and other primates. The small proportion of demonstrably non-local large hominin individuals could indicate that male australopiths had relatively small home ranges, or that they preferred dolomitic landscapes.", "publicationTitle": "Nature", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "02 June 2011", "volume": "474", "issue": "7349", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "76-78", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1038/nature10149", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v474/n7349/full/nature10149.html", "accessDate": "2012-09-28T18:33:13Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0028-0836", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.nature.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© 2011 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Archaeology and anthropology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ecology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Evolution", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Palaeontology", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "NSKXCS4T" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-28T18:33:13Z", "dateModified": "2012-10-08T03:20:37Z" } }, { "key": "EHBRZ6AR", "version": 14, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91518, "name": "HumanEv_Australopithecines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91518/items/EHBRZ6AR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines/items/EHBRZ6AR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1140667, "username": "kelseyellis", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/kelseyellis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Schoeninger", "parsedDate": "2012-07-05", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "EHBRZ6AR", "version": 14, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Palaeoanthropology: The ancestral dinner table", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Margaret J.", "lastName": "Schoeninger" } ], "abstractNote": "Fossils from a new South African site show that some human ancestors ate fruits and leaves, as do most primates today. The finding challenges ideas of why and how the human lineage split from the ancestors of extant apes. See Letter p.90", "publicationTitle": "Nature", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "05 July 2012", "volume": "487", "issue": "7405", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "42-43", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1038/487042a", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v487/n7405/full/487042a.html", "accessDate": "2012-09-28T18:46:30Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0028-0836", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Palaeoanthropology", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.nature.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© 2012 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Anthropology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Archaeology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Evolution", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Palaeontology", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "NSKXCS4T" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-28T18:46:30Z", "dateModified": "2012-10-08T03:20:37Z" } }, { "key": "PNCIWK3W", "version": 14, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91518, "name": "HumanEv_Australopithecines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91518/items/PNCIWK3W", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines/items/PNCIWK3W", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1140667, "username": "kelseyellis", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/kelseyellis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Henry et al.", "parsedDate": "2012-07-05", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "PNCIWK3W", "version": 14, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The diet of Australopithecus sediba", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Amanda G.", "lastName": "Henry" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peter S.", "lastName": "Ungar" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Benjamin H.", "lastName": "Passey" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Matt", "lastName": "Sponheimer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lloyd", "lastName": "Rossouw" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Marion", "lastName": "Bamford" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul", "lastName": "Sandberg" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Darryl J. de", "lastName": "Ruiter" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lee", "lastName": "Berger" } ], "abstractNote": "Specimens of Australopithecus sediba from the site of Malapa, South Africa (dating from approximately 2 million years (Myr) ago) present a mix of primitive and derived traits that align the taxon with other Australopithecus species and with early Homo. Although much of the available cranial and postcranial material of Au. sediba has been described, its feeding ecology has not been investigated. Here we present results from the first extraction of plant phytoliths from dental calculus of an early hominin. We also consider stable carbon isotope and dental microwear texture data for Au. sediba in light of new palaeoenvironmental evidence. The two individuals examined consumed an almost exclusive C3 diet that probably included harder foods, and both dicotyledons (for example, tree leaves, fruits, wood and bark) and monocotyledons (for example, grasses and sedges). Like Ardipithecus ramidus (approximately 4.4 Myr ago) and modern savanna chimpanzees, Au. sediba consumed C3 foods in preference to widely available C4 resources. The inferred consumption of C3 monocotyledons, and wood or bark, increases the known variety of early hominin foods. The overall dietary pattern of these two individuals contrasts with available data for other hominins in the region and elsewhere.", "publicationTitle": "Nature", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "05 July 2012", "volume": "487", "issue": "7405", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "90-93", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1038/nature11185", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v487/n7405/full/nature11185.html", "accessDate": "2012-09-28T18:46:22Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0028-0836", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.nature.