[ { "key": "GX52B55H", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91272, "name": "Conservative Mental Models on Climate & Energy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91272/items/GX52B55H", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy/items/GX52B55H", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 45665, "username": "karenakerlof", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/karenakerlof", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Slovic", "parsedDate": "1999", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "GX52B55H", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Trust, Emotion, Sex, Politics, and Science: Surveying the Risk-Assessment Battlefield", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul", "lastName": "Slovic" } ], "abstractNote": "Risk management has become increasingly politicized and contentious. Polarized views, controversy, and conflict have become pervasive. Research has begun to provide a new perspective on this problem by demonstrating the complexity of the concept “risk” and the inadequacies of the traditional view of risk assessment as a purely scientific enterprise. This paper argues that danger is real, but risk is socially constructed. Risk assessment is inherently subjective and represents a blending of science and judgment with important psychological, social, cultural, and political factors. In addition, our social and democratic institutions, remarkable as they are in many respects, breed distrust in the risk arena. Whoever controls the definition of risk controls the rational solution to the problem at hand. If risk is defined one way, then one option will rise to the top as the most cost-effective or the safest or the best. If it is defined another way, perhaps incorporating qualitative characteristics and other contextual factors, one will likely get a different ordering of action solutions. Defining risk is thus an exercise in power. Scientific literacy and public education are important, but they are not central to risk controversies. The public is not irrational. Their judgments about risk are influenced by emotion and affect in a way that is both simple and sophisticated. The same holds true for scientists. Public views are also influenced by worldviews, ideologies, and values; so are scientists' views, particularly when they are working at the limits of their expertise. The limitations of risk science, the importance and difficulty of maintaining trust, and the complex, sociopolitical nature of risk point to the need for a new approach—one that focuses upon introducing more public participation into both risk assessment and risk decision making in order to make the decision process more democratic, improve the relevance and quality of technical analysis, and increase the legitimacy and public acceptance of the resulting decisions.", "publicationTitle": "Risk Analysis", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1999", "volume": "19", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "689-701", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1023/A:1007041821623", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.springerlink.com.mutex.gmu.edu/content/v6445v3835w3k23g/abstract/", "accessDate": "2012-09-19T20:51:24Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0272-4332", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Trust, Emotion, Sex, Politics, and Science", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "SpringerLink", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Earth and Environmental Science", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-27T02:49:32Z", "dateModified": "2012-09-27T02:49:32Z" } }, { "key": "DQZDRMHV", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91272, "name": "Conservative Mental Models on Climate & Energy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91272/items/DQZDRMHV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy/items/DQZDRMHV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 45665, "username": "karenakerlof", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/karenakerlof", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Rosa", "parsedDate": "1998", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "DQZDRMHV", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Metatheoretical foundations for post-normal risk", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Eugene A.", "lastName": "Rosa" } ], "abstractNote": "The first goal of this paper is to sketch a three-part, synoptic framework that could ease the way beyond the current impasse of competition among the various metatheoretical orientations (e.g. realism vs. social constructivism, positivism vs. cultural theory, etc.) in the risk field. The framework will be constructed on a foundation of metatheoretical principles and its form will accommodate the best features of the competing orientations. Because the articulated principles will build first on a position of realism, we can refer to the framework as a whole as Reconstructed Realism (RR). Because the content of the framework comprises its first two key parts, ontological realism and epistemological hierarchicalism , we can refer to the content by the acronym OREH. The second goal of the paper is to epistemically connect the synoptic framework, RR, to a methodological framework for conducting risk analysis, thereby providing a bridge between theory and practice. The existing methodological framework that bears logical symmetry to RR is the one developed by Funtowicz and Ravetz in a suite of papers (1985; 1991; 1992; 1993; 1994) and which they call 'post-normal science'. Connecting RR- the synoptic framework under development- with postnormal science completes the third part of the framework, and the resulting product is properly labelled 'post-normal risk.' Our life of fishing is so perilous that even though we worship all the gods in the world, many of us still die untimely deaths. Noriko Ogiwara, Dragon Sword and Wind Child", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Risk Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1998", "volume": "1", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "15-44", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1080/136698798377303", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/136698798377303", "accessDate": "2012-09-19T18:51:24Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1366-9877", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Taylor and Francis", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-27T02:48:53Z", "dateModified": "2012-09-27T02:48:53Z" } }, { "key": "TIUICNST", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91272, "name": "Conservative Mental Models on Climate & Energy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91272/items/TIUICNST", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy/items/TIUICNST", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 45665, "username": "karenakerlof", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/karenakerlof", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Tansey and O'Riordan", "parsedDate": "1999-03", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "TIUICNST", "version": 4, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Cultural theory and risk: a review", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "James", "lastName": "Tansey" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tim", "lastName": "O'Riordan" } ], "abstractNote": "Cultural theory has evolved over the past 20 years to become an important framework for understanding how groups in society interpret danger and build trust or distrust in institutions creating and regulating risk. This paper examines the theoretical roots of cultural theory, traces its passage in the risk literature, and explores its value in current risk management issues. It concludes that cultural theory continues to be of value, but that its role needs to be reassessed in the emerging age of deliberative science. Some examples of how cultural theory might be applied to health risk management and to the genetic modification of food debate are provided to illustrate the scope for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]", "publicationTitle": "Health, Risk & Society", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 1999", "volume": "1", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "71-90", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Health, Risk & Society", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "13698575", "archive": "a9h", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Cultural theory and risk", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "EBSCOhost", "callNumber": "6457306", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "GREAT Britain", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "HAZARDS", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "HEALTH", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "HEALTH risk assessment", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Public health", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "RISK", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "RISK management in business", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Research", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "THEORY", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "cultural theory", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "deliberative science", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "grid group analysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "risk perception", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-27T02:36:56Z", "dateModified": "2012-09-27T02:47:07Z" } }, { "key": "2KZVBUB4", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91272, "name": "Conservative Mental Models on Climate & Energy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91272/items/2KZVBUB4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy/items/2KZVBUB4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 45665, "username": "karenakerlof", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/karenakerlof", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Renn", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "2KZVBUB4", "version": 2, "itemType": "book", "title": "Risk governance: Coping with uncertainty in a complex world", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ortwin", "lastName": "Renn" } ], "abstractNote": "", "series": "Earthscan risk in society series", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2008", "publisher": "Earthscan", "place": "London ; Sterling, VA", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "455", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://site.ebrary.com/lib/georgemason/Doc?id=10237015", "accessDate": "2012-09-16T18:02:24Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "magik.gmu.edu Library Catalog", "callNumber": "HM1101 .R46 2008eb", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Environmental risk assessment", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Industrial safety", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "RISK", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Risk management", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sociological aspects", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "risk perception", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-27T02:39:29Z", "dateModified": "2012-09-27T02:47:07Z" } }, { "key": "TDEEQ5AE", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91272, "name": "Conservative Mental Models on Climate & Energy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91272/items/TDEEQ5AE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy/items/TDEEQ5AE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 45665, "username": "karenakerlof", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/karenakerlof", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kahan et al.", "parsedDate": "2007-10-03", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TDEEQ5AE", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Second National Risk and Culture Study: Making Sense of - and Making Progress In - The American Culture War of Fact", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dan M.", "lastName": "Kahan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Donald", "lastName": "Braman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul", "lastName": "Slovic" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John", "lastName": "Gastil" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Geoffrey L.", "lastName": "Cohen" } ], "abstractNote": "Cultural Cognition refers to the disposition to conform one's beliefs about societal risks to one's preferences for how society should be organized. Based on surveys and experiments involving some 5,000 Americans, the Second National Risk and Culture Study presents empirical evidence of the effect of this dynamic in generating conflict about global warming, school shootings, domestic terrorism, nanotechnology, and the mandatory vaccination of school-age girls against HPV, among other issues. The Study also presents evidence of risk-communication strategies that counteract cultural cognition. Because nuclear power affirms rather than threatens the identity of persons who hold individualist values, for example, proposing it as a solution to global warming makes persons who hold such values more willing to consider evidence that climate change is a serious risk. Because people tend to impute credibility to people who share their values, persons who hold hierarchical and egalitarian values are less likely to polarize when they observe people who hold their values advocating unexpected positions on the vaccination of young girls against HPV. Such techniques can help society to create a deliberative climate in which citizens converge on policies that are both instrumentally sound and expressively congenial to persons of diverse values.", "publicationTitle": "SSRN eLibrary", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 3, 2007", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1017189", "accessDate": "2012-08-22T00:44:38Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The Second National Risk and Culture Study", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "SSRN", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Global warming", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "HPV", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nuclear power", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "cultural cognition", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "gun control", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "nanotechnology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "risk perception", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "risk regulation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "school shootings", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "terrorism", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-27T02:46:52Z", "dateModified": "2012-09-27T02:46:52Z" } }, { "key": "6FDXQQT5", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91272, "name": "Conservative Mental Models on Climate & Energy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91272/items/6FDXQQT5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy/items/6FDXQQT5", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 45665, "username": "karenakerlof", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/karenakerlof", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kahan et al.", "parsedDate": "2007", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "6FDXQQT5", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Culture and Identity-Protective Cognition: Explaining the White-Male Effect in Risk Perception", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dan M.", "lastName": "Kahan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Donald", "lastName": "Braman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John", "lastName": "Gastil" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul", "lastName": "Slovic" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C. K.", "lastName": "Mertz" } ], "abstractNote": "Why do white men fear various risks less than women and minorities? Known as the “white-male effect,” this pattern is well documented but poorly understood. This article proposes a new explanation: identity-protective cognition. Putting work on the cultural theory of risk together with work on motivated cognition in social psychology suggests that individuals selectively credit and dismiss asserted dangers in a manner supportive of their cultural identities. This dynamic, it is hypothesized, drives the white-male effect, which reflects the risk skepticism that hierarchical and individualistic white males display when activities integral to their cultural identities are challenged as harmful. The article presents the results of an 1,800-person study that confirmed that cultural worldviews interact with the impact of gender and race on risk perception in patterns that suggest cultural-identity-protective cognition. It also discusses the implications of these findings for risk regulation and communication.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Empirical Legal Studies", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2007", "volume": "4", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "465–505", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1111/j.1740-1461.2007.00097.x", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1740-1461.2007.00097.x/abstract", "accessDate": "2012-08-21T21:02:55Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1740-1461", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Culture and Identity-Protective Cognition", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-27T02:46:45Z", "dateModified": "2012-09-27T02:46:45Z" } }, { "key": "AMM4HJZT", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91272, "name": "Conservative Mental Models on Climate & Energy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91272/items/AMM4HJZT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy/items/AMM4HJZT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 45665, "username": "karenakerlof", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/karenakerlof", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kahan et al.", "parsedDate": "2011", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "AMM4HJZT", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Cultural cognition of scientific consensus", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D. M.", "lastName": "Kahan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H.", "lastName": "Jenkins-Smith" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D.", "lastName": "Braman" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Risk Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2011", "volume": "14", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "147–174", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13669877.2010.511246", "accessDate": "2012-08-22T15:21:43Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-27T02:46:20Z", "dateModified": "2012-09-27T02:46:20Z" } }, { "key": "PKEVT669", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91272, "name": "Conservative Mental Models on Climate & Energy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91272/items/PKEVT669", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy/items/PKEVT669", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 45665, "username": "karenakerlof", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/karenakerlof", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Douglas and Wildavsky", "parsedDate": "1983", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "PKEVT669", "version": 1, "itemType": "book", "title": "Risk and culture: an essay on the selection of technical and environmental dangers", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mary", "lastName": "Douglas" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Aaron B.", "lastName": "Wildavsky" } ], "abstractNote": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "1st paperback printing", "date": "1983", "publisher": "University of California Press", "place": "Berkeley", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "221", "ISBN": "0520050630", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Risk and culture", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "magik.gmu.edu Library Catalog", "callNumber": "H91 .D68 1983", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "RISK", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-27T02:44:34Z", "dateModified": "2012-09-27T02:45:14Z" } }, { "key": "NFGHF9P7", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91272, "name": "Conservative Mental Models on Climate & Energy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91272/items/NFGHF9P7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy/items/NFGHF9P7", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 45665, "username": "karenakerlof", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/karenakerlof", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Marris et al.", "parsedDate": "1998", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "NFGHF9P7", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A Quantitative Test of the Cultural Theory of Risk Perceptions: Comparison with the Psychometric Paradigm", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Claire", "lastName": "Marris" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ian H.", "lastName": "Langford" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Timothy", "lastName": "O'Riordan" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper seeks to compare two frameworks which have been proposed to explain risk perceptions, namely, cultural theory and the psychometric paradigm. A structured questionnaire which incorporated elements