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            "note": "<p>this edited volume contains a great chapter entitled:</p>\n<p>Analysis of Neural Excitability and Oscillations</p>\n<p>by John Rinzel and Bard Ermentrout</p>\n<p>an absolute classic.</p>\n<p>see especially the phase response curve section of the chapter.</p>\n<p>N. Farzan and D. Bucher gave a good summary of the take home points in the STG cycle.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>",
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            "date": "1989",
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            "shortTitle": "Methods in neuronal modeling",
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            "title": "Measuring thigmotaxis in larval zebrafish",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "S J",
                    "lastName": "Schnörr"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "P J",
                    "lastName": "Steenbergen"
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                    "firstName": "M K",
                    "lastName": "Richardson"
                },
                {
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                    "firstName": "D L",
                    "lastName": "Champagne"
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            "abstractNote": "One of the most commonly used behavioral endpoints measured in preclinical studies using rodent models is thigmotaxis (or \"wall-hugging\"). Thigmotaxis is a well-validated index of anxiety in animals and humans. While assays measuring thigmotaxis in adult zebrafish have been developed, a thigmotaxis assay has not yet been validated in larval zebrafish. Here we present a novel assay for measurement of thigmotaxis in zebrafish larvae that is triggered by a sudden change in illumination (i.e. sudden light-to-darkness transition) and performed in a standard 24-well plate. We show that zebrafish larvae as young as 5 days post fertilization respond to this challenge by engaging in thigmotaxis. Thigmotaxis was significantly attenuated by anxiolytic (diazepam) and significantly enhanced by anxiogenic (caffeine) drugs, thus representing the first validated thigmotaxis assay for larval zebrafish. We also show that exposure to sudden darkness per se may represent an anxiogenic situation for larval zebrafish since less contrasting light-to-darkness transitions (achieved by lowering darkness degrees) significantly decreased thigmotaxis levels in a manner similar to what was achieved with diazepam. These findings suggest that stimuli such as exposure to sudden darkness could be used proficiently to trigger the expression of anxiety-like behaviors in laboratory settings. In sum, this is a versatile protocol allowing testing of both anxiolytic and anxiogenic drugs in a cost-effective manner (only 10 min). This assay is also amenable to medium to high-throughput capacity while constituting a valuable tool for stress and central nervous system research as well as for preclinical drug screening and discovery.",
            "publicationTitle": "Behavioural brain research",
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            "date": "Mar 17, 2012",
            "volume": "228",
            "issue": "2",
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            "pages": "367-374",
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            "journalAbbreviation": "Behav. Brain Res.",
            "DOI": "10.1016/j.bbr.2011.12.016",
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            "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22197677",
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                    "tag": "Animals",
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                },
                {
                    "tag": "Anti-Anxiety Agents",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Anxiety",
                    "type": 1
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                {
                    "tag": "Time Factors",
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                },
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            "creatorSummary": "Richendrfer et al.",
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            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "On the edge: pharmacological evidence for anxiety-related behavior in zebrafish larvae",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "H",
                    "lastName": "Richendrfer"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "S D",
                    "lastName": "Pelkowski"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "R M",
                    "lastName": "Colwill"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "R",
                    "lastName": "Creton"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "Zebrafish larvae are ideally suited for high-throughput analyses of vertebrate behavior. The larvae can be examined in multiwell plates and display a range of behaviors during early development. Previous studies have shown that zebrafish larvae display a preference for the edge of the well and several lines of evidence suggest this edge preference (thigmotaxis) may be a measure of anxiety. In the present study, we further examined the relation between edge preference and anxiety by imaging zebrafish larvae exposed to three psychoactive drugs diazepam (Valium), fluoxetine (Prozac), and caffeine. The edge preference was first examined in a five-fish assay, with and without visual stimuli. Diazepam, a benzodiazepine that binds to GABA receptors, reduced the larval edge preference, with or without visual stimuli. In contrast, fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, did not affect the edge preference. Caffeine increased the preference for the edge in response to visual stimuli. Similar effects were observed in a two-fish assay; diazepam-exposed larvae showed a reduced edge preference and caffeine exposed larvae showed an increased edge preference. These results suggest that the edge preference in zebrafish larvae is a measure of anxiety and further illustrate that the pharmaceuticals used in the study have different mechanisms of action. Although there are substantial differences between zebrafish and human brains, our results indicate that the signals that regulate anxiety are similar on a molecular level. We propose that high-throughput assays in zebrafish may be used to uncover genetic or environmental factors that cause anxiety disorders and may contribute to the development of novel strategies to prevent or treat such disorders.",
