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The method is also useful in situations where accurate indications of EEG signal power and frequency content are needed.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Neuroscience Methods", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "July 15, 2001", "volume": "108", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "11-17", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Neuroscience Methods", "DOI": "10.1016/S0165-0270(01)00366-1", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165027001003661", "accessDate": "2013-01-29T23:36:50Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0165-0270", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Asphyxia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Electrocardiogram interference", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Electroencephalogram", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Independent component analysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rat", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-01-29T23:36:50Z", "dateModified": "2013-01-29T23:36:50Z" } }, { "key": "HRRVNZQE", "version": 5, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 89243, "name": "BME3080_Group9", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bme3080_group9", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/89243/items/HRRVNZQE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bme3080_group9/items/HRRVNZQE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 899892, "username": "lanahoang", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lanahoang", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Chudler", "parsedDate": "2012", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "HRRVNZQE", "version": 5, "itemType": "presentation", "title": "Brain Facts and Figures", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "presenter", "firstName": "Eric", "lastName": "Chudler" } ], "abstractNote": "", "presentationType": "", "date": "2012, 12 10", "meetingName": "", "place": "University of Washington", "series": "", "sessionTitle": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/facts.html", "accessDate": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "FI6NN83Z" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-12-10T23:50:36Z", "dateModified": "2012-12-10T23:53:35Z" } }, { "key": "42AK8H8W", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 89243, "name": "BME3080_Group9", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bme3080_group9", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/89243/items/42AK8H8W", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bme3080_group9/items/42AK8H8W", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/89243/items/8QFFPNM3", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 899892, "username": "lanahoang", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lanahoang", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "42AK8H8W", "version": 2, "parentItem": "8QFFPNM3", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2012-12-10T23:45:36Z", "url": "http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/51/1/87.full.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Selley et al. - 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1997 - μ-Opioid Receptor-Stimulated Guanosine-5′-O-(γ-thi.html", "md5": "8567b667259879d460b2f8b7a56d45f1", "mtime": 1355183137145, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-12-10T23:46:37Z", "dateModified": "2012-12-10T23:46:37Z" } }, { "key": "8QFFPNM3", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 89243, "name": "BME3080_Group9", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bme3080_group9", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/89243/items/8QFFPNM3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bme3080_group9/items/8QFFPNM3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 899892, "username": "lanahoang", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lanahoang", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Selley et al.", "parsedDate": "1997-01-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "8QFFPNM3", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "μ-Opioid Receptor-Stimulated Guanosine-5′-O-(γ-thio)-triphosphate Binding in Rat Thalamus and Cultured Cell Lines: Signal Transduction Mechanisms Underlying Agonist Efficacy", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dana E.", "lastName": "Selley" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Laura J.", "lastName": "Sim" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ruoyo", "lastName": "Xiao" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Qixu", "lastName": "Liu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Steven R.", "lastName": "Childers" } ], "abstractNote": "G protein activation by different μ-selective opioid agonists was examined in rat thalamus, SK-N-SH cells, and μ-opioid receptor-transfected mMOR-CHO cells using agonist-stimulated guanosine-5′-O-(γ-thio)-triphosphate ([35S]GTPγS) binding to membranes in the presence of excess GDP. [d-Ala2,N-MePhe4,Gly5-ol]Enkephalin (DAMGO) was the most efficacious agonist in rat thalamus and SK-N-SH cells, followed by (in rank order) fentanyl = morphine ≫ buprenorphine. In mMOR-CHO cells expressing a high density of μ receptors, no differences were observed among DAMGO, morphine or fentanyl, but these agonists were more efficacious than buprenorphine, which was more efficacious than levallorphan. In all three systems, efficacy differences were magnified by increasing GDP concentrations, indicating that the activity state of G proteins can affect agonist efficacy. Scatchard analysis of net agonist-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding revealed two major components responsible for agonist efficacy differences. First, differences in theKD values of agonist-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding between high efficacy agonists (DAMGO, fentanyl, and morphine) and classic partial agonists (buprenorphine and levallorphan) were observed in all three systems. Second, differences in the Bmax value of agonist-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding were observed between DAMGO and morphine or fentanyl in rat thalamus and SK-N-SH cells and between the high efficacy agonists and buprenorphine or levallorphan in all three systems. These results suggest that μ-opioid agonist efficacy is determined by the magnitude of the receptor-mediated affinity shift in the binding of GTP (or [35S]GTPγS) versus GDP to the G protein and by the number of G proteins activated per occupied receptor.", "publicationTitle": "Molecular Pharmacology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "01/01/1997", "volume": "51", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "87-96", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Mol Pharmacol", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/51/1/87", "accessDate": "2012-12-10T23:45:32Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": ", 1521-0111 (Online)", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "μ-Opioid Receptor-Stimulated Guanosine-5′-O-(γ-thio)-triphosphate Binding in Rat Thalamus and Cultured Cell Lines", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "molpharm.aspetjournals.