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            "note": "<p>Theme<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; -image of the Word<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Abstract, might be hidden pillars- <br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Architectural works<br />Pillars<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Shahadah<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Salat<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Zakat<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sawm<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hajj<br /><br />Islam- submission to Allah<br />Muslim- one who submits to Allah<br />Qur’an- recitation<br />Hadith- reports about the prophet<br />Sunnah-following the example of the Prophet<br />Hijrah- migration, 622 first year of Muslim calndar (Hijri calendar!)<br />Jahiliyya-age of ignorance<br /><br />Enclosed space and private areas for wives. Brick. Masjid<br /><br />Qibla originally faced Jerusalem, but then it faced Mecca<br />Qibla wall that faces kabaa<br />Mihrab- section of wall decorated to indicate direction of prayer<br />Minbar-set of stairs where Imam leads prayer<br />Minaret- where muedhen calls people to prayer<br /><br /><br />Friday communal prayer<br /><br />Mosques were developed by existing styles of architecture<br /><br />KABBAH<br />Derived from name of the shape. Cube<br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Structure existed before Islam. Pagans used this before<br />Constructed by Ibrahim and Ismail<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Al hijar alism<br />Black stone- brought to earth by Jibril<br /><br />Hajj is to go around the Kabah and to touch the stone.<br /><br />Kiswa- textile around the Kabbah<br /><br />Dome of the Rock<br />Al-Quds Jerusalem<br />Completed 691- Abdul Malik<br /><br />Mosaic and marble<br />Jeweled crayons- vines and trees<br />Vases<br />Arabic written everywhere<br />Notion of flexibility and grasping cultural elements through artwork<br /><br /><br />Prophet Muhammad descended into heaven from the Dome of the Rock<br />He made his journey from here to Mecca<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Historiography of African Islamic Art<br /><br />African Islam is ignored---<br /><br />Myth of tribal and primal Africa- <br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Social Darwinism<br /><br />Myth of African art is bound by place.<br /><br />Myth of lack of creative agency<br /><br />Racist colonial ideologies<br /><br />Myth of outside origin<br /><br />Marginalization<br /><br />Structure of traditional religion<br /><br /><br />MALI<br /><br />8/27<br /><br />Trade routes<br />Gold, slaves, jewels, ivory, salt<br />632-Prophet’s death (PBUH)<br /><br />Umma<br /><br />Abu Bakr- stole the khalifa spot.<br />Ummar-took over “Commander of the faithful)<br />Uthman- collected the texts of the Quran<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Was murdered 650<br />Ali- the only legit khalifa<br /><br />Muawaiyah- established Umayyad Caliphate. Was not the rightly guided. DUH. <br /><br />657- big batle in Siffin<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Muawiyah with Quran pages by the sword<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ali “steps down”<br />Ummayad dynasty<br /><br />Iqbar Ibn Nafi- led military campaigns<br /><br />Burbur- resisted ukba<br /><br />9th century- Africa was becoming wealth because of trades and such<br /><br />MOSQUE OF QAYRAWAN<br />It’s in Tunisia- 670<br /><br />The original mosque was destroyed. <br /><br />This was Ukba ‘s first settlement<br />He chose this site and said THIS IS YOUR QAYRAWAN<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 4th holy city<br />Oldest extent Mihrab<br />Built out of old Roman columns<br />Oldest Roman collisuem built in Tunisia<br />Oldest minbar- made of wood<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Imam goes up the stairs (which are covered by a woven map) to lead prayers on Fridays<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 13 carved wooden panels- meant for making the uud.<br /><br />In the year 800<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Aghlabid was appointed leader<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Started his dynasty<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mineret was built opposite of the mihrab<br /><br />Minaret was a more outwards sign of twhere the dynasty falls. No mineret meant anti abassid<br /><br /><br />Blu Quran- Qayrawan<br /><br />Blue indigo dyed parchment and gold paint<br />Kufic script<br /><br />10th Centuray Qayrwayan<br />Aghlabid<br />Brown and red ink on parchment, Kufic script<br /><br />Mosque of Ahmad Iibn Tulun- completed 879- Egypt, Tuluni<br /><br /><br />Great Mosque of Samarra, Iraq, Abbasid- 841-867<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; View of Spiral Minaret<br /><br />Ummayads were murdered in collective assassanitation by Abassids in 750<br /><br />Abassids declared themselves rulers of the Muslim world. Made capital in Samarra<br />Then in Baghdad<br /><br />Remaining Umayyad in Adulusia tried to establish rivaling&nbsp; dynasty in Al Andalus<br /><br />Great Mosque of Ubayd Allah Al Mahdi, Mahdiyya Tunisia<br />916, Fatimid<br /><br />Bilal- Prophet Muhammad’s slave<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; First Muezzin<br /><br />Ivory pyxis for al Mughira, son of ruler Abd al-rahman III, dated 968, Al Andalus, Umayyad<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; This artwork was characterized by royal themses. There are uuds. It is very courtly. There is Arabic script.