from both approaches was administered to 129 residents of Norwich, England. The qualitative risk characteristics generated by the psychometric paradigm explained a far greater proportion of the variance in risk perceptions than cultural biases, though it should be borne in mind that the qualitative characteristics refer directly to risks whereas cultural biases are much more distant variables. Correlations between cultural biases and risk perceptions were very low, but the key point was that each cultural bias was associated with concern about distinct types of risks and that the pattern of responses was compatible with that predicted by cultural theory. The cultural approach also provided indicators for underlying beliefs regarding trust and the environment; beliefs which were consistent within each world view but divergent between them. An important drawback, however, was that the psychometric questionnaire could only allocate 32% of the respondents unequivocally to one of the four cultural types. The rest of the sample expressed several cultural biases simultaneously, or none at all. Cultural biases are therefore probably best interpreted as four extreme world views, and a mixture of qualitative and quantitative research methodologies would generate better insights into who might defend these views in what circumstances, whether there are only four mutually exclusive world views or not, and how these views are related to patterns of social solidarity, and judgments on institutional trust.", "publicationTitle": "Risk Analysis", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1998", "volume": "18", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "635–647", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1111/j.1539-6924.1998.tb00376.x", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1998.tb00376.x/abstract", "accessDate": "2012-09-19T18:27:39Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1539-6924", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "A Quantitative Test of the Cultural Theory of Risk Perceptions", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Risk perceptions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "cultural theory", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "psychometric paradigm", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-27T02:40:09Z", "dateModified": "2012-09-27T02:40:09Z" } }, { "key": "9IHGFFJP", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91272, "name": "Conservative Mental Models on Climate & Energy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91272/items/9IHGFFJP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy/items/9IHGFFJP", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 45665, "username": "karenakerlof", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/karenakerlof", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wildavsky", "parsedDate": "1987-03-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "9IHGFFJP", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Choosing Preferences by Constructing Institutions: A Cultural Theory of Preference Formation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Aaron", "lastName": "Wildavsky" } ], "abstractNote": "Preferences come from the most ubiquitous human activity: living with other people. Support for and opposition to different ways of life, the shared values legitimating social relations (here called cultures) are the generators of diverse preferences. After discussing why it is not helpful to conceive of interest as preferences or to dismiss preference formation as external to organized social life, I explain how people are able to develop many preferences from few clues by using their social relations to interrogate their environment. The social filter is the source of preferences. I then argue that culture is a more powerful construct than conceptual rivals: heuristics, schemas, ideologies. Two initial applications--to the ideology of the left-right distinctions and to perceptions of danger--test the claim that this theory of how individuals use political cultures to develop their preferences outperforms the alternatives.", "publicationTitle": "The American Political Science Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 1, 1987", "volume": "81", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "4-21", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "The American Political Science Review", "DOI": "10.2307/1960776", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/1960776", "accessDate": "2012-09-19T18:19:48Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0003-0554", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Choosing Preferences by Constructing Institutions", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Copyright © 1987 American Political Science Association", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Mar., 1987 / Copyright © 1987 American Political Science Association", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-27T02:40:09Z", "dateModified": "2012-09-27T02:40:09Z" } }, { "key": "FZ5A2TA7", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91272, "name": "Conservative Mental Models on Climate & Energy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91272/items/FZ5A2TA7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy/items/FZ5A2TA7", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91272/items/2KZVBUB4", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 45665, "username": "karenakerlof", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/karenakerlof", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "FZ5A2TA7", "version": 1, "parentItem": "2KZVBUB4", "itemType": "note", "note": "What is risk -- Pre-assessment -- Appraisal -- Risk perception -- Risk evaluation -- Risk management -- Risk communication -- Risk participation --The social and political context of risk governance", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-27T02:39:29Z", "dateModified": "2012-09-27T02:39:29Z" } }, { "key": "6B6B6X2T", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91272, "name": "Conservative Mental Models on Climate & Energy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91272/items/6B6B6X2T", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy/items/6B6B6X2T", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 45665, "username": "karenakerlof", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/karenakerlof", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bickerstaff", "parsedDate": "2004-08", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "6B6B6X2T", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Risk perception research: socio-cultural perspectives on the public experience of air pollution", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Karen", "lastName": "Bickerstaff" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper reviews recent work in the field of risk perception research, taking its examples primarily from work relating to air pollution issues. The paper opens with a brief discussion of the psychological literature on risk perception, in order to set out the key insights, criticisms and more recent developments associated with such approaches, before turning to the findings of recent socio-cultural analyses of perceptions of air pollution. This account, which considers how social and cultural