[ { "key": "WRXZX95E", "version": 114, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 90516, "name": "Neogene_enviros", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/90516/items/WRXZX95E", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros/items/WRXZX95E", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 698849, "username": "scastedo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/scastedo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kappelman", "parsedDate": "1988", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "WRXZX95E", "version": 114, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Morphology and locomotor adaptations of the bovid femur in relation to habitat", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John", "lastName": "Kappelman" } ], "abstractNote": "Extant bovids inhabit a wide diversity of environments that range from forest to savanna and display locomotor patterns that are habitat specific. I report here on an investigation of the linkage between these locomotor patterns and habitat based on a study of the morphology of the bovid femur. Femoral head shape, shaft dimensions, and knee structure are examined and support a statistically significant separation of the different morphological complexes present in bovids from forest, broken cover, and savanna habitats. Morphological differences are primarily related to locomotor patterns as reflected in the degree of cursoriality displayed by bovids in different habitats. Cursorial bovids from savanna environments have laterally expanded femoral heads that act to limit the degree of abduction and axial rotation at the hip, and elliptically shaped distal femora that increase the moment arm of the extensor muscles that cross the knee. Forest bovids have spherically shaped femoral heads. This morphology permits a much higher degree of abduction and axial rotation at the hip and appears to provide greater maneuverability in a vegetationally complex habitat. Bovids living in broken cover environments that fall between the extremes of closed canopy forest and savanna display an intermediate set of femoral characters. This approach to the relationship between habitat and locomotion offers a potentially powerful means with which to examine the interplay between structural form and function in bovid evolution.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Morphology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1988", "volume": "198", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "119–130", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1002/jmor.1051980111", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmor.1051980111/abstract", "accessDate": "2012-09-25T22:13:25Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1097-4687", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Copyright © 1988 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-25T22:13:25Z", "dateModified": "2016-01-01T23:44:04Z" } }, { "key": "82WFPVIB", "version": 113, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 90516, "name": "Neogene_enviros", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/90516/items/82WFPVIB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros/items/82WFPVIB", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/90516/items/3X26PB98", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 698849, "username": "scastedo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/scastedo", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "82WFPVIB", "version": 113, "parentItem": "3X26PB98", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2014-04-24T21:08:43Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/science/article/pii/S0031018204000495", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S0031018204000495.html", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-04-24T21:08:43Z", "dateModified": "2014-04-24T21:08:43Z" } }, { "key": "3X26PB98", "version": 113, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 90516, "name": "Neogene_enviros", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/90516/items/3X26PB98", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros/items/3X26PB98", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 698849, "username": "scastedo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/scastedo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bobe and Behrensmeyer", "parsedDate": "2004-05-20", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "3X26PB98", "version": 113, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The expansion of grassland ecosystems in Africa in relation to mammalian evolution and the origin of the genus Homo", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "René", "lastName": "Bobe" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Anna K.", "lastName": "Behrensmeyer" } ], "abstractNote": "The relationship between climatic change and human evolution can be framed in terms of three major hypotheses. A modern version of the long-held savanna hypothesis posits that the expansion of grassland ecosystems in Africa was driven by global climatic change and led to the divergence of hominins from the apes and to the origin of the Homo clade. A related idea suggests that hominins originated in the late Miocene, and Homo in the late Pliocene, as constituents of broader pulses of faunal turnover synchronized by episodes of global climatic change. A more recent concept, the variability selection hypothesis, emphasizes the importance of fluctuating climates and environments, rather than any single trend, in shaping human adaptation and evolution. Here we evaluate these ideas for the Plio-Pleistocene in light of new analyses of fossil mammals from the Turkana Basin of Kenya and Ethiopia. Our results show that between 4 and 1 Ma (million years ago), there were profound faunal changes in the Turkana Basin. The most important of these changes include significant shifts in the abundance of the common families of mammals, episodes of high faunal turnover, and an increase in the number and abundance of species that show adaptations to grassland ecosystems. Episodes of relatively high faunal turnover occurred in the intervals 3.4–3.2, 2.8–2.6, 2.4–2.2, and 2.0–1.8 Ma. Paranthropus and Homo appear in the Turkana Basin during successive intervals of high turnover at 2.8–2.6 and at 2.4–2.2 Ma, while the appearance of Homo erectus is coupled to a major episode of turnover and grassland expansion after 2 Ma. Thus, there was not a single turnover pulse of relevance to late Pliocene hominins, but multiple events that successively led to the appearance of Paranthropus, early Homo, and H. erectus. Our results also show evidence of large-scale, 100 ky-periodicity shifts in the fauna beginning at 2.5 Ma, during the time that Homo and lithic artifacts first appear in the Turkana Basin, lending support to the variability selection hypothesis [Science 273 (1996) 922; Potts R., 1996b. Humanity's Descent: The Consequences of Ecological Instability. Avon Books, New York.] during the latest Pliocene. The savanna hypothesis may not explain the divergence of hominins from other apes, but it could be correct in stressing the importance of grasslands to the early evolution of Homo. The fundamental importance of grasslands may lie in the complexity and heterogeneity they added to the range of habitats available to the early species of the genus Homo. The turnover pulse hypothesis [Vrba, E.S., 1988. Late Pliocene climatic events and hominid evolution. In: Grine, F.E (Ed.). Evolutionary History of the “Robust” Australopithecines. Aldine, New York, pp. 405–426; Vrba, E.S., 1995. The fossil record of African antelopes (Mammalia, Bovidae) in relation to human evolution and paleoclimate. In: Vrba, E.S., Denton, G.H., Partridge, T.C., Burckle, L.H. (Eds.). Paleoclimate and Evolution, with Emphasis on Human Origins. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, pp. 385–424.] may be correct in linking critical events in human evolution to broader pulses of faunal change ultimately driven by climate, but our results show that any such link is complex, with at least four rather than one pulse of change during the Pliocene and early Pleistocene of the Turkana Basin.", "publicationTitle": "Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 20, 2004", "volume": "207", "issue": "3–4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "399-420", "series": "Evolution of grass-dominated ecosystems during the late Cenozoic Session at the North American Paleontological Convention, 2001", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology", "DOI": "10.1016/j.palaeo.2003.09.033", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018204000495", "accessDate": "2014-04-24T21:08:39Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0031-0182", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Faunal change", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Grasslands", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Homo", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Lower Omo valley", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Paranthropus", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Plio-Pleistocene hominins", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Turkana basin", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-04-24T21:08:39Z", "dateModified": "2014-04-24T21:08:39Z" } }, { "key": "W53TCC6Z", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 90516, "name": "Neogene_enviros", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/90516/items/W53TCC6Z", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros/items/W53TCC6Z", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1009748, "username": "adkemp", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adkemp", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kohn and Cerling", "parsedDate": "2002-01-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "W53TCC6Z", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Stable Isotope Compositions of Biological Apatite", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Matthew J.", "lastName": "Kohn" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thure E.", "lastName": "Cerling" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "01/01/2002", "volume": "48", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "455-488", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry", "DOI": "10.2138/rmg.2002.48.12", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://rimg.geoscienceworld.org/content/48/1/455", "accessDate": "2012-10-01T00:43:55Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1529-6466,", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "rimg.geoscienceworld.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-10-01T00:43:55Z", "dateModified": "2012-10-01T00:43:55Z" } }, { "key": "C8E5R2FT", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 90516, "name": "Neogene_enviros", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/90516/items/C8E5R2FT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros/items/C8E5R2FT", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/90516/items/W53TCC6Z", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1009748, "username": "adkemp", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adkemp", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "C8E5R2FT", "version": 1, "parentItem": "W53TCC6Z", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2012-10-01T00:43:55Z", "url": "http://rimg.geoscienceworld.org/content/48/1/455.short", "note": "", "contentType": "", "charset": "", "filename": "455.html", "md5": "c52c0acf2a0caeca0e99ffd5d0d19f1b", "mtime": 1349052235000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-10-01T00:43:55Z", "dateModified": "2012-10-01T00:43:55Z" } }, { "key": "ISDZXUFE", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 90516, "name": "Neogene_enviros", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/90516/items/ISDZXUFE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros/items/ISDZXUFE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 698849, "username": "scastedo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/scastedo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bobe and Anna K. Behrensmeyer", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ISDZXUFE", "version": 1, "itemType": "document", "title": "The Turkana Database: A Resource for Paleobiological Analysis of African Mio-Pleistocene Faunas", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "René", "lastName": "Bobe" }, { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Anna K. Behrensmeyer" } ], "abstractNote": "", "type": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-30T23:19:33Z", "dateModified": "2012-09-30T23:19:33Z" } }, { "key": "9PWEWJHZ", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 90516, "name": "Neogene_enviros", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/90516/items/9PWEWJHZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros/items/9PWEWJHZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 698849, "username": "scastedo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/scastedo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lyman and Lyman", "parsedDate": "2003", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "9PWEWJHZ", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Lessons from temporal variation in the mammalian faunas from two collections of owl pellets in Columbia County, Washington", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R. L.", "lastName": "Lyman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R. J.", "lastName": "Lyman" } ], "abstractNote": "Collections of owl pellets deposited before and after a change in nearby habitats from producing wheat fields only to producing wheat fields and a patchy grass field were obtained from Columbia County, southeastern Washington. Pellets deposited before the change contained more than three times as many deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) as montane vole (Microtus montanus); pellets deposited after the change contained more than three times as many voles (M. montanus, M. longicaudus) as deer mice. The change in the ratio of deer mice to voles mirrors changes in rodent faunas in nearby areas caused by altered agricultural practices and resulting changes in vegetation. Because biologists correctly suggest the change in prey ratios could reflect variation in predation behaviours or prey availability, it is apparent that multiple lines of evidence are necessary to establish that changes in rodent faunas reflect changes in habitats. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "publicationTitle": "International Journal of Osteoarchaeology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2003", "volume": "13", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "150–156", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1002/oa.669", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/oa.669/abstract", "accessDate": "2012-09-27T21:19:51Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1099-1212", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Washington", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "barn owl", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "owl pellets", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "palaeoenvironments", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "rodent fauna", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-27T21:19:51Z", "dateModified": "2012-09-30T23:03:19Z" } }, { "key": "2RMTBA6R", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 90516, "name": "Neogene_enviros", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/90516/items/2RMTBA6R", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros/items/2RMTBA6R", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 698849, "username": "scastedo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/scastedo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Evans et al.", "parsedDate": "1981-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "2RMTBA6R", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Palaeoecology of Miocene sites in Western Kenya", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E.M. Nesbit", "lastName": "Evans" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Judith A.H.", "lastName": "Van Couvering" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peter", "lastName": "Andrews" } ], "abstractNote": "The palaeoecology of the Miocene sites of Western Kenya is reviewed. Because fossil floras are usually not preserved the evidence on palaeoecology is mostly obtained from the fossil faunas. These are analysed by five methods: analysis of indicator species, habitat spectra, taxonomic habitat indices, ecological diversity analyses, and socio-ecology. The results indicate that the Songhor fauna was probably derived from forest habitat close to the place of deposition. In the Koru area the faunas from the Legetet Formation and the Chamtwara Member of the Kapurtay Agglomerates were similarly derived from forest habitats, but the Koru Formation fauna indicates more open conditions. The Rusinga and Karungu faunas have not been analysed in detail, and as they are associated with flood plain sedimentary environments it is probable that they are biased and not representative of any on living community, although there is some evidence also for forest conditions. This is supported by evidence from the fossil flora of Rusinga. Two Middle Miocene faunas from Maboko and Fort Ternan both indicate the presence of woodland or woodland savanna habitats, suggesting a major ecological shift from the faunal habitat of the Early Miocene.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Human Evolution", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 1981", "volume": "10", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "99-116", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Human Evolution", "DOI": "10.1016/S0047-2484(81)80027-9", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248481800279", "accessDate": "2012-09-30T19:49:16Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0047-2484", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "ecological spectra", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "indicator species", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "mammalian communities", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "palaeoenvironments", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-30T19:49:16Z", "dateModified": "2012-09-30T23:03:19Z" } }, { "key": "XF3HBWZI", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 90516, "name": "Neogene_enviros", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/90516/items/XF3HBWZI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros/items/XF3HBWZI", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 698849, "username": "scastedo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/scastedo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Andrews et al.", "parsedDate": "1979-03-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "XF3HBWZI", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Patterns of ecological diversity in fossil and modern mammalian faunas", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peter", "lastName": "Andrews" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.M.", "lastName": "Lord" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Elizabeth", "lastName": "Evans" } ], "abstractNote": "Ecological diversity provides a means of analysing the community structure of fossil mammalian faunas in order to obtain information on the habitat of the fauna. As a basis for the analysis, 23 modern mammalian communities from distinct habitats have been used to establish patterns of community structure for tropical African habitats according to their species diversity by taxonomic group, size, locomotor zonal adaptation, and feeding adaptation. All the communities tested were in tropical Africa, but additional analyses on tropical forest communities in Australia, Malaya, and Panama have shown that these communities, which all have completely different species composition, nevertheless have community structures very similar to each other and to those of the African forest communities.", "publicationTitle": "Biological Journal of the Linnean Society", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1979/03/01", "volume": "11", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "177-205", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1111/j.1095-8312.1979.tb00034.x", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1979.tb00034.x/abstract", "accessDate": "2011-10-14T18:39:32Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1095-8312", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "ecological diversity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "habitats", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "mammal communities", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "palaeoenvironments", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-30T23:03:01Z", "dateModified": "2012-09-30T23:03:01Z" } }, { "key": "CSUET6BS", "version": 10, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 90516, "name": "Neogene_enviros", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/90516/items/CSUET6BS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros/items/CSUET6BS", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 698849, "username": "scastedo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/scastedo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bobe", "parsedDate": "2011-11-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "CSUET6BS", "version": 10, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Fossil Mammals and Paleoenvironments in the Omo‐Turkana Basin", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "René", "lastName": "Bobe" } ], "abstractNote": "Although best known for its fossil hominins, the Omo-Turkana Basin of Kenya and Ethiopia is the source of one of the best records of vertebrate evolution from the Late Cenozoic of Africa. Located near the heart of the East African Rift Valley, the basin serves as an important frame of reference for the continent. The fossil record from this region plays a key role in our efforts to understand the environmental and ecological context of human evolution in Africa. The Omo-Turkana faunal data shed light on key questions of human evolution: What kinds of environments did early humans inhabit? How did these environments change over time? What is the relationship between faunal change in East Africa and broader patterns of climatic change? © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "publicationTitle": "Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2011/11/01", "volume": "20", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "254-263", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1002/evan.20330", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/evan.20330/abstract", "accessDate": "2012-03-28T19:41:51Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1520-6505", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "onlinelibrary.wiley.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Copyright © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Early Pleistocene", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Late Miocene", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pliocene", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "faunal analysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "paleoecology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "pres1" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-24T18:13:31Z", "dateModified": "2012-09-30T22:25:07Z" } }, { "key": "98BIZNFT", "version": 5, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 90516, "name": "Neogene_enviros", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/90516/items/98BIZNFT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros/items/98BIZNFT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 698849, "username": "scastedo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/scastedo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "DeGusta and Vrba", "parsedDate": "2005-07", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "98BIZNFT", "version": 5, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Methods for inferring paleohabitats from discrete traits of the bovid postcranial skeleton", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "DeGusta" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Elisabeth", "lastName": "Vrba" } ], "abstractNote": "Various “ecomorphological” methods exist for using the functional morphology of bovid postcranial remains to reconstruct paleohabitats. Most such methods use measurements, but both Gentry [The Bovidae (Mammalia) of the Fort Ternan fossil fauna, in: L.S.B. Leakey, R.J.G. Savage (Eds.), Fossil Vertebrates of Africa, vol. 2, Academic Press, London, 1970, pp. 243–323] and Köhler [Skeleton and Habitat of Recent and Fossil Ruminants, Münchner Geowissenschaftliche Abdhandlungen 25 (1993) 1–88] have identified numerous discrete (non-metric) traits of the bovid postcranial skeleton that are said to be indicative of habitat preference. However, these traits have not been systematically tested on a modern bovid sample. We report here such a test. Eighty-six non-metric characters were evaluated using a sample of modern African bovids (n = 197). Of the 86 characters, 48 were either insufficiently defined or exhibited too much intra-individual variation to be potentially indicative of habitat. Two characters were invariant in the sample. Of the remaining 36 characters, 11 were sufficiently correlated with habitat preference (Cramer's V > 0.5) to be of some potential use in reconstructing paleohabitats. These characters are primarily concentrated on the phalanges, and provide a means by which fragmentary phalanges can be used for habitat reconstruction, albeit at a broad level of resolution (open or closed habitat). The estimated accuracy of these methods is greater than 80%. Their use on fragmentary remains may lessen the bias introduced by basing habitat reconstructions on more complete fossils.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Archaeological Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "July 2005", "volume": "32", "issue": "7", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1115-1123", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jas.2005.02.011", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440305000518", "accessDate": "2012-04-30T17:31:10Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0305-4403", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Bovidae", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ecological morphology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Locomotor behavior", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Non-metric traits", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "paleoecology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "paleoenvironment", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-24T18:16:16Z", "dateModified": "2012-09-30T22:25:07Z" } }, { "key": "W85QHIQS", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 90516, "name": "Neogene_enviros", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/90516/items/W85QHIQS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros/items/W85QHIQS", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 698849, "username": "scastedo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/scastedo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kingston", "parsedDate": "2007-01-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "W85QHIQS", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Shifting adaptive landscapes: Progress and challenges in reconstructing early hominid environments", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John D", "lastName": "Kingston" } ], "abstractNote": "Since Darwin situated humans in an evolutionary framework, much discussion has focused on environmental factors that may have shaped or influenced the course of human evolution. Developing adaptive or causal perspectives on the morphological and behavioral variability documented in the human fossil record requires establishing a comprehensive paleoenvironmental context. Reconstructing environments in the past, however, is a complex undertaking, requiring assimilation of diverse datasets of varying quality, scale, and relevance. In response to these difficulties, human evolution has traditionally been interpreted in a somewhat generalized framework, characterized primarily by increasing aridity and seasonality periodically punctuated by pulses or intervals of environmental change, inferred largely from global climatic records. Although these broad paradigms provide useful heuristic approaches for interpreting human evolution, the spatiotemporal resolution remains far too coarse to develop unambiguous causal links. This challenge has become more acute as the emerging paleoenvironmental evidence from equatorial Africa is revealing a complex pattern of habitat heterogeneity and persistent ecological flux throughout the interval of human evolution. In addition, recent discoveries have revealed significant taxonomic diversity and substantially increased the geographic and temporal range of early hominids. These findings raise further questions regarding the role of the environment in mediating or directing the course of human evolution. As a consequence, it is imperative to critically assess the environmental criteria on which many theories and hypotheses of human evolution hinge. The goals here are to 1) compile, review, and evaluate relevant paleoecological datasets from equatorial Africa spanning the last 10 Ma, 2) develop a hierarchical perspective for developing and evaluating hypotheses linking paleoecology to patterns and processes in early hominid evolution, and 3) suggest a conceptual framework for modeling and interpreting environmental data relevant to human evolution in equatorial Africa. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 50:20–58, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "publicationTitle": "American Journal of Physical Anthropology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2007/01/01", "volume": "134", "issue": "S45", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "20-58", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1002/ajpa.20733", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.20733/abstract", "accessDate": "2011-10-03T19:45:53Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1096-8644", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Shifting adaptive landscapes", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Africa", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "human evolution", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "paleoecology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "paleoenvironment", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "pres1" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-24T18:28:22Z", "dateModified": "2012-09-30T22:25:07Z" } }, { "key": "C54C3T5Q", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 90516, "name": "Neogene_enviros", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/90516/items/C54C3T5Q", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros/items/C54C3T5Q", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1009748, "username": "adkemp", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/adkemp", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Cerling et al.", "parsedDate": "2011", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "C54C3T5Q", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Stable Isotope Ecology in the Omo-Turkana Basin", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thure E.", "lastName": "Cerling" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Naomi E.", "lastName": "Levin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Benjamin H.", "lastName": "Passey" } ], "abstractNote": "Stable isotopes provide an independent assessment of paleoenvironments in the Omo-Turkana Basin. Stable isotopes track the flow of oxygen and carbon through ecosystems and accordingly are not directly related to changes in mammalian faunal composition or sedimentology. Therefore, isotope studies give insight into the paleoenvironmental conditions in which human evolutionary trends have been recorded. The development of stable isotopes as indicators of continental environmental conditions has proceeded in parallel with questions about the conditions of human environment. What was the vegetation? How hot was it? How dry? What were the diets of animals living among early humans? And most persistently, how important were “savannas” to early hominids? In this review, we take the opportunity to provide extensive background on the use of isotopes in anthropological sites. The application of stable isotope ecology to anthropological sites in the Turkana Basin has a long history, but in many ways the Omo-Turkana Basin has been a proving ground for the development of new proxy methods for understanding tropical terrestrial environments in the Neogene and Quaternary. For that reason, we also describe some of the fundamental aspects of isotope ecology that developed outside the field of paleoanthropology. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "publicationTitle": "Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2011", "volume": "20", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "228–237", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1002/evan.20326", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/evan.20326/abstract", "accessDate": "2012-09-30T20:48:44Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1520-6505", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Copyright © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "C3", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "C4", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "hominin", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "paleoanthropology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "paleoenvironment", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "stable isotopes", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-30T21:21:32Z", "dateModified": "2012-09-30T22:25:07Z" } }, { "key": "6T8QX447", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 90516, "name": "Neogene_enviros", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/90516/items/6T8QX447", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros/items/6T8QX447", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 698849, "username": "scastedo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/scastedo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kappelman", "parsedDate": "1991-02", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "6T8QX447", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The paleoenvironment ofKenyapithecus at Fort Ternan", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John", "lastName": "Kappelman" } ], "abstractNote": "The fossil locality of Fort Ternan, Kenya, preserves the remains of the middle Miocene hominoidKenyapithecus wickeri, and a reconstruction of the paleoenvironment of this site offers important information about the range of habitats available to this species. Bovids are the most abundant mammals at Fort Ternan. Understanding their habitat preferences provides a basis for reconstructing the paleoenvironment. I present here a study of the morphology of the bovid hind limb that demonstrates a functional linkage between several femoral characters and habitat type as these features relate to locomotion. The majority of bovids living today in savannas are highly cursorial. These species possess a laterally expanded femoral head that limits hind limb movements to the parasagittal plane, and an elliptically shaped patellar groove that provides a large moment arm for the muscles of extension. Forest bovids have a more spherically shaped femoral head that facilitates a high degree of hip abduction and axial rotation. This morphology aids locomotion across the complexly structured substrate of the forest floor. Bovids from broken cover or woodland habitats display intermediate morphologies. A discriminant function analysis that uses the femoral characters to predict habitat type demonstrates a statistically significant separation among a large sample of extant bovids from forest, woodland, and savanna. This study provides a sound basis for interpreting the locomotor adaptations of fossil bovids. The bovids from Fort Ternan display a set of intermediate morphologies most similar to those of extant woodland bovids. The Chinji Formation of Pakistan contains the middle Miocene hominoidSivapithecus and a parallel analysis of the fossil bovids from these sediments shows that they are most similar to extant forest bovids. This contrast in paleoenvironments suggests thatKenyapithecus andSivapithecus may have lived in different paleoecological settings. Establishing the relationship between the dietary and locomotor adaptations of these two species and the specific nature of their paleoenvironments has important implications for understanding the course of later hominoid evolution.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Human Evolution", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "February 1991", "volume": "20", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "95-129", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Human Evolution", "DOI": "10.1016/0047-2484(91)90053-X", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/004724849190053X", "accessDate": "2012-09-25T22:11:09Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0047-2484", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Kenyapithecus", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "bovids", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "functional morphology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "hominoid evolution", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "middle Miocene", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "paleoecology", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-25T22:11:09Z", "dateModified": "2012-09-30T22:25:07Z" } }, { "key": "HVGEHS3D", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 90516, "name": "Neogene_enviros", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/90516/items/HVGEHS3D", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros/items/HVGEHS3D", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 698849, "username": "scastedo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/scastedo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Plummer et al.", "parsedDate": "2008-11", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "HVGEHS3D", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Habitat preference of extant African bovids based on astragalus morphology: operationalizing ecomorphology for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas W.", "lastName": "Plummer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Laura C.", "lastName": "Bishop" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Fritz", "lastName": "Hertel" } ], "abstractNote": "The habitat preferences of fauna found at palaeontological and archaeological sites can be used to investigate ancient environments and hominin habitat preferences. Here we present a discriminant function model linking astragalus morphology to four broadly defined habitat categories (open, light cover, heavy cover, and closed) using modern bovids of known ecology. Twenty-four measurements were taken on a sample of 286 astragali from 36 extant African antelope species. These measurements were used to generate ratios reflecting shape. An 11 variable discriminant function model was developed that had high classification success rates for complete astragali. Resubstitution analysis, jackknife analysis, and the classification of several “test samples” of specimens suggest that the predictive accuracy of this model is around 87%. The total classification success rates of 87% (jackknifed) or 93% (resubstitution) are considerably higher than those derived in another study of bovid astragalus ecomorphology (67%; [DeGusta, D., Vrba, E.S., 2003. A method for inferring palaeohabitats from the functional morphology of bovid astragali. J. Archaeol. Sci. 30, 1009–1022]) that used a more limited measurement scheme and a smaller sample of bovids than the present study. Different approaches to operationalizing ecomorphic analyses are considered in order to best extract accurate palaeoenvironmental information from palaeontological and archaeological datasets.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Archaeological Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "November 2008", "volume": "35", "issue": "11", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "3016-3027", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Archaeological Science", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jas.2008.06.015", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440308001453", "accessDate": "2012-09-24T22:28:34Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0305-4403", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Habitat preference of extant African bovids based on astragalus morphology", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Astragalus", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Bovidae", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ecomorphology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Taphonomy", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-24T22:28:34Z", "dateModified": "2012-09-30T22:25:07Z" } }, { "key": "UJ2M93VD", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 90516, "name": "Neogene_enviros", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/90516/items/UJ2M93VD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros/items/UJ2M93VD", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/90516/items/AIRT47ZH", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 698849, "username": "scastedo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/scastedo", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "UJ2M93VD", "version": 2, "parentItem": "AIRT47ZH", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2012-09-30T22:24:48Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440302002868", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S0305440302002868.html", "md5": "81c3effd48d9be715ac0b1007cdeb49d", "mtime": 1349043888000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-30T22:24:48Z", "dateModified": "2012-09-30T22:24:48Z" } }, { "key": "XRKXVATS", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 90516, "name": "Neogene_enviros", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/90516/items/XRKXVATS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros/items/XRKXVATS", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/90516/items/AIRT47ZH", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 698849, "username": "scastedo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/scastedo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "XRKXVATS", "version": 2, "parentItem": "AIRT47ZH", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2012-09-30T22:24:43Z", "url": "http://pdn.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MiamiImageURL&_cid=272428&_user=108429&_pii=S0305440302002868&_check=y&_origin=article&_zone=toolbar&_coverDate=31-Aug-2003&view=c&originContentFamily=serial&wchp=dGLzVBA-zSkzk&md5=30140a66312e7f6cc2f7cf778b69a4af&pid=1-s2.0-S0305440302002868-main.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "DeGusta and Vrba - 2003 - A method for inferring paleohabitats from the func.pdf", "md5": "fd5a4ad61e57d65801caecc5ef86eab2", "mtime": 1349043884000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-30T22:24:43Z", "dateModified": "2012-09-30T22:24:44Z" } }, { "key": "AIRT47ZH", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 90516, "name": "Neogene_enviros", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/90516/items/AIRT47ZH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros/items/AIRT47ZH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 698849, "username": "scastedo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/scastedo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "DeGusta and Vrba", "parsedDate": "2003-08", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "AIRT47ZH", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A method for inferring paleohabitats from the functional morphology of bovid astragali", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "DeGusta" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Elisabeth", "lastName": "Vrba" } ], "abstractNote": "The functional morphology of bovid postcranial fossils can be used to infer paleoenvironments, an approach often labeled ‘ecomorphology’. Such techniques have some advantages over taxon-based methods of inferring paleoenvironments (e.g. they do not assume stasis in a lineage's habitat preference over evolutionary time). Current methods for predicting habitat preference from bovid postcrania are restricted to femora and metapodials, whose preservation is often limited. We describe here a method for predicting paleohabitats using measurements of bovid astragali. The astragalus method correctly predicted the habitat preference for 146 of 218 modern bovid specimens (67%, 2.7 times better than chance; p<0.0001). This accuracy compares well with that of femur and metapodial methods (1.8–3.4 times better than chance). In addition, analysis of the probabilities associated with the habitat predictions allows a confidence threshold to be established that identifies specific predictions which have <5% chance of being in error. This raises the effective accuracy of the method to 95%. Extensive exploration and manipulation of the underlying data demonstrate that the habitat predictions are generally robust, and are relatively independent of body weight, taxonomy, and sample composition. The accuracy of this method and its broad applicability make it a useful addition to the existing array of techniques for inferring past environments.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Archaeological Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "August 2003", "volume": "30", "issue": "8", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1009-1022", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Archaeological Science", "DOI": "10.1016/S0305-4403(02)00286-8", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440302002868", "accessDate": "2012-09-30T22:24:43Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0305-4403", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Bovidae", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ecological morphology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Locomotor behavior", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Morphometrics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "paleoecology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "paleoenvironment", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-30T22:24:43Z", "dateModified": "2012-09-30T22:24:43Z" } }, { "key": "6777XSTC", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 90516, "name": "Neogene_enviros", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/90516/items/6777XSTC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros/items/6777XSTC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 698849, "username": "scastedo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/scastedo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Barr", "parsedDate": "2012", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "6777XSTC", "version": 3, "itemType": "presentation", "title": "Ecomorphology in a phylogenetic statistical context: a case study using the bovid femur.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "presenter", "firstName": "W. Andrew", "lastName": "Barr" } ], "abstractNote": "Antelopes (family Bovidae) are invaluable paleoecological indicators because many species have narrowly constrained habitat preferences. Ecomorphology is a method designed to predict function (e.g., habitat preference) from form (e.g., femoral measurements) without relying on taxonomic identifications. Ecomorphology is “taxonomy- free” in this limited sense, but it is not phylogeny-free. Researchers create predictive models using living species, which are interrelated in a phylogenetic hierarchy. Robust functional inferences can only be made using methods which account for this shared phylogenetic heritage.\nThis case study applies phylogenetic statistical methods to bovid ecomorphology. The published data set (Kappelman 1991. Journal of Human Evolution 20:95-129) consists of seven femoral metrics from 195 individuals belonging to 40 species. Two questions are addressed: (1) Are functional hypotheses regarding trait differences between habitat groups robust to phylogeny? (2) Do habitat classifications change when phylogeny is considered in Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA)?\nSix of seven metrics differ significantly among habitat groups in a non-phylogenetic ANOV A framework (p<<.01). In a phylogenetic framework (PGLS) four of seven metrics retain a significant difference. Proximal femoral characters have more phylogenetically robust functional signals than distal femoral characters. Non-phylogenetic DFA on species means resulted in a classification success of 75%. Phylogenetic DFA resulted in 67.5% classification success. This case study quantitatively demonstrates what has been suggested elsewhere; the anatomical differences between antelopes with different habitat preferences are phylogenetically structured. Thus, phylogeny is a potentially confounding variable that must considered in ecomorphological studies. Methods for implementing phylogenetic ecomorphology are discussed.", "presentationType": "Podium presentation", "date": "2012", "meetingName": "81st Annual Meeting of the AAPA", "place": "Portland, OR", "series": "", "sessionTitle": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.22032/abstract", "accessDate": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-30T22:16:51Z", "dateModified": "2012-09-30T22:22:25Z" } }, { "key": "TWXGQ6X3", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 90516, "name": "Neogene_enviros", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/90516/items/TWXGQ6X3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros/items/TWXGQ6X3", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { 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"ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-09-24T18:35:33Z", "dateModified": "2012-09-30T21:58:17Z" } }, { "key": "V66DTNW6", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 90516, "name": "Neogene_enviros", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/90516/items/V66DTNW6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/neogene_enviros/items/V66DTNW6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 698849, "username": "scastedo", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/scastedo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Behrensmeyer et al.", "parsedDate": "2000", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": 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