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Had animals<br />Andalusia was all cooperative<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Muslims, Jews, Christians all together<br /><br />Mosque of Al Azhar, Fatimid construction in 970 ce, with subsequent tadditions by mamluks, Cairo<br />Cairo was next to Fustat and Fustat became Cairo<br />This was the first moque in Cairo.<br />This was the center of Fatimid propogandsa<br /><br />Pierced wooden screen<br /><br />Wood is a luxury commodity in Northern Africa<br /><br />Fatimid Egypt became manufacturing center for the arts<br /><br />Middle class became art patrons<br /><br />Al Andalus art patrons were Umayyads<br /><br />Different types of arts<br /><br />With high patronage, they showed their status<br /><br />Ivory Plaque of Dancer, Fatimid, 11th century, glazed and luster painted bowl, Fatimid, 11th Century, figure wearing tiraz robes<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Many depictions of humans and animals<br /><br />There are not that many tiraz and gold, the Fatimid treasury was looted. These were meant for royal gifts<br /><br />Tiraz was traded for gold<br />Gold was used for thread for embroidery<br />This was very valuable as gifts<br /><br />Tiraz textil fragment, Fatimid, 10th century, cotton weave and ikat dye black ink and gold leaf painted, Kufic Script<br /><br />These textiles for covering the Kabba<br /><br />Tiraz is a royal robe<br /><br />BismiLLAH<br /><br />Cock- coronation mantel of Holy Roman emperors, 1133-134<br />Muslim artisans in the Royal workship of Paermo Sicily silk with Gold embroidery and Pearls<br /><br />8/29<br />The Almoravids<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Those of the ribat<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Veiled people, lived in desert<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Used cloths to protect eyes<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Strict maliki Islam<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Berber group originated in Mauritania<br />Ibn Yacine- leader of Lamtuna berbers<br /><br />Abu Bakr-<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Established Markesh<br />Fez fell to Almorahvids<br />Yusuf Ibn Tashfin- cousin of Abu Bakr,, he took over<br /><br />Almorhavids use their territory to get control <br /><br />Ksour of Southern Morocco- fortress like walled towns<br /><br />Ait Ben Haddou 17th century<br />Ksour of Tammogait<br /><br />Congrational Mosque of Timmal Morocco<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Almoravid, 1035 CE<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Minimal amount of decoration<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Horseshoe shaped arches<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Polylobing<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Above mihrab, there is dome<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Muharness- honeycome plasterwork<br />Minaret, Qarawiyyin Moseu, Fez, Morocco, 10th and 11th century.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Founded by woman<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Two views of the muqarnas decoration on the dome before the mihrab, Qarawiyyin Moseu<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bands of Arabic inscription in Kufic script at base<br /><br />Almuhads<br />Ibn Tumart<br />Northern Mauritania/<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Haja Berbers<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Doctarity of austerity and unity<br />Oudaia gate, 12th century CE, Rabat<br />Abd Al Mumin threw over the Almoravids<br />Conretational Mosque, Almohad, 12th century, Rabat<br />Kutubiyaa Mosque, Almohad, 12th Century, Marrakesh, Detail of Minaret 1195<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Minbar for kutbiyya mosque ``1137 , wood and bone detail<br />Almoravid textile 12th century, Al Andalus, Lion strangler, woven with silk and gold thread<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Found in Sants temples in Europe<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Al Merdia<br />Arabic script was very sacred<br /><br />Gold earrings with Cursive Arabic Script, Almohad 12th Cnetury<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Suras on the earrings in Maghribi script<br />Map indicating Trans Saharan Routes<br />Image of Mansa Musa, ruler of Mali embire holding gold nugget , catalan atlas of the known world, 1375<br /><br />Mansa Musa<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Left in 1324 to Hajj<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Brought with him 500 slaves, each slave carried staff of gold<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 180 camels with Gold<br />He decreased the value of Gold<br /><br /><br />Mamluk brass vessel, 13th and 14th century , silver inaly and thuluth Arabic script<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Influenced Ghana vessels<br />Asante brass kuduo vesssel surmounted by leaopoard, 17th century<br />Asante brass vells with tripod feet, ddate uknown<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Arabic scriptions were highly valued<br />Asante brass kuduo vessel in shrine, stool roo, of chif of essumeja<br /><br />9/5/12<br />Forum for personal and/or collectsive agency in dealing with social dilemmas, family problems, misfortunes, illness, infertility<br /><br />Purpose- healing, releasing of tension, creative expression, divination, advisory, entertainment, conspicuous, consumption<br /><br />Hero, ancesor spirit, spirits association with Islam, joun, white colonizers, Arabs, epediemics, Jesus, Holy Spirit, it deals with various others. <br /><br />Multi sensory, incense, perfume, curcial props, appropriated from the others, telephones, mirors, uniin and prayer mats<br /><br />Head in a portal for incoming spirit- cloth on head often involved<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Practical side: income generating<br />Spirit possesion and trance is a shared experience of many African diasporic groups.