factors influence the way in which people interpret and make sense of risk, draws linkages with psychological risk perception research, revealing that over the last decade there has been a pronounced degree of convergence between the conclusions being reached across these two (historically disparate) fields of research. The paper concludes by evaluating the relevance of risk perception research for the science and policy of risk assessment and management.", "publicationTitle": "Environment International", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "August 2004", "volume": "30", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "827-840", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Environment International", "DOI": "10.1016/j.envint.2003.12.001", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412003002472", "accessDate": "2012-09-19T18:33:53Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0160-4120", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Risk perception research", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Air Pollution", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Risk perception research", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Socio-cultural", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-27T02:39:29Z", "dateModified": "2012-09-27T02:39:29Z" } }, { "key": "TU98NC9B", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91272, "name": "Conservative Mental Models on Climate & Energy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91272/items/TU98NC9B", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy/items/TU98NC9B", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 45665, "username": "karenakerlof", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/karenakerlof", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Boholm", "parsedDate": "1996", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TU98NC9B", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Risk perception and social anthropology: Critique of cultural theory*", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Åsa", "lastName": "Boholm" } ], "abstractNote": "’Cultural theory’, launched by social anthropologist Mary Douglas, has been highly influential in the inter‐disciplinary field concerned with the study of risk perception and risk communication. The theory derives from the grid‐group analyses that Douglas developed in the 1970s. Cultural theory aims to explain universal ‘cultural bias’ by way of a general typology of group formation and a concomitant cosmology or world view. This article critically examines cultural theory and the study of hazards as culturally construed phenomena.", "publicationTitle": "Ethnos", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1996", "volume": "61", "issue": "1-2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "64-84", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1080/00141844.1996.9981528", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00141844.1996.9981528", "accessDate": "2012-09-19T18:55:30Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0014-1844", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Risk perception and social anthropology", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Taylor and Francis", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-27T02:39:29Z", "dateModified": "2012-09-27T02:39:29Z" } }, { "key": "VZW3BAHX", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91272, "name": "Conservative Mental Models on Climate & Energy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91272/items/VZW3BAHX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy/items/VZW3BAHX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 45665, "username": "karenakerlof", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/karenakerlof", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Gastil et al.", "parsedDate": "2011", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VZW3BAHX", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Cultural Orientation of Mass Political Opinion", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John", "lastName": "Gastil" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Don", "lastName": "Braman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dan", "lastName": "Kahan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul", "lastName": "Slovic" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "PS: Political Science & Politics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2011", "volume": "44", "issue": "04", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "711-714", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1017/S1049096511001326", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Cambridge Journals Online", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-27T02:38:44Z", "dateModified": "2012-09-27T02:38:44Z" } }, { "key": "PENGIARD", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91272, "name": "Conservative Mental Models on Climate & Energy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91272/items/PENGIARD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy/items/PENGIARD", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 45665, "username": "karenakerlof", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/karenakerlof", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Boholm", "parsedDate": "2003", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "PENGIARD", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The cultural nature of risk: Can there be an anthropology of uncertainty?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Åsa", "lastName": "Boholm" } ], "abstractNote": "In risk research, culture has been used mainly as a 'black box' of unknowns into which 'irregularities' of risk perceptions that could not be otherwise accounted for can be referred. In social anthropology it has been taken for granted that what is to be considered a 'risk' depends entirely on cultural settings and assumptions; risks are culturally defined and selected. This article takes a critical stance towards any such simplistic ideas about risk and culture. Culture is approached from a perspective of cognitive theory and is hence understood as shared schemata that define categories, relationships and contexts, making it possible to process meanings and order information. It is argued that if we are to succeed in investigating risk contextually, without ending up in a relativistic muddle which merely acknowledges myriads of diverse risk perceptions, it is necessary to problematize the assumed simplistic cultural nature of risk.", "publicationTitle": "Ethnos", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2003", "volume": "68", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "159-178", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1080/0014184032000097722", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0014184032000097722", "accessDate": "2012-09-19T18:57:45Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0014-1844", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The cultural nature of risk", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Taylor and Francis", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-27T02:38:44Z", "dateModified": "2012-09-27T02:38:44Z" } }, { "key": "EIJ4E45S", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91272, "name": "Conservative