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© 2012 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Anthropology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Archaeology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Evolution", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "NSKXCS4T" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-28T18:46:22Z", "dateModified": "2012-10-08T03:20:37Z" } }, { "key": "JX7W7EIE", "version": 11, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91518, "name": "HumanEv_Australopithecines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91518/items/JX7W7EIE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines/items/JX7W7EIE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 698849, "username": "scastedo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/scastedo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wood and Lonergan", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "JX7W7EIE", "version": 11, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The hominin fossil record: taxa, grades and clades", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bernard", "lastName": "Wood" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nicholas", "lastName": "Lonergan" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper begins by reviewing the fossil evidence for human evolution. It presents summaries of each of the taxa recognized in a relatively speciose hominin taxonomy. These taxa are grouped in grades, namely possible and probable hominins, archaic hominins, megadont archaic hominins, transitional hominins, pre-modern Homo and anatomically modern Homo. The second part of this contribution considers some of the controversies that surround hominin taxonomy and systematics. The first is the vexed question of how you tell an early hominin from an early panin, or from taxa belonging to an extinct clade closely related to the Pan-Homo clade. Secondly, we consider how many species should be recognized within the hominin fossil record, and review the philosophies and methods used to identify taxa within the hominin fossil record. Thirdly, we examine how relationships within the hominin clade are investigated, including descriptions of the methods used to break down an integrated structure into tractable analytical units, and then how cladograms are generated and compared. We then review the internal structure of the hominin clade, including the problem of how many subclades should be recognized within the hominin clade, and we examine the reliability of hominin cladistic hypotheses. The last part of the paper reviews the concepts of a genus, including the criteria that should be used for recognizing genera within the hominin clade.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Anatomy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2008", "volume": "212", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "354–376", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00871.x", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00871.x/abstract", "accessDate": "2012-10-03T19:53:43Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1469-7580", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The hominin fossil record", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© 2008 The Authors", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Evolution", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Systematics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "cladistic analysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "hominin", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "human", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "taxonomy", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "QS3TW3U6" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-10-03T19:53:58Z", "dateModified": "2012-10-08T03:20:37Z" } }, { "key": "C4BGEPPA", "version": 10, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91518, "name": "HumanEv_Australopithecines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91518/items/C4BGEPPA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines/items/C4BGEPPA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 698849, "username": "scastedo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/scastedo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Semaw et al.", "parsedDate": "2005-01-20", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "C4BGEPPA", "version": 10, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Early Pliocene hominids from Gona, Ethiopia", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sileshi", "lastName": "Semaw" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Scott W.", "lastName": "Simpson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jay", "lastName": "Quade" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul R.", "lastName": "Renne" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert F.", "lastName": "Butler" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "William C.", "lastName": "McIntosh" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Naomi", "lastName": "Levin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Manuel", "lastName": "Dominguez-Rodrigo" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael J.", "lastName": "Rogers" } ], "abstractNote": "Comparative biomolecular studies suggest that the last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees, our closest living relatives, lived during the Late Miocene–Early Pliocene. Fossil evidence of Late Miocene–Early Pliocene hominid evolution is rare and limited to a few sites in Ethiopia, Kenya and Chad. Here we report new Early Pliocene hominid discoveries and their palaeoenvironmental context from the fossiliferous deposits of As Duma, Gona Western Margin (GWM), Afar, Ethiopia. The hominid dental anatomy (occlusal enamel thickness, absolute and relative size of the first and second lower molar crowns, and premolar crown and radicular anatomy) indicates attribution to Ardipithecus ramidus. The combined radioisotopic and palaeomagnetic data suggest an age of between 4.51 and 4.32 million years for the hominid finds at As Duma. Diverse sources of data (sedimentology, faunal composition, ecomorphological variables and stable carbon isotopic evidence from the palaeosols and fossil tooth enamel) indicate that the Early Pliocene As Duma sediments sample a moderate rainfall woodland and woodland/grassland.", "publicationTitle": "Nature", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2005-01-20", "volume": "433", "issue": "7023", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "301-305", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1038/nature03177", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v433/n7023/abs/nature03177.html", "accessDate": "2012-10-02T19:37:25Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0028-0836", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.nature.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© 2005 Nature Publishing Group", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "DNA", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ecology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Evolution", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nature", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "RNA", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Science", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "astronomy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "astrophysics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "biochemistry", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "bioinformatics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "biology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "biotechnology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "cancer", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "cell cycle", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "cell signalling", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "climate change", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "computational