            "publicationTitle": "Behavioural brain research",
            "publisher": "",
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            "date": "Mar 1, 2012",
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            "journalAbbreviation": "Behav. Brain Res.",
            "DOI": "10.1016/j.bbr.2011.11.041",
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                {
                    "tag": "Anxiety",
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                },
                {
                    "tag": "Caffeine",
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                },
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                {
                    "tag": "Diazepam",
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                    "tag": "Fluoxetine",
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                    "tag": "Spatial Behavior",
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    },
    {
        "key": "GQR4BTNT",
        "version": 16,
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            },
            "creatorSummary": "Buss and Drapeau",
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            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "Synaptic drive to motoneurons during fictive swimming in the developing zebrafish",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "R R",
                    "lastName": "Buss"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "P",
                    "lastName": "Drapeau"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "The development of swimming behavior and the correlated activity patterns recorded in motoneurons during fictive swimming in paralyzed zebrafish larvae were examined and compared. Larvae were studied from when they hatch (after 2 days) and are first capable of locomotion to when they are active swimmers capable of capturing prey (after 4 days). High-speed (500 Hz) video imaging was used to make a basic behavioral characterization of swimming. At hatching and up to day 3, the larvae swam infrequently and in an undirected fashion. They displayed sustained bursts of contractions ('burst swimming') at an average frequency of 60-70 Hz that lasted from several seconds to a minute in duration. By day 4 the swimming had matured to a more frequent and less erratic \"beat-and-glide\" mode, with slower (approximately 35 Hz) beats of contractions for approximately 200 ms alternating with glides that were twice as long, lasting from just a few cycles to several minutes overall. In whole cell current-clamp recordings, motoneurons displayed similar excitatory synaptic activity and firing patterns, corresponding to either fictive burst swimming (day 2-3) or beat-and-glide swimming (day 4). The resting potentials were similar at all stages (about -70 mV) and the motoneurons were depolarized (to about -40 mV) with generally non-overshooting action potentials during fictive swimming. The frequency of sustained inputs during fictive burst swimming and of repetitive inputs during fictive beat-and glide swimming corresponded to the behavioral contraction patterns. Fictive swimming activity patterns were eliminated by application of glutamate antagonists (kynurenic acid or 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxalene-2,3-dione and DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid) and were modified but maintained in the presence of the glycinergic antagonist strychnine. The corresponding synaptic currents underlying the synaptic drive to motoneurons during fictive swimming could be isolated under voltage clamp and consisted of cationic [glutamatergic postsynaptic currents (PSCs)] and anionic inputs (glycinergic PSCs). Either sustained or interrupted patterns of PSCs were observed during fictive burst or beat-and-glide swimming, respectively. During beat-and-glide swimming, a tonic inward current and rhythmic glutamatergic PSCs (approximately 35 Hz) were observed. In contrast, bursts of glycinergic PSCs occurred at a higher frequency, resulting in a more tonic pattern with little evidence for synchronized activity. We conclude that a rhythmic glutamatergic synaptic drive underlies swimming and that a tonic, shunting glycinergic input acts to more closely match the membrane time constant to the fast synaptic drive.",
            "publicationTitle": "Journal of neurophysiology",
            "publisher": "",
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            "date": "Jul 2001",
            "volume": "86",
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            "pages": "197-210",
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            "journalAbbreviation": "J. Neurophysiol.",
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                    "tag": "Animals",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Cations",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Chlorides",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Membrane Potentials",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Motor Neurons",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Nervous System",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Patch-Clamp Techniques",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Periodicity",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Swimming",