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "FI6NN83Z" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-12-10T23:46:37Z", "dateModified": "2012-12-10T23:46:37Z" } }, { "key": "MT353IX5", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 89243, "name": "BME3080_Group9", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bme3080_group9", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/89243/items/MT353IX5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bme3080_group9/items/MT353IX5", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 905579, "username": "lfirey", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lfirey", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Mosbacher et al.", "parsedDate": "1994-11-11", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "MT353IX5", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A molecular determinant for submillisecond desensitization in glutamate receptors", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J", "lastName": "Mosbacher" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R", "lastName": "Schoepfer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H", "lastName": "Monyer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "N", "lastName": "Burnashev" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P H", "lastName": "Seeburg" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J P", "lastName": "Ruppersberg" } ], "abstractNote": "The decay of excitatory postsynaptic currents in central neurons mediated by alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate (AMPA) receptors is likely to be shaped either by receptor desensitization or by offset after removal of glutamate from the synaptic cleft. Native AMPA receptors show desensitization time constants of 1 to about 10 milliseconds, but the underlying molecular determinants of these large differences are unknown. Cloned AMPA receptors carrying the \"flop\" splice variants of glutamate receptor subtype C (GluR-C) and GluR-D are shown to have desensitization time constants of around 1 millisecond, whereas those with the \"flip\" variants are about four times slower. Cerebellar granule cells switch their expression of GluR-D splice variants from mostly flip forms in early stages to predominantly flop forms in the adult rat brain. These findings suggest that rapid desensitization of AMPA receptors can be regulated by the expression and alternative splicing of GluR-D gene transcripts.", "publicationTitle": "Science (New York, N.Y.)", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Nov 11, 1994", "volume": "266", "issue": "5187", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1059-1062", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Science", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0036-8075", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 7973663", "tags": [ { "tag": "Alternative Splicing", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cells, Cultured", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cerebellum", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cloning, Molecular", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Glutamic Acid", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "In Situ Hybridization", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Oocytes", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Patch-Clamp Techniques", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rats", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Receptors, AMPA", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Synaptic Transmission", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Xenopus laevis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "recombinant proteins", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "FI6NN83Z" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-12-09T21:47:44Z", "dateModified": "2012-12-09T21:47:44Z" } }, { "key": "GERR5V22", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 89243, "name": "BME3080_Group9", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bme3080_group9", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/89243/items/GERR5V22", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bme3080_group9/items/GERR5V22", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/89243/items/MT353IX5", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 905579, "username": "lfirey", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lfirey", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "GERR5V22", "version": 1, "parentItem": "MT353IX5", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed Link", "accessDate": "2012-12-09T21:47:44Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7973663", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-12-09T21:47:44Z", "dateModified": "2012-12-09T21:47:44Z" } }, { "key": "XAG8F5QZ", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 89243, "name": "BME3080_Group9", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bme3080_group9", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/89243/items/XAG8F5QZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bme3080_group9/items/XAG8F5QZ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/89243/items/6FIJQKF7", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 899892, "username": "lanahoang", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lanahoang", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "XAG8F5QZ", "version": 2, "parentItem": "6FIJQKF7", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ACS Full Text Snapshot", "accessDate": "2012-12-06T01:14:20Z", "url": "http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/bi0118916", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "bi0118916.html", "md5": "334ed2e9c4d304616e55792b073beec5", "mtime": 1354756462145, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-12-06T01:14:20Z", "dateModified": "2012-12-06T01:14:20Z" } }, { "key": "EMRHDFII", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 89243, "name": "BME3080_Group9", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bme3080_group9", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/89243/items/EMRHDFII", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bme3080_group9/items/EMRHDFII", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/89243/items/6FIJQKF7", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 899892, "username": "lanahoang", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lanahoang", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "EMRHDFII", "version": 2, "parentItem": "6FIJQKF7", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ACS Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2012-12-06T01:14:16Z", "url": "http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/bi0118916", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Li et al. - 2002 - Mechanism of Glutamate