<br /><br />Slaves were imparted for domestic services, cleaning, butchering, government services, labor<br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Were converted on the trade route, because it increased the price of a slave<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Almonad used thousands of black soldiers recreas=ted for art.<br />Scholars today are still saying people disappeared without a trace Islamic studies<br /><br />Stambelli Musician with gumbri, Tunis, 1880, J. Garringues<br /><br />Portrait of a man w/ Jewels and amulets muftis, main, Tangier, Morocco, 1880. A. Cavillla<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Shellsand tassels are part of perform and dsesignate a gnaw musician.<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Facial scarification is part of the indicating culture or place of origin<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; BuSadiyya, Tunisia 2009<br />Bzar<br />map indicating in red the areas where Berber is spoken as first language<br /><br />Staneli presented as folk tradition in Tunisian newspaper, LA PRESS, 1965, Ammar Farhat, Offering Ceremony with Stambeli, paining, 1973<br /><br />Sufis<br />Sufis do not practice spirit possession, but theys eek divine unity<br /><br />Sufis put textiles over their heads when they are possessed by spirits<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Spirit possession is generally associated with women<br /><br />The GENOWA<br />Qraqsh- (similar to Ismkhan) instruments derived from the OTHER<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Cold coins struck between 800-1600 CE<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Each were minted by the dynastjes (Abbasid, Fatimid, Almoravid, Mamluk, and Saadian dynasties<br />Takrur is known for gold everything, rfom coins to gold poop<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Gold was found through invokation and through revelations from the Quran<br /><br />2 tons a year of Gold<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; As dust and ornaments<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Asante Gold weights<br />Very few gold of antiquity n ow because of easy of recyclablity of gold <br /><br />Rao Pectoral, 22-karat gold with filigree and granulation, 14th century CE, Takrurkingdom (Senegal), 18 cm diameter&nbsp; 190 grams<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Found in a grave on a young man&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fili gri<br /><br />Tuklor live in Mali and Mauritania<br />TukoorHair Ornaments, Gold 20th century Senegal<br /><br />Ethnographic present- when historographers say something is made over long period of time, as in culture never changes<br /><br />Gold pendant earring, oldest extant item of manufactured gold in region 9th century CE<br /><br />Twisted Gold earrings: Tukolor (TOP) Wolof (middle), Tukulor/Wolof (Bottom)<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Highly valued from the beginning fo the takrur kingdom<br /><br />Photo of Malian woman in Mopti wearing bicone bead, loped earrings, and amber (Mali)<br /><br />Photo of wax thread earrings in market, Bamako (imitation gold)<br />Straw pendants showing shared style with North African jewelry Mali 20th century<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; One of them is a semi hamza<br /><br />Map showing Ghana in striped area<br />Qibla wall and two aisles in stone mosque, Koumbi Saleh, Mauritania (10th-15th century CE)<br /><br />Extended north to the shara<br />Archaleogists claim Arabs did not conquer loumbi saleh<br /><br />18th centur was becmin linked from north Africa<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Gao<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Became the capital of Songay and the main uarters for religious scholars<br />Inscribed Funerary stelae, Gao Saney-Gorongobo Cemetery, 1210 CE<br />Marble Funerary plaque for Queen Saw, 1108 CE, lined with mud bricks in subterranean mausoleum, Almerian style<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Tiffenu was the written language<br />Sakore mosque complex, Timbuktu, 1325-1433 CE<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Qadi of Timbuktu built it<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Same dimenssions as the kaba<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Made from termite mounds<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Natural alter<br /><br />Djinguereber Mosque, Timbuktu, 13th century CE<br />Rebuilt by Imam Al Akiib<br />Djinguereber Mosque, Timbuktu, 13th century CE, <br />Minaret and outer wall<br /><br />Djinguereber mosque, Timbuktu, door<br /><br />Tom of Askia Muhammad, 1495 CE, Gao (Mali), pyramidal tomb/ minaret<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Soni Ali<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Transforming the Sangay empire into a more society<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Predecessor of pagans<br />Tomb of Askia Muhammad<br /><br />Gao (Mali), modern houses of brick mud construction<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Have ordinances against using modern building materials<br />Scholars of Gao was sent to Morocco<br /><br /><br />9/17<br /><br />Mud houses!!!