                    "type": 1
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                {
                    "tag": "Synapses",
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                }
            ],
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    },
    {
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            "creatorSummary": "Burgess and Granato",
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            "title": "Sensorimotor gating in larval zebrafish",
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Harold A",
                    "lastName": "Burgess"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Michael",
                    "lastName": "Granato"
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            ],
            "abstractNote": "Control of behavior in the natural environment where sensory stimuli are abundant requires superfluous information to be ignored. In part, this is achieved through selective transmission, or gating of signals to motor systems. A quantitative and clinically important measure of sensorimotor gating is prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response, impairments in which have been demonstrated in several neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. Here, we show for the first time that the acoustic startle response in zebrafish larvae is modulated by weak prepulses in a manner similar to mammalian PPI. We demonstrate that, like in mammals, antipsychotic drugs can suppress disruptions in zebrafish PPI induced by dopamine agonists. Because genetic factors underlying PPI are not well understood, we performed a screen and isolated mutant lines with reduced PPI. Analysis of Ophelia mutants demonstrates that they have normal sensory acuity and startle performance, but reduced PPI, suggesting that Ophelia is critical for central processing of sensory information. Thus, our results provide the first evidence for sensorimotor gating in larval zebrafish and report on the first unbiased screen to identify genes regulating this process.",
            "publicationTitle": "The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "May 2, 2007",
            "volume": "27",
            "issue": "18",
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            "pages": "4984-4994",
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            "journalAbbreviation": "J. Neurosci.",
            "DOI": "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0615-07.2007",
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            "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17475807",
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                    "tag": "Acoustic Stimulation",
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                },
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            "abstractNote": "We report the development of aminergic neurons from 0-10 days postfertilization (dpf) in zebrafish (Danio rerio). This study was prompted by the lack of information regarding patterns of spinal aminergic innervation at early stages, when the fish are accessible to optical, genetic, and electrophysiological approaches toward understanding neural circuit function. Our findings suggest that aminergic populations with descending processes are among the first to appear during development. Descending aminergic fibers, revealed by antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT), innervate primarily the ventral (TH, 5-HT), but also the dorsal (5-HT) aspects of the spinal cord by 4 dpf, with the extent of innervation not changing markedly up to 10 dpf. By tracking the spatiotemporal expression of TH, 5-HT, and dopamine beta hydroxylase reactivity, we determined that these fibers likely originate from neurons in the posterior tuberculum (dopamine), the raphe region (5-HT) and, possibly, the locus coeruleus (noradrenaline). In addition, spinal neurons positive for 5-HT emerge between 1-2 dpf, with processes that appeared to descend along the ventrolateral cord for only 1-2 muscle segments. Their overall morphology distinguished these cells from previously described \"VeMe\" (ventromedial) interneurons, which are also located ventromedially, but have long, multisegmental descending processes. We confirmed the distinction between spinal serotonergic and VeMe interneurons using fish genetically labeled with green fluorescent protein. Our results suggest that the major aminergic systems described in adults are in place shortly after hatching, at a time when zebrafish are accessible to a battery of techniques to test neuronal function during behavior.",
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            "abstractNote": "Our previous study tracked the ontogeny of aminergic systems in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Here we use tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) immunoreactivity, in conjunction with retrograde and genetic labeling techniques, to provide a more refined examination of the potential synaptic contacts of aminergic systems. Our focus was on different levels of the sensorimotor circuit for escape, from sensory inputs, through identified descending pathways, to motor output. We observed 5-HT reactivity in close proximity to the collaterals of the Rohon-Beard sensory neurons in spinal cord. In the brainstem we found TH and 5-HT reactivity closely apposed to the dendritic processes of the nucleus of the medial longitudinal fascicle (nMLF), in addition to the ventral dendrites of the Mauthner neuron and its serial homologs MiD2cm and MiD3cm. Only TH reactivity was observed near the lateral dendrites of the Mauthner cell. TH and 5-HT reactivity were also positioned near the outputs of reticulospinal cells in spinal cord. Finally, both TH and 5-HT reactivity were detected close to the dendritic processes of primary and secondary spinal motor neurons. We also confirmed, using dual TH and 5-HT staining and retrograde labeling, that the sources of spinal aminergic reactivity include the posterior tuberculum (dopamine) and inferior raphe region (5-HT). Our data indicate that aminergic systems may interact at all levels of the sensorimotor pathways involved in escape. The identification of some of these likely sites of aminergic action will allow for directed studies of their functional roles using the powerful combination of techniques available in zebrafish.",