biology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "development", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "developmental biology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "drug discovery", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "earth science", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "environmental science", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "evolutionary biology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "functional genomics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "genetics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "genomics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "geophysics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "immunology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "interdisciplinary science", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "life", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "marine biology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "materials science", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "medical research", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "medicine", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "metabolomics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "molecular biology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "molecular interactions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "nanotechnology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "neurobiology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "neuroscience", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "palaeobiology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "pharmacology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "physics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "proteomics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "quantum physics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "science news", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "science policy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "signal transduction", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "structural biology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "systems biology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "transcriptomics", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "NSKXCS4T" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-10-02T19:37:31Z", "dateModified": "2012-10-08T03:20:37Z" } }, { "key": "W3B5727R", "version": 8, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91518, "name": "HumanEv_Australopithecines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91518/items/W3B5727R", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines/items/W3B5727R", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1140667, "username": "kelseyellis", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/kelseyellis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zollikofer et al.", "parsedDate": "2005-04-07", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "W3B5727R", "version": 8, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Virtual cranial reconstruction of Sahelanthropus tchadensis", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christoph P. E.", "lastName": "Zollikofer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Marcia S. Ponce de", "lastName": "León" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daniel E.", "lastName": "Lieberman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Franck", "lastName": "Guy" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Pilbeam" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andossa", "lastName": "Likius" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hassane T.", "lastName": "Mackaye" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Patrick", "lastName": "Vignaud" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michel", "lastName": "Brunet" } ], "abstractNote": "Previous research in Chad at the Toros-Menalla 266 fossiliferous locality (about 7 million years old) uncovered a nearly complete cranium (TM 266-01-60-1), three mandibular fragments and several isolated teeth attributed to Sahelanthropus tchadensis . Of this material, the cranium is especially important for testing hypotheses about the systematics and behavioural characteristics of this species, but is partly distorted from fracturing, displacement and plastic deformation. Here we present a detailed virtual reconstruction of the TM 266 cranium that corrects these distortions. The reconstruction confirms that S. tchadensis is a hominid and is not more closely related to the African great apes. Analysis of the basicranium further indicates that S. tchadensis might have been an upright biped, suggesting that bipedalism was present in the earliest known hominids, and probably arose soon after the divergence of the chimpanzee and human lineages.", "publicationTitle": "Nature", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2005-04-07", "volume": "434", "issue": "7034", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "755-759", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1038/nature03397", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v434/n7034/abs/nature03397.html", "accessDate": "2012-10-07T23:02:34Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0028-0836", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.nature.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© 2005 Nature Publishing Group", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "DNA", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ecology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Evolution", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nature", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "RNA", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Science", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "astronomy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "astrophysics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "biochemistry", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "bioinformatics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "biology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "biotechnology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "cancer", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "cell cycle", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "cell signalling", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "climate change", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "computational biology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "development", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "developmental biology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "drug discovery", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "earth science", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "environmental science", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "evolutionary biology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "functional genomics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "genetics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "genomics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "geophysics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "immunology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "interdisciplinary science", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "life", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "marine biology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "materials science", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "medical research", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "medicine", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "metabolomics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "molecular biology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "molecular interactions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "nanotechnology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "neurobiology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "neuroscience", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "palaeobiology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "pharmacology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "physics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "proteomics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "quantum physics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "science news", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "science policy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "signal transduction", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "structural biology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "systems biology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "transcriptomics", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "KNH7NRFS" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-10-07T23:02:34Z", "dateModified": "2012-10-08T03:20:37Z" } }, { "key": "HR9263JA", "version": 8, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91518, "name": "HumanEv_Australopithecines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91518/items/HR9263JA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines/items/HR9263JA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1140667, "username": "kelseyellis", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/kelseyellis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Peters and Vogel", "parsedDate": "2005-03", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "HR9263JA", "version": 8, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Africa's wild C4 plant foods and possible early hominid diets", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Charles R.", "lastName": "Peters" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John C.", "lastName": "Vogel" } ], "abstractNote": "A small minority of Africa's wild plant foods are C4. These are primarily the seeds of some of the C4 grasses, the rootstocks and stem/leaf bases of some of the C4 sedges (especially papyrus), and the leaves of some of the C4 herbaceous dicots (forbs). These wild food plants are commonly found in disturbed ground and wetlands (particularly the grasses and sedges). Multiple lines of evidence indicate that C4 grasses were present in Africa by at least the late Miocene. It is a reasonable hypothesis that the prehistory of the C4 sedges parallels that of the C4 grasses, but the C4 forbs may not have become common until the late Pleistocene. CAM plants may have a more ancient history, but offer few opportunities for an additional C4-like dietary signal. The environmental reconstructions available for the early South African hominid sites do not indicate the presence of large wetlands, and therefore probably the absence of a strong potential for a C4 plant food diet. However, carbon isotope analyses of tooth enamel from three species of early South African hominids have shown that there was a significant but not dominant contribution of C4 biomass in their diets. Since it appears unlikely that this C4 component could have come predominantly from C4 plant foods, a broad range of potential animal contributors is briefly considered, namely invertebrates, reptiles, birds, and small mammals. It is concluded that the similar average C4 dietary intake seen in the three South African hominid species could have been acquired by differing contributions from the various sources, without the need to assume scavenging or hunting of medium to large grazing ungulates. Effectively similar dominantly dryland paleo-environments may also be part of the explanation. Theoretically, elsewhere in southern and eastern Africa, large wetlands would have offered early hominids greater opportunities for a C4 plant diet.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Human Evolution", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 2005", "volume": "48", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "219-236", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.11.003", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248404001629", "accessDate": "2012-10-02T05:12:42Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0047-2484", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "C4 forbs", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "C4 grasses", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "C4 sedges", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "CAM plants", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Carbon isotopes", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ecology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Paleoanthropology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Paleodiet", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Papyrus", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "NSKXCS4T" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-10-02T05:12:42Z", "dateModified": "2012-10-08T03:20:37Z" } }, { "key": "P2KTWVQ5", "version": 6, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91518, "name": "HumanEv_Australopithecines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91518/items/P2KTWVQ5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines/items/P2KTWVQ5", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1140667, "username": "kelseyellis", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/kelseyellis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Brunet et al.", "parsedDate": "2005-04-07", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "P2KTWVQ5", "version": 6, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "New material of the earliest hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michel", "lastName": "Brunet" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Franck", "lastName": "Guy" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Pilbeam" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daniel E.", "lastName": "Lieberman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andossa", "lastName": "Likius" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hassane T.", "lastName": "Mackaye" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Marcia S. Ponce de", "lastName": "León" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christoph P. E.", "lastName": "Zollikofer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Patrick", "lastName": "Vignaud" } ], "abstractNote": "Discoveries in Chad by the Mission Paléoanthropologique Franco-Tchadienne have