<br />Madame Dialo- culture studies<br /><br />Mason inherits clients from the families and works for them.<br /><br />Jenee was not modern- now it has tv<br /><br />You can not change the façade of the hosue<br /><br />The mason digs the grave of their client’s family<br />You can not sell your house without permission the mason<br /><br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Every family has a courtyard<br /><br />Jenee river-dead fish and cattle poop<br /><br />Koranic schools<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Little tiles<br />Can’t reconstruct without mud<br /><br />Sarafara-the top<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Women two in the middle<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Navals of children<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Very few openings in the wall<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Tall houses squeezed in the streets<br /><br />Mosque of Djenee<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Stands on a gigantic raised platofrm<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Over 100 collums<br />Monday is market day<br /><br />Education is very expensive<br />Families pride themselves on community values<br />Learning Koran is important<br /><br />When walls collapse, the organic matter disappears<br /><br />Tiles don’t go with djenne houses<br /><br />Magic square<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Writing the name of Allah in the dust and then gathering it together and putting it with the rest of the mud for building <br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Then praying<br /><br />Neighborhoods compete with each other<br /><br />The languages in Mali are French (education in French), Bambara<br /><br />Gendered nature of work<br /><br />Fusion of language, religion, architecture<br /><br /><br />9/19<br />Western Sahel<br />Mande-majority are Muslim<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; United by culture and langauge<br />Kulinuts were very popular<br /><br />Niger River, MALI<br /><br />Empire of Mali<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Started in 11th and 12th centuries<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; In Mali and present day Guinea<br />Sumanguru Kante<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Blacksmith<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Powers as a blacksmith<br />Sunjata<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The ancestor of the modern Kata family<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Bilal is his ancestor<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Known by many names<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Held very high<br />Ibn Battuta<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sneaky mother fucker<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Born in Tangier in 1304<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Left Morccoa in 1325 for Hajj<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; He studied<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; He did not go back to Moroccoa, wen tto Persia, Iraq, and back to Mecca<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Went to Africa, all the way to Tanzania<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Went to India and China<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1355- goes to Andalus<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Then returns to Maghrib<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Then goes to Mali<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1356- commissioned literary scholar from Andalus RIKHLA-travel literature.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; To record Ibn Battuta’s travels and experiences with courts and practices<br />Great Mosque of Djenne, present construction 1909 CE<br />Mueezzin giving call to prayer<br />Djenne, Mali<br />Sister city of Timbuktu<br />Djenne Jeno was another city close by Djenne- big historical<br />Tombs<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Conflated in Islamic practices<br />This was the video that we saw on 9/17<br /><br />Mud bricks, interior courtyard<br />Great Mosque of Djenne, 2010<br /><br />Great Mosque of Djenne<br />Conical pillars capped with ostrich eggs, 2010<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Symbolizes purity and fertility<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; every time a new child is born there si a new structure at the top<br /><br />House of Djenne, 2010<br /><br />Village and Mosque, Mopti Region, 2010<br /><br />Vilage Mosque, Mopti Region<br />Conical pillars capped with Ostrich eggs, 2010<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; It’s bulky<br /><br />Village and Mosque, Mopti Region, 2010<br /><br />Mande Hunter’s shirt donson dlokiew, early twentieth century<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Knowledge needed to be restricted because it was possibly dangerous<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Found throughout the Mande world and West