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CE Roman siege system of Masada exhibits a high degree of preservation due to its remote location and the arid climate. However, unlike the thoroughly excavated Masada fortress, the siege system has not received due attention. This article is part of a research project aimed at advancing our understanding of the conflict landscape around Masada using contemporary archaeological methods. Following a comprehensive surface survey and photogrammetric 3D modelling, we show that the circumvallation wall stood to a height of 2–2.5 m and served several functions – as an obstacle, a means of psychological warfare, and a platform from which to mount counterattacks. 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CE Roman siege system of Masada exhibits a high degree of preservation due to its remote location and the arid climate. However, unlike the thoroughly excavated Masada fortress, the siege system has not received due attention. This article is part of a research project aimed at advancing our understanding of the conflict landscape around Masada using contemporary archaeological methods. Following a comprehensive surface survey and photogrammetric 3D modelling, we show that the circumvallation wall stood to a height of 2–2.5 m and served several functions – as an obstacle, a means of psychological warfare, and a platform from which to mount counterattacks. 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The abundance of spring waters with healing properties decreed the success of its foundation, while the later difficulties in defending it from flooding increasingly depopulated it until it was abandoned. Today, the site, one of the most significant in the Mediterranean basin for high values of nature and culture in an environmental context of rare integrity, is also among the sites most threatened by climate change. The scenario predicted by the 2021 IPCC report reveals that the future sea levels in the Ionian Sea will affect the ancient city of Butrint, which will be submerged within decades. Sea level rise in coastal regions of the Mediterranean could reach peaks of 2.2 metres by 2100 in the extreme scenario projection. For the coasts of the Ionian Sea in the region of Corfu and Butrint, the worst-case scenario forecasts a rise in sea level of between 1.6 and 1.8 metres by 2100. Some of its monuments are already permanently or periodically waterlogged. 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1980 is the date of inscription into UNESCO

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