substantially changed our understanding of early human evolution in Africa. In particular, the TM 266 locality in the Toros-Menalla fossiliferous area yielded a nearly complete cranium (TM 266-01-60-1), a mandible, and several isolated teeth assigned to Sahelanthropus tchadensis and biochronologically dated to the late Miocene epoch (about 7 million years ago). Despite the relative completeness of the TM 266 cranium, there has been some controversy about its morphology and its status in the hominid clade. Here we describe new dental and mandibular specimens from three Toros-Menalla (Chad) fossiliferous localities (TM 247, TM 266 and TM 292) of the same age. This new material, including a lower canine consistent with a non-honing C/P3 complex, post-canine teeth with primitive root morphology and intermediate radial enamel thickness, is attributed to S. tchadensis. It expands the hypodigm of the species and provides additional anatomical characters that confirm the morphological differences between S. tchadensis and African apes. S. tchadensis presents several key derived features consistent with its position in the hominid clade close to the last common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans.", "publicationTitle": "Nature", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2005-04-07", "volume": "434", "issue": "7034", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "752-755", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1038/nature03392", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v434/n7034/abs/nature03392.html", "accessDate": "2012-10-07T23:13:00Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0028-0836", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.nature.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© 2005 Nature Publishing Group", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "DNA", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ecology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Evolution", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nature", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "RNA", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Science", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "astronomy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "astrophysics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "biochemistry", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "bioinformatics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "biology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "biotechnology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "cancer", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "cell cycle", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "cell signalling", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "climate change", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "computational biology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "development", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "developmental biology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "drug discovery", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "earth science", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "environmental science", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "evolutionary biology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "functional genomics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "genetics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "genomics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "geophysics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "immunology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "interdisciplinary science", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "life", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "marine biology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "materials science", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "medical research", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "medicine", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "metabolomics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "molecular biology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "molecular interactions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "nanotechnology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "neurobiology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "neuroscience", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "palaeobiology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "pharmacology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "physics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "proteomics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "quantum physics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "science news", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "science policy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "signal transduction", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "structural biology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "systems biology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "transcriptomics", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "KNH7NRFS" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-10-07T23:13:00Z", "dateModified": "2012-10-08T03:20:37Z" } }, { "key": "PVTCF34E", "version": 5, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91518, "name": "HumanEv_Australopithecines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91518/items/PVTCF34E", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines/items/PVTCF34E", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1140667, "username": "kelseyellis", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/kelseyellis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Vignaud et al.", "parsedDate": "2002-07-11", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "PVTCF34E", "version": 5, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Geology and palaeontology of the Upper Miocene Toros-Menalla hominid locality, Chad", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Patrick", "lastName": "Vignaud" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Philippe", "lastName": "Duringer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hassane Taïsso", "lastName": "Mackaye" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andossa", "lastName": "Likius" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Cécile", "lastName": "Blondel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jean-Renaud", "lastName": "Boisserie" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Louis de", "lastName": "Bonis" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Véra", "lastName": "Eisenmann" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Marie-Esther", "lastName": "Etienne" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Denis", "lastName": "Geraads" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Franck", "lastName": "Guy" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas", "lastName": "Lehmann" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Fabrice", "lastName": "Lihoreau" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nieves", "lastName": "Lopez-Martinez" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Cécile", "lastName": "Mourer-Chauviré" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Olga", "lastName": "Otero" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jean-Claude", "lastName": "Rage" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mathieu", "lastName": "Schuster" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Laurent", "lastName": "Viriot" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Antoine", "lastName": "Zazzo" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michel", "lastName": "Brunet" } ], "abstractNote": "All