Africa<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Also found asante<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Contains mysterious objects sewed onto the shirts<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Animal horns, animal teeth, bird claws, leather cases, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; positions, leather incased Quranic elements, leather workers &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; making the tasselss, the Quranic amulets, holding the teeth &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; and the claws, shirt made of strip woven cloth, women &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; prepared the cotton and weaving. Men did the waeavnig. This &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; would have bene worn by hunters<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; His back is protected by mirrors<br /><br />Unearth iron to make metal objects<br /><br />Yamacalla-handler of yama<br /><br />Numu tunkara, fana, Mali, 1976 left<br />Hunter, Kerouane, Guinea, 2000 right<br />Members of the nyamakala class<br /><br />Griot Sydou camara, Bamako, 1975<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Any breath or spit contains yama<br /><br />Amulet pouch<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Leather cased amulut (sebenw) on strip woven coth<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Leatherwork with tassels and animal teeth<br />Detail of amulets on strip woven cloth<br /><br />Leather amulet, tassels, animal teeth, and claws<br /><br />The yama of the blood and sweat of the hunter would be in the shirt<br />In the Museum they would clean the shirts<br />Museum conservation,2005<br />&nbsp;<br />Asante War Shirt, Ghana, 20th Century<br />Hunter’s shirt Benin, 20th century (at WSU museum)<br /><br />Paper OCT 10th<br />Quiz Monday OCT 24 key terms etc<br /><br />9/24<br />Mask: object used to cover face/head<br />Masking: presence of one or more fully costumed characters<br />Masquerades: important events involving varied masked dancers, musicians, and audiences, dancers usually male<br /><br />Do Musso<br /><br />Indigo cloth tie died, raffia fibers around hands, <br /><br />Embodiment of spirits: water spirits, bush spirits, ancestral spiirts<br /><br />Masquerades are often officiated by the most powerful members of a community. Almost always a male domain<br /><br />Regulatory, juridical, educational, political duties<br />Contexts: funerary, ancestor commemoration, initiation, agricultural festivals, holidays<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Worn on funerals, initiation cermonies, auricular festivals<br />Mask and costume conceal identity of performer, spectators may pretend not to recognize performer<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; You can not reveal the identity of the person behind the mask<br />Masqueraders as agents of transmission and mediatoin<br />Mask types, styles, and concepts are frequently borrowed among cultures<br /><br />Egungun Mask, Nigeria, Yoruba culture, Masquerade as multi-media, active performance<br /><br />BuSadiyya form of mask. His bottom fans out.<br /><br />Sande Mask, wood with fiber, Sieera Leone/Liberia, Mende Culture, <br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Scarification patters on the eyes<br />Female Masqueraders of the Sande society wearing masks and fiber skirts<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; All women must belong to this society<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Taught about sexuality, behaviors, expectations, scarification, circumcision,<br /><br />Dokota Leaf Masks, leafs and vegetation, Senegal, Bedik culture<br /><br />Do musso mask, Dyula, Cote d’ivoire, tin, c 1770-1890<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Male regulatory socities<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; One needs to be initiated<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Boys didn’t have a choice<br />Boganda-Uganda&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Spirit possesion was done at the kings court<br /><br />Masqueraders force social norms meanwhile spirit possison is freeing oneself from social rules<br /><br /><br />Do musso mask<br />Made from melted down teapots that were brought in from European trade<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Horns are associated with secret containment of secret knowledge in Mande society<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fine eyebrows, made from los wax casting<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ears<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Do musso means beautiful maiden, which is the embodiment of beautiful maden<br />Metal masks, cote d’ivoire<br /><br />Do musso masquerader wearing metal mask, Dyula, Cote d’voire, 1989<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Do means secret society and secret masqueraders. Designate Djula secret knowledge<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Used to be a warrior society, but they incorporated Muslim ideas<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Do musso not associated with wars anymore<br />Cara mago=ulama<br /><br />Map of West Africa<br /><br />View of Kong (drawing by Binger, c 1891)<br /><br />Dyula <br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Wealth wit trade<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dyula traders and scholars settled in Separate quarters in Kong<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Horses, gun, ammunition, in return the Sunangi warriors could get protection from the Ulama. The Dyula got secrutiy in their trade routes<br /><br />Kong Region, 18th Century<br /><br />Mosque in Kong (drawing by Binger, 1891)<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Kong was Dyula ized<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Literate<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Converted to Islam<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Read and write in Arabic<br />Isnad of Kong<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Isnad means chain of transmion<br />Sonungi warrios <br />Seiku Watara (sheikh)<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Keito lineage<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mythical figure<br />Sunjata was Keito<br /><br />Sonungi releied on slaves<br /><br />Dyula needed slaves too<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Used military to get them<br />&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Provided supernatural aid, came in the form of Islamic amulets, sewn from . Water from Quranic boards, drank it. <br /><br /></p>",
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            "note": "<p>Notes</p>\n<p>“In one of the boldest moves in the Arab-Islamic world, especially in  1956, it abolished polygamy. It radically transformed divorce by  eliminating the husband's right to repudiate his wife and allowing women  to file for divorce. It made divorce a matter for the courts. It gave  women and men the same rights and obligations with respect to both  initiating a divorce and paying its cost to the other party. It also  established the principle of alimony and increased women's rights to  child custody, while maintaining men's advantage through guardianship”  (1519-20).&nbsp; <br /><br />“The promulgation of the Tunisian Code of Personal  Status' in 1956 constituted a radical shift in the interpretation of  Islamic laws with regard to the family and set a stage for further  developments” (1516).<br /><br />\"The CPS was not a victory of feminism. It  was the victory of a government strong enough to place a claim on Islam  and enforce a reformist interpretation of the Islamic tradition\"  (1518-19).<br /><br />“When women were politically active in the 1950s-and  some highly educated women were they defended nationalism rather than a  feminist cause centered on issues of women's autonomy and gender  justice. The reforms were prompted by a nationalist agenda to build a  new sovereign nation equipped with a modern State” (1519).<br /><br />“Tunisia  is the only Arab-Islamic country to make a second marriage null and  void, as well as to make any attempt to take a second wife, while  already married, punishable with<br />a fine and imprisonment” (1519).<br /><br />“Presenting  a new conception of divorce, the CPS requires the party wanting the  divorce to go to court, go through a session of reconciliation, reflect  on the situation, and<br />consider the possibility of having to make a payment to the other spouse” (1521).</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>",
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            "note": "<p>Notes</p>\n<p>\"This article challenges this view and through an empirical study of the changes to the Code of Personal Status in Tunisia and Morocco it demonstrates that the issue of women’s rights is far more complex and, in particular, it finds that there is a very significant decoupling between women’s rights and democracy in the region, despite a progressive liberal shift in the gender equality agenda.\" (213).</p>\n<p>\"In the early stages of colonisation, European occupying powers refrained from heavily interfering in the gender relations of the vanquished populations and the representation of Muslim women was a rather stereotypical binary one.3 On the one hand, the Muslim Woman was portrayed as being a powerless victim in a highly patriarchal<br />society and therefore not a political nor social subject in her own right.\" (214).</p>\n<p>\"While colonial authorities were only very marginally interested in the idea of the ‘liberation’ of women for a long period of time, their interest in the gender question increased when the local nationalist movements began to grow and seriously challenge the colonial powers.\" (214).</p>\n<p>\"Conversely, nationalist movements emphasised the role of women in the liberation struggle as they became the ‘mothers of the country’ that would be born out of the liberation and anticolonial struggle.\" (214).</p>\n<p>\"Where, as in Tunisia, the nationalist movement did not need the support of tribal power, its leaders were able to shape personal status legislation in order to implement their vision of a modern Tunisia. As Grami asserts, ‘the Code of Personal Status (CPS) was not a response from the state to women’s claims and pressures, but a political decision taken by political leaders and urban reformists’.\"(221).</p>\n<p>\"The state became the guarantor of women’s rights with the CPS being the most liberal in the Arab world and a pillar of the modernising image of Tunisia.\" (221).</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>",
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            "note": "<p>Comments</p>\n<p>This just discusses the influences that the Europeans had on the reformations of Tunisia's laws. This also discusses Bourguiba and his thoughts about the Western (Or French) presence in Tunisia.</p>",
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