Receptor-Channel Function i.pdf", "md5": "e275ac588614e9ccefdc3193c2bca4ec", "mtime": 1354756457729, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-12-06T01:14:16Z", "dateModified": "2012-12-06T01:14:18Z" } }, { "key": "6FIJQKF7", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 89243, "name": "BME3080_Group9", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bme3080_group9", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/89243/items/6FIJQKF7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bme3080_group9/items/6FIJQKF7", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 899892, "username": "lanahoang", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lanahoang", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Li et al.", "parsedDate": "2002-04-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "6FIJQKF7", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Mechanism of Glutamate Receptor-Channel Function in Rat Hippocampal Neurons Investigated Using the Laser-Pulse Photolysis (LaPP) Technique†", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Heyi", "lastName": "Li" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Linda M.", "lastName": "Nowak" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kyle R.", "lastName": "Gee" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "George P.", "lastName": "Hess" } ], "abstractNote": "Ionotropic glutamate receptors are members of a large family of plasma membrane proteins expressed by cells of the nervous system. Upon binding glutamate, the receptors transiently open transmembrane channels that allow the entry of sodium ions. The resulting changes in the transmembrane potential of the cell initiates a process that is involved in signal transmission to another cell. The binding of glutamic acid triggers the channel opening in the microsecond time domain and the reversible inactivation (desensitization) of the receptors in the millisecond time region. The channel-opening mechanism of glutamate receptors was investigated in rat hippocampal neurons voltage-clamped to ?60 mV at room temperature and pH 7.4. Two rapid chemical reaction techniques were used:? (1) a cell-flow method with a 4?10 ms time resolution to apply l-glutamate and (2) a laser-pulse photolysis technique to release glutamate from ?-O-(α-carboxy-2-nitrobenzyl)glutamate (αCNB-caged l-glutamate) with a time constant of 30 ?s. The rate and equilibrium constants for channel opening were determined. The results are consistent with the receptor binding two molecules of glutamic acid before the channel opens, with an apparent dissociation constant of 600 ?M. Channel opening and closing rate constants, kop and kcl, were determined to be (9.5 ± 1) ? 103 s-1 and (1.1 ± 0.1) ? 103 s-1, respectively. The value of the channel-opening equilibrium constant, Φ (=kop/kcl), was 8.6 when determined by laser-pulse photolysis and 6.6 in cell-flow experiments. The results suggest that there are at least two forms of glutamate receptors in rat hippocampal neurons that desensitize with different rates. At a concentration of 500 ?M glutamate, 80% of the receptors desensitized with a rate of ?200 s-1 and 20% with a rate of ?50 s-1.", "publicationTitle": "Biochemistry", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "April 1, 2002", "volume": "41", "issue": "15", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "4753-4759", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Biochemistry", "DOI": "10.1021/bi0118916", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi0118916", "accessDate": "2012-12-06T01:14:16Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0006-2960", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ACS Publications", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "FI6NN83Z" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-12-06T01:14:16Z", "dateModified": "2012-12-06T01:14:16Z" } }, { "key": "6TJFDTV2", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 89243, "name": "BME3080_Group9", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bme3080_group9", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/89243/items/6TJFDTV2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bme3080_group9/items/6TJFDTV2", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/89243/items/ZT9MH5UM", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 905579, "username": "lfirey", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lfirey", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "6TJFDTV2", "version": 2, "parentItem": "ZT9MH5UM", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2012-12-05T23:15:52Z", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1002/ar.1091790111/asset/1091790111_ftp.pdf?v=1&t=had2s9nv&s=6fbc868be7a35434f6a09eabd972436d9b4c970f", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Kischer - 1974 - Collagen and dermal patterns in the hypertrophic s.pdf", "md5": "9e99ec0e0ad3855c129f42c595813d3c", "mtime": 1354749358059, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-12-05T23:15:52Z", "dateModified": "2012-12-05T23:15:58Z" } }, { "key": "JXGUTTCE", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 89243, "name": "BME3080_Group9", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bme3080_group9", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/89243/items/JXGUTTCE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bme3080_group9/items/JXGUTTCE", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/89243/items/ZT9MH5UM", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 905579, "username": "lfirey", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lfirey", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "JXGUTTCE", "version": 2, "parentItem": "ZT9MH5UM", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2012-12-05T23:15:57Z", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.1091790111/abstract", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "abstract.html", "md5": "1ff41639abd53726a9b266e7170fcf03", "mtime": 1354749357680, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-12-05T23:15:57Z", "dateModified": "2012-12-05T23:15:57Z" } }, { "key": "ZT9MH5UM", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 89243, "name": "BME3080_Group9", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bme3080_group9", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/89243/items/ZT9MH5UM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bme3080_group9/items/ZT9MH5UM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 905579, "username": "lfirey", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lfirey", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kischer", "parsedDate": "1974", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "ZT9MH5UM", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Collagen and dermal patterns in the hypertrophic scar", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C. Ward", "lastName": "Kischer" } ], "abstractNote": "Hypertrophic scar, mature scar, normal skin and granulation tissue were studied by transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopy for characteristics and differences in fine structure, especially the collagen filaments and their physical association with each other and with interstitial components of the ground matrix.The shape of the collagen filaments is irregular and angular in granulation tissue, irregular to ovoid in hypertrophic scar, ovoid to round in mature scar, and round in normal skin. The mean diameter of the collagen filaments measures approximately 440 Å in granulation tissue, 600 Å in hypertrophic scar, 1000 Å in mature scar, and 1050 Å in normal skin.Interstitial filaments are prominent in hypertrophic scar by TEM. In nodular areas where collagen is examined in cross section the interstitial filaments often appear to interconnect long chains of collagen filaments. The interstitial filaments are not observed by SEM. Rather, by this method of observation, the demis of hypertrophic scar is seen as a homogeneous matrix, and individual collagen filaments are not observed.It is suggested that the hypertrophic scar is characterized by an unusually firm intercollagen binding by interstitial filaments, which are probably protein-polysaccharides of the ground matrix. This relationship could account for the clinical quality of extreme hardness of the scar, and might also suggest an aberration important in the etiology of the scar.", "publicationTitle": "The Anatomical Record", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1974", "volume": "179", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "137–145", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1002/ar.1091790111", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.1091790111/abstract", "accessDate": "2012-12-05T23:15:52Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1097-0185", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Copyright © 1974 Wiley-Liss, Inc.", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "2H3Q9PVN" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-12-05T23:15:52Z", "dateModified": "2012-12-05T23:15:52Z" } }, { "key": "JI265Q5D", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 89243, "name": "BME3080_Group9", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bme3080_group9", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/89243/items/JI265Q5D", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bme3080_group9/items/JI265Q5D", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/89243/items/AU655GHJ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 899892, "username": "lanahoang", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lanahoang", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "JI265Q5D", "version": 2, "parentItem": "AU655GHJ", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ACS Full Text Snapshot", "accessDate": "2012-12-05T09:57:10Z", "url": "http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/bm800476u", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "bm800476u.html", "md5": "7c5f918261de9bb7dd1d04792f663bb8", "mtime": 1354701441117, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-12-05T09:57:10Z", "dateModified": "2012-12-05T09:57:10Z" } }, { "key": "T2DNZGJI", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 89243, "name": "BME3080_Group9", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bme3080_group9", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/89243/items/T2DNZGJI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bme3080_group9/items/T2DNZGJI", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/89243/items/AU655GHJ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 899892, "username": "lanahoang", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lanahoang", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "T2DNZGJI", "version": 2, "parentItem": "AU655GHJ", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ACS Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2012-12-05T09:56:55Z", "url": "http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/bm800476u", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Zhu et al. - 2008 - Electrospun Fibrous Mats with High Porosity as Pot.pdf", "md5": "f336ada38cf0e49a46eaab093ac0ff35", "mtime": 1354701423768, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-12-05T09:56:55Z", "dateModified": "2012-12-05T09:57:03Z" } }, { "key": "AU655GHJ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 89243, "name": "BME3080_Group9", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bme3080_group9", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/89243/items/AU655GHJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/bme3080_group9/items/AU655GHJ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 899892, "username": "lanahoang", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/lanahoang", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zhu et al.", "parsedDate": "2008-07-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "AU655GHJ", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Electrospun Fibrous Mats with High Porosity as Potential Scaffolds for Skin Tissue Engineering", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Xinli", "lastName": "Zhu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Wenguo", "lastName": "Cui" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Xiaohong", "lastName": "Li" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yan", "lastName": "Jin" } ], "abstractNote": "Diffusional limitations of mass transport have adverse effects on engineering tissues that normally have high vascularity and cellularity. The current electrospinning method is not always successful to create micropores to encourage cell infiltration within the scaffold, especially when relatively large-sized pores are required. In this study, a slow rotating frame cylinder was developed as the collector to extend the pore size and increase the porosity of electrospun fibrous scaffolds. Fibrous mats with porosity as high as 92.4% and average pore size of 132.7 ?m were obtained. Human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) were seeded onto these mats, which were fixed on a cell-culture ring to prevent the shrinkage and contraction during the incubation. The viability test indicated that significantly more HDFs were generated on highly porous fibrous mats. Toluidine blue staining showed that the highly porous scaffold provided mechanical support for cells to maintain uniform distribution. The cross-section observations indicated that cells migrated and infiltrated more than 100 ?m inside highly porous fibrous mats after 5 d incubation. The immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrated that cells began secreting collagen, which is the main constituent of extracellular matrix. 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Control experiments ascertained degradation of elastin and no effect on collagen. The mechanical properties of the skin samples were studied before and after the enzymatic treatment and differences ascribed to the degraded elastin fibers. Elastin plays a role in the mechanical behaviour of rat skin at small stress values and small deformations. 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