six known specimens of the early hominid Sahelanthropus tchadensis come from Toros-Menalla site 266 (TM 266), a single locality in the Djurab Desert, northern Chad, central Africa. Here we present a preliminary analysis of the palaeontological and palaeoecological context of these finds. The rich fauna from TM 266 includes a significant aquatic component such as fish, crocodiles and amphibious mammals, alongside animals associated with gallery forest and savannah, such as primates, rodents, elephants, equids and bovids. The fauna suggests a biochronological age between 6 and 7 million years. Taken together with the sedimentological evidence, the fauna suggests that S. tchadensis lived close to a lake, but not far from a sandy desert, perhaps the oldest record of desert conditions in the Neogene of northern central Africa.", "publicationTitle": "Nature", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2002-07-11", "volume": "418", "issue": "6894", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "152-155", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1038/nature00880", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v418/n6894/abs/nature00880.html", "accessDate": "2012-10-07T23:15:00Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0028-0836", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.nature.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© 2002 Nature Publishing Group", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "DNA", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ecology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Evolution", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nature", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "RNA", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Science", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "astronomy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "astrophysics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "biochemistry", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "bioinformatics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "biology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "biotechnology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "cancer", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "cell cycle", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "cell signalling", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "climate change", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "computational biology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "development", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "developmental biology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "drug discovery", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "earth science", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "environmental science", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "evolutionary biology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "functional genomics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "genetics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "genomics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "geophysics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "immunology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "interdisciplinary science", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "life", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "marine biology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "materials science", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "medical research", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "medicine", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "metabolomics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "molecular biology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "molecular interactions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "nanotechnology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "neurobiology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "neuroscience", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "palaeobiology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "pharmacology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "physics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "proteomics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "quantum physics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "science news", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "science policy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "signal transduction", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "structural biology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "systems biology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "transcriptomics", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "KNH7NRFS" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-10-07T23:15:00Z", "dateModified": "2012-10-08T03:20:37Z" } }, { "key": "S5HA6VT2", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91518, "name": "HumanEv_Australopithecines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91518/items/S5HA6VT2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines/items/S5HA6VT2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1140667, "username": "kelseyellis", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/kelseyellis", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Maus et al.", "parsedDate": "2010-09-07", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "S5HA6VT2", "version": 4, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Upright human gait did not provide a major mechanical challenge for our ancestors", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H.-M.", "lastName": "Maus" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S. W.", "lastName": "Lipfert" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Gross" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Rummel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Seyfarth" } ], "abstractNote": "Habitual bipedalism is considered as a major breakthrough in human evolution and is the defining feature of hominins. Upright posture is presumably less stable than quadrupedal posture, but when using external support, for example, toddlers assisted by their parents, postural stability becomes less critical. In this study, we show that humans seem to mimic such external support by creating a virtual pivot point (VPP) above their centre of mass. A highly reduced conceptual walking model based on this assumption reveals that such virtual support is sufficient for achieving and maintaining postural stability. The VPP is experimentally observed in walking humans and dogs and in running chickens, suggesting that it might be a convenient emergent behaviour of gait mechanics and not an intentional locomotion behaviour. Hence, it is likely that even the first hominis may have already applied the VPP, a mechanism that would have facilitated the development of habitual bipedalism.\nView full text", "publicationTitle": "Nature Communications", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2010-09-07", "volume": "1", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "70", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1038/ncomms1073", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v1/n6/abs/ncomms1073.html", "accessDate": "2012-10-07T23:35:38Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2041-1723", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.nature.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© 2010 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Biological Sciences", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Evolution", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "T4K5NRHF" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-10-07T23:35:38Z", "dateModified": "2012-10-08T03:20:37Z" } }, { "key": "R4GAHWP9", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91518, "name": "HumanEv_Australopithecines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91518/items/R4GAHWP9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines/items/R4GAHWP9", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91518/items/JBR6FEKT", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1009748, "username": "adkemp", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adkemp", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 698849, "username": "scastedo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/scastedo", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "R4GAHWP9", "version": 2, "parentItem": "JBR6FEKT", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2012-10-06T21:04:53Z", "url": "http://www.pnas.org/content/101/33/12125.short", "note": "", "contentType": "", "charset": "", "filename": "12125.html", "md5": "5dbc2650cbecce41c5f3f710447c7ad4", "mtime": 1349557493000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-10-06T21:04:53Z", "dateModified": "2012-10-08T03:20:25Z" } }, { "key": "CCVUCB69", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91518, "name": "HumanEv_Australopithecines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91518/items/CCVUCB69", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines/items/CCVUCB69", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91518/items/JBR6FEKT", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1009748, "username": "adkemp", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adkemp", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 698849, "username": "scastedo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/scastedo", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "CCVUCB69", "version": 2, "parentItem": "JBR6FEKT", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2012-10-06T21:04:53Z", "url": "http://www.pnas.org/content/101/33/12125.full.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "", "charset": "", "filename": "Bonnefille et al. - 2004 - High-resolution vegetation and climate change asso.pdf", "md5": "63b12d69a3619210f6d69d1fd8c013b6", "mtime": 1349557495000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-10-06T21:04:53Z", "dateModified": "2012-10-08T03:20:25Z" } }, { "key": "JBR6FEKT", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91518, "name": "HumanEv_Australopithecines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91518/items/JBR6FEKT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines/items/JBR6FEKT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 698849, "username": "scastedo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/scastedo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bonnefille et al.", "parsedDate": "2004-08-17", "numChildren": 4 }, "data": { "key": "JBR6FEKT", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "High-resolution vegetation and climate change associated with Pliocene Australopithecus afarensis", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Bonnefille" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Potts" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "F.", "lastName": "Chalié" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D.", "lastName": "Jolly" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "O.", "lastName": "Peyron" } ], "abstractNote": "Plio-Pleistocene global climate change is believed to have had an important influence on local habitats and early human evolution in Africa. Responses of hominin lineages to climate change have been difficult to test, however, because this procedure requires well documented evidence for connections between global climate and hominin environment. Through high-resolution pollen data from Hadar, Ethiopia, we show that the hominin Australopithecus afarensis accommodated to substantial environmental variability between 3.4 and 2.9 million years ago. A large biome shift, up to 5°C cooling, and a 200- to 300-mm/yr rainfall increase occurred just before 3.3 million years ago, which is consistent with a global marine δ18O isotopic shift.", "publicationTitle": "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "08/17/2004", "volume": "101", "issue": "33", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "12125-12129", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "PNAS", "DOI": "10.1073/pnas.0401709101", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.pnas.org/content/101/33/12125", "accessDate": "2012-09-21T15:41:48Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0027-8424, 1091-6490", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.pnas.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "GE8AD5IU" ], "relations": { "dc:replaces": "http://zotero.org/groups/91518/items/TNARIDVE" }, "dateAdded": "2012-10-02T02:41:39Z", "dateModified": "2012-10-08T03:20:25Z" } }, { "key": "F3U6NZHN", "version": 8, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91518, "name": "HumanEv_Australopithecines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91518/items/F3U6NZHN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines/items/F3U6NZHN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 698849, "username": "scastedo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/scastedo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bromage and Schrenk", "parsedDate": "1995-01", "numChildren": 3 }, "data": { "key": "F3U6NZHN", "version": 8, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Biogeographic and climatic basis for a narrative of early hominid evolution", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Timothy G.", "lastName": "Bromage" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Friedemann", "lastName": "Schrenk" } ], "abstractNote": "We provide the basis for a scenario of hominid evolution that complies with both the Habitat Theory of Vrba (1992) and early hominid biogeography. It expresses the association between faunal turnover and climate change with significant developments during human evolution (cf. Howell, 1959). This scenario suggests a single origin for the Paranthropus lineage but separate origins for Homo rudolfensis and Homo habilis from Australopithecus afarensis and Australopithecus africanus ancestors respectively. The scenario we propose is bold and as yet unsubstantiated by analyses of character states and polarities. We hope that this flagrancy will incite focused research on its assumptions and result in new hypotheses based on a more holistic accounting of morphology, biogeography, and ecology.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Human Evolution", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 1995", "volume": "28", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "109-114", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Human Evolution", "DOI": "10.1006/jhev.1995.1008", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248485710081", "accessDate": "2012-10-02T19:47:11Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0047-2484", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Africa", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Plio-Pleistocene", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "human evolution", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "paleobiogeography", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "BRFHEFH5", "GE8AD5IU" ], "relations": { "dc:replaces": "http://zotero.org/groups/91518/items/9A2VV8PS" }, "dateAdded": "2012-10-02T19:47:11Z", "dateModified": "2012-10-08T03:20:24Z" } }, { "key": "RKAPJMMV", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91518, "name": "HumanEv_Australopithecines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91518/items/RKAPJMMV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines/items/RKAPJMMV", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91518/items/F3U6NZHN", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1009748, "username": "adkemp", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adkemp", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 698849, "username": "scastedo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/scastedo", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "RKAPJMMV", "version": 2, "parentItem": "F3U6NZHN", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2012-10-03T20:05:52Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248485710081", "note": "", "contentType": "", "charset": "", "filename": "S0047248485710081.html", "md5": "ebbda38afff915bace9a85782893ed0b", "mtime": 1349294751000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-10-03T20:05:52Z", "dateModified": "2012-10-08T03:20:24Z" } }, { "key": "UBJQKGHW", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91518, "name": "HumanEv_Australopithecines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91518/items/UBJQKGHW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines/items/UBJQKGHW", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91518/items/QAJC3ADX", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 698849, "username": "scastedo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/scastedo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "UBJQKGHW", "version": 3, "parentItem": "QAJC3ADX", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2012-10-03T18:48:28Z", "url": "http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v378/n6554/pdf/378273a0.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Brunet et al. - 1995 - The first australopithecine 2,500 kilometres west .pdf", "md5": "4c701b30c12236282392b93db0b4eb2c", "mtime": 1349290110000, "tags": [], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/93004/items/2PTRV9ZC" }, "dateAdded": "2012-10-03T18:48:28Z", "dateModified": "2012-10-08T03:20:23Z" } }, { "key": "QAJC3ADX", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91518, "name": "HumanEv_Australopithecines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91518/items/QAJC3ADX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines/items/QAJC3ADX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 698849, "username": "scastedo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/scastedo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Brunet et al.", "parsedDate": "1995-11-16", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "QAJC3ADX", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The first australopithecine 2,500 kilometres west of the Rift Valley (Chad)", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michel", "lastName": "Brunet" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alain", "lastName": "Beauvilain" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yves", "lastName": "Coppens" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Emile", "lastName": "Heintz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Aladji H. E.", "lastName": "Moutaye" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Pilbeam" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": ", Published online: 16 November 1995; | doi:10.1038/378273a0", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1995-11-16", "volume": "378", "issue": "6554", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "273-275", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1038/378273a0", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v378/n6554/abs/378273a0.html", "accessDate": "2012-10-03T18:48:26Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "${footerJournalISSN}", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.nature.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© 1995 Nature Publishing Group", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "BRFHEFH5" ], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/93004/items/XV42Z9TR", "dc:replaces": 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"parentItem": "QH8SNGRM", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "How reliable are human phylogenetic hypotheses? — Supplemental Appendix", "accessDate": "2012-10-06T14:28:08Z", "url": "http://www.pnas.org/content/97/9/5003/suppl/DC1", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "DC1.html", "md5": "918b7d50a73f6c21f24c39c41e492c1b", "mtime": 1349533689000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-10-06T14:28:08Z", "dateModified": "2012-10-08T03:20:21Z" } }, { "key": "QH8SNGRM", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91518, "name": "HumanEv_Australopithecines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91518/items/QH8SNGRM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/humanev_australopithecines/items/QH8SNGRM", "type": "text/html" } }, 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However, the reliability of these hypotheses has never been subjected to external validation. To rectify this, we applied identical methods to equivalent evidence from two groups of extant higher primates for whom reliable molecular phylogenies are available, the hominoids and papionins. We found that the phylogenetic hypotheses based on the craniodental data were incompatible with the molecular phylogenies for the groups. Given the robustness of the molecular phylogenies, these results indicate that little confidence can be placed in phylogenies generated solely from higher primate craniodental evidence. The corollary of this is that existing phylogenetic hypotheses about human evolution are unlikely to be reliable. 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