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            "abstractNote": "Zebrafish provide unique opportunities for optogenetic studies of behavior. Here, we review the most recent work using optogenetic and imaging approaches to study the neuronal circuits controlling movements in the transparent zebrafish. Specifically, we focus on what we have learned from zebrafish about neuronal migration, network formation and behavioral control, and what the future may hold.",
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                    "firstName": "Karl J",
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                    "firstName": "Victoria M",
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                    "firstName": "Stephanie E",
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                    "firstName": "Mark J",
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            "abstractNote": "Tobacco use is predicted to result in over 1 billion deaths worldwide by the end of the 21(st) century. How genetic variation contributes to the observed differential predisposition in the human population to drug dependence is unknown. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an emerging vertebrate model system for understanding the genetics of behavior. We developed a nicotine behavioral assay in zebrafish and applied it in a forward genetic screen using gene-breaking transposon mutagenesis. We used this method to molecularly characterize bdav/cct8 and hbog/gabbr1.2 as mutations with altered nicotine response. Each have a single human ortholog, identifying two points for potential scientific, diagnostic, and drug development for nicotine biology and cessation therapeutics. We show this insertional method generates mutant alleles that are reversible through Cre-mediated recombination, representing a conditional mutation system for the zebrafish. The combination of this reporter-tagged insertional mutagen approach and zebrafish provides a powerful platform for a rich array of questions amenable to genetic-based scientific inquiry, including the basis of behavior, epigenetics, plasticity, stress, memory, and learning.",
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            "abstractNote": "We review visually guided behaviors in larval zebrafish and summarise what is known about the neural processing that results in these behaviors, paying particular attention to the progress made in the last 2 years. Using the examples of the optokinetic reflex, the optomotor response, prey tracking and the visual startle response, we illustrate how the larval zebrafish presents us with a very promising model vertebrate system that allows neurocientists to integrate functional and behavioral studies and from which we can expect illuminating insights in the near future.",
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            "creatorSummary": "Burgess and Granato",
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            "title": "Modulation of locomotor activity in larval zebrafish during light adaptation",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Harold A",
                    "lastName": "Burgess"
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                    "firstName": "Michael",
                    "lastName": "Granato"
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            "abstractNote": "The neural basis of behavioral choice in vertebrates remains largely unknown. Zebrafish larvae have a defined locomotor repertoire as well as a simple nervous system and are therefore an attractive vertebrate system in which to study this process. Here we describe a high-throughput system for quantifying the kinematics of motor events in zebrafish larvae in order to measure the initiation frequency of different maneuvers. We use this system to analyze responses to photic stimuli and find that larvae respond to changes in illumination with both acute responses and extended behavioral programs. Reductions in illumination elicit large angle turns, distinct from startle responses, which orient larvae toward the source of light. In continuing darkness, larvae are transiently hyperactive before adopting a quiescent state. Indeed, locomotor activity is controlled by the state of light or dark adaptation similar to masking phenomena in higher vertebrates where light directly regulates motor activity. We propose that regulation of motor activity by photic stimuli in zebrafish larvae serves a behavioral goal of maximizing exposure to well lit environments optimal for feeding.",
            "publicationTitle": "The Journal of experimental biology",
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            "place": "",
            "date": "Jul 2007",
            "volume": "210",
            "issue": "Pt 14",
            "section": "",
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            "pages": "2526-2539",
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            "journalAbbreviation": "J. Exp. Biol.",
            "DOI": "10.1242/jeb.003939",
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                    "tag": "Acclimatization",
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                    "type": 1
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                    "tag": "Behavior, Animal",
                    "type": 1
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                    "tag": "Biomechanics",
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                    "tag": "Larva",
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                    "firstName": "Ruben",
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Florian",
                    "lastName": "Engert"
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            "abstractNote": "In this study we report that larval zebrafish display adaptive locomotor output that can be driven by unexpected visual feedback. We develop a new assay that addresses visuomotor integration in restrained larval zebrafish. The assay involves a closed-loop environment in which the visual feedback a larva receives depends on its own motor output in a way that resembles freely swimming conditions. The experimenter can control the gain of this closed feedback loop, so that following a given motor output the larva experiences more or less visual feedback depending on whether the gain is high or low. We show that increases and decreases in this gain setting result in adaptive changes in behavior that lead to a generalized decrease or increase of motor output, respectively. Our behavioral analysis shows that both the duration and tail beat frequency of individual swim bouts can be modified, as well as the frequency with which bouts are elicited. These changes can be implemented rapidly, following an exposure to a new gain of just 175 ms. In addition, modifications in some behavioral parameters accumulate over tens of seconds and effects last for at least 30 s from trial to trial. These results suggest that larvae establish an internal representation of the visual feedback expected from a given motor output and that the behavioral modifications are driven by an error signal that arises from the discrepancy between this expectation and the actual visual feedback. The assay we develop presents a unique possibility for studying visuomotor integration using imaging techniques available in the larval zebrafish.",
            "publicationTitle": "Frontiers in systems neuroscience",
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                    "firstName": "Adam Michael",
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            "abstractNote": "Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are emerging as a useful model organism for neuroscience research. Mounting evidence suggests that various traditional rodent paradigms may be adapted for testing zebrafish behavior. The open field test is a popular rodent test of novelty exploration, recently applied to zebrafish research. To better understand fish novelty behavior, we exposed adult zebrafish to two different open field arenas for 30 min, assessing the amount and temporal patterning of their exploration. While (similar to rodents) zebrafish scale their locomotory activity depending on the size of the tank, the temporal patterning of their activity was independent of arena size. These observations strikingly parallel similar rodent behaviors, suggesting that spatio-temporal strategies of animal exploration may be evolutionarily conserved across vertebrate species. In addition, we found interesting oscillations in zebrafish exploration, with the per-minute distribution of their horizontal activity demonstrating sinusoidal-like patterns. While such patterning is not reported for rodents and other higher vertebrates, a nonlinear regression analysis confirmed the oscillation patterning of all assessed zebrafish behavioral endpoints in both open field arenas, revealing a potentially important aspect of novelty exploration in lower vertebrates.",
            "publicationTitle": "Brain research",
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            "date": "Apr 27, 2012",
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            "title": "Reactivation of ocular dominance plasticity in the adult visual cortex",
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                    "firstName": "Tommaso",
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                    "firstName": "James W",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Lamberto",
                    "lastName": "Maffei"
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            "abstractNote": "In young animals, monocular deprivation leads to an ocular dominance shift, whereas in adults after the critical period there is no such shift. Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) inhibitory for axonal sprouting. We tested whether the developmental maturation of the ECM is inhibitory for experience-dependent plasticity in the visual cortex. The organization of CSPGs into perineuronal nets coincided with the end of the critical period and was delayed by dark rearing. After CSPG degradation with chondroitinase-ABC in adult rats, monocular deprivation caused an ocular dominance shift toward the nondeprived eye. The mature ECM is thus inhibitory for experience-dependent plasticity, and degradation of CSPGs reactivates cortical plasticity.",
            "publicationTitle": "Science (New York, N.Y.)",
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            "date": "Nov 8, 2002",
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                    "tag": "Axons",
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                    "tag": "Chondroitin ABC Lyase",
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            "creatorSummary": "Kochlamazashvili et al.",
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            "title": "The extracellular matrix molecule hyaluronic acid regulates hippocampal synaptic plasticