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This Special Issue presents the first pan-tropical synthesis of research on the prospects for biodiversity in such systems, with eight individual regional summaries covering Mesoamerica, Amazonia, Atlantic forest of South America, West Africa, Madagascar, Western Ghats, Southeast Asia and Oceania. Two additional papers compare the state of conservation science in tropical forests with both temperate forests and savannah systems. This overview paper provides a comparative analysis of the threats and opportunities facing tropical forest biodiversity, thereby helping to identify the most pressing areas of future research and region-specific factors that contribute towards the effectiveness of individual conservation initiatives. While many of the threats facing tropical forest biodiversity are commonplace they vary markedly in their relative importance across different regions. There is a critical lack of comparable data to understand scale dependent processes, or the relative importance of varying geographic and historical contexts in determining present-day patterns. Conservation science has a key role to play in safeguarding the future of tropical forest biodiversity, but needs to become more effectively embedded in the context of real-world conservation challenges and opportunities. Significant progress can be achieved by improving the cost-effectiveness of research as well as the exchange of ideas and data amongst scientists working in different, often isolated parts of the world. We hope this special issue goes some way top achieving this exchange of knowledge. 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There are many important similarities but also key differences in the kinds of work conducted on these four kinds of landscape change in tropical and temperate forests. For example, direct studies of the effects of forest conversion on biodiversity are relatively rare in both tropical and temperate ecosystems. Temperate forest research differs from tropical research in terms of relative amount of single species work, long-term studies, and research at scales spanning multiple landscapes. There are key areas for cross-fertilization of research in tropical and temperate forest biomes. These include: (1) the ability of species to persist in post-disturbed forest landscapes, including those perturbed by past clearing, logging or wildfire, (2) the impacts of plantation establishment on biodiversity, (3) the effectiveness of altered silvicultural systems on forest structure, vegetation composition, and biota, and (4) inter-relationships between forest logging and fire-proneness. Cross-learning about the impacts of drivers of landscape change between tropical and temperate forests is fundamental for speeding the progress of conservation efforts in both broad kinds of environments. However, some opportunities for cross-learning have not been taken because temperate and tropical forest research has often sometimes been isolated from one another. Some approaches to tackle this problem are briefly outlined. 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It has long been suggested that rapid forest loss and degradation in the tropics, if unabated, could ultimately precipitate a wave of species extinctions, perhaps comparable to mass extinction events in the geological history of the Earth. However, a vigorous debate has erupted following a study by Wright and Muller-Landau that challenges the notion of large-scale tropical extinctions, at least over the next century. Here, I summarize this controversy and describe how the debate is stimulating a serious examination of the causes and biological consequences of future tropical deforestation.", "publicationTitle": "Trends in Ecology & Evolution", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "February 2007", "volume": "22", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "65-70", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Trends in Ecology & Evolution", "DOI": "10.1016/j.tree.2006.09.014", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534706003077", "accessDate": "2012-10-04T03:09:06Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0169-5347", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "This article looks at whether loss of biodiversity in tropical areas will actually be a problem in the next century. Laurance summarizes the debate about whether or not there will be mass extinctions of species in the tropics. He largely draws upon a study done by Wright and Muller-Landau that shows that mass extinction of tropical biodiversity will not occur. Wright and Muller-Landau base this belief off of two sets of data they collect. The first shows that rural density highly affects percent of forest cover, and the second shows that rural populations are projected to level off while urban populations are expected to expand. Thus, the leveling off of rural populations correlates with a leveling off of deforestation rates. 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Appeal of community-based natural resource management; Reconciling private and social incentives in management designs; Understanding the properties of institutions in an effort to uncover weaknesses; Commitments of financial and technical assistance which are necessary to establish or rehabilitate conservation programs.", "publicationTitle": "BioScience", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "June 2001", "volume": "51", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "497", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "BioScience", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "00063568", "archive": "eih", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "EBSCOhost", "callNumber": "4845594", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "ZVB988QD" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-10-04T03:05:45Z", "dateModified": "2012-10-04T03:05:45Z" } }, { "key": "Z9KJHG5E", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 89440, "name": "Conservation of Biodiverisy in the Tropics", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservation_of_biodiverisy_in_the_tropics", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/89440/items/Z9KJHG5E", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservation_of_biodiverisy_in_the_tropics/items/Z9KJHG5E", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/89440/items/ETGAKWRX", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 911998, "username": "elibaginski", "name": "Eli Baginski", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/elibaginski", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "Z9KJHG5E", "version": 2, "parentItem": "ETGAKWRX", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "JSTOR Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2012-10-03T04:39:50Z", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2404743.pdf?acceptTC=true", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Turner - 1996 - Species Loss in Fragments of Tropical Rain Forest.pdf", "md5": "83a3cb0b170a29dc997be7b462710805", "mtime": 1349239196000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-10-03T04:39:50Z", "dateModified": "2012-10-03T04:39:56Z" } }, { "key": "ETGAKWRX", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 89440, "name": "Conservation of Biodiverisy in the Tropics", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservation_of_biodiverisy_in_the_tropics", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/89440/items/ETGAKWRX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/conservation_of_biodiverisy_in_the_tropics/items/ETGAKWRX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 911998, "username": "elibaginski", "name": "Eli Baginski", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/elibaginski", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Turner", "parsedDate": "1996-04-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "ETGAKWRX", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Species Loss in Fragments of Tropical Rain Forest: A Review of the Evidence", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "I. M.", "lastName": "Turner" } ], "abstractNote": "1. A review of the literature shows that in nearly all cases tropical rain forest fragmentation has led to a local loss of species. Isolated fragments suffer reductions in species richness with time after excision from continuous forest, and small fragments often have fewer species recorded for the same effort of observation than large fragments or areas of continuous forest. 2. Birds have been the most frequently studied taxonomic group with respect to the effects of tropical forest fragmentation. 3. The mechanisms of fragmentation-related extinction include the deleterious effects of human disturbance during and after deforestation, the reduction of population sizes, the reduction of immigration rates, forest edge effects, changes in community structure (second- and higher-order effects) and the immigration of exotic species. 4. The relative importance of these mechanisms remains obscure. 5. Animals that are large, sparsely or patchily distributed, or very specialized and intolerant of the vegetation surrounding fragments, are particularly prone to local extinction. 6. The large number of indigenous species that are very sparsely distributed and intolerant of conditions outside the forest make evergreen tropical rain forest particularly susceptible to species loss through fragmentation. 7. Much more research is needed to study what is probably the major threat to global biodiversity.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Applied Ecology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "April 1, 1996", "volume": "33", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "200-209", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Applied Ecology", "DOI": "10.2307/2404743", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/2404743", "accessDate": "2012-10-03T04:39:50Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0021-8901", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Species Loss in Fragments of Tropical Rain Forest", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Copyright © 1996 British Ecological Society", "extra": "ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Apr., 1996 / Copyright © 1996 British Ecological Society", "tags": [], "collections": [ "ZVB988QD" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-10-03T04:39:50Z", "dateModified": "2012-10-03T04:39:50Z" } } ]