Mental Models on Climate & Energy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91272/items/EIJ4E45S", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy/items/EIJ4E45S", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 45665, "username": "karenakerlof", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/karenakerlof", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Rippl", "parsedDate": "2002", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "EIJ4E45S", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Cultural theory and risk perception: a proposal for a better measurement", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Susanne", "lastName": "Rippl" } ], "abstractNote": "In the 1980s, social and cultural perspectives become increasingly important in the field of risk research. In current empirical research on the influence of social and cultural factors on risk perception, the cultural theory (CT) of Douglas and Wildavsky ( Risk and Culture: An Essay on Selection of Technological and Environmental Dangers , Berkeley: California University Press, 1982) is the most influential approach. In 1990 Dake introduced a measurement instrument that is used broadly in quantitative studies on cultural theory and risk. In the discussion of Dake's work, two questions have emerged as most controversial. First, can Douglas and Wildavsky's theoretical concept be tested on the basis of data obtained from individuals, as is done by Dake and many other authors? Second, does the instrument introduced by Dake ( Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 22, 61-82, 1991) show sufficient validity, in the sense that hypotheses which could be derived from CT hold true when Dake's scales are used? Both questions are addressed here. A new instrument and strategies to test the validity are introduced, which address criticisms of Dake's work.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Risk Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2002", "volume": "5", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "147-165", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1080/13669870110042598", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13669870110042598", "accessDate": "2012-09-19T18:53:14Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1366-9877", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Cultural theory and risk perception", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Taylor and Francis", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-27T02:36:56Z", "dateModified": "2012-09-27T02:36:56Z" } }, { "key": "SMRSTJ69", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91272, "name": "Conservative Mental Models on Climate & Energy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91272/items/SMRSTJ69", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy/items/SMRSTJ69", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 45665, "username": "karenakerlof", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/karenakerlof", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Steg and Sievers", "parsedDate": "2000-03-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "SMRSTJ69", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Cultural Theory and Individual Perceptions of Environmental Risks", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Linda", "lastName": "Steg" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Inge", "lastName": "Sievers" } ], "abstractNote": "Understanding differences in environmental risk perception and risk judgments might facilitate the development of effective environmental risk management strategies, including risk communication. Cultural theory holds that systematic individual differences exist in the perception of environmental risks based on four different myths of nature: nature benign, nature ephemeral, nature perverse/tolerant, and nature capricious. The myths of nature represent distinct perceptions toward environmental risks, which are assumed to be closely related to preferences for appropriate risk management strategies. The authors examined to what extent myths of nature are related to beliefs associated with problems of car use and preferences for strategies to manage these problems. As hypothesized, significant variations in perceptions, preferences, and policy evaluations were found among respondents favoring different myths of nature. Nature ephemeral was associated with a higher problem awareness and a more positive evaluation of policy measures, especially in comparison to nature benign.", "publicationTitle": "Environment and Behavior", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "03/01/2000", "volume": "32", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "250-269", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Environment and Behavior", "DOI": "10.1177/00139160021972513", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://eab.sagepub.com/content/32/2/250", "accessDate": "2012-09-19T18:13:29Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0013-9165, 1552-390X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "eab.sagepub.com.mutex.gmu.edu", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-27T02:36:56Z", "dateModified": "2012-09-27T02:36:56Z" } }, { "key": "Z6DTJVMV", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91272, "name": "Conservative Mental Models on Climate & Energy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91272/items/Z6DTJVMV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy/items/Z6DTJVMV", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91272/items/TIUICNST", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 45665, "username": "karenakerlof", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/karenakerlof", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "Z6DTJVMV", "version": 1, "parentItem": "TIUICNST", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "EBSCO Record", "accessDate": "2012-09-19T18:08:52Z", "url": "http://mutex.gmu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=6457306&site=ehost-live&scope=cite", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-27T02:36:56Z", "dateModified": "2012-09-27T02:36:56Z" } }, { "key": "A6ST3KTU", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 91272, "name": "Conservative Mental Models on Climate & Energy", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/91272/items/A6ST3KTU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservative_mental_models_on_climate__energy/items/A6ST3KTU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 45665, "username": "karenakerlof", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/karenakerlof", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Tansey and Rayner", "parsedDate": "2009", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "A6ST3KTU", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Cultural theory and risk", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Tansey" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Rayner" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Handbook of crisis and risk communication", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2009", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "53–80", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-27T02:36:56Z", "dateModified": "2012-09-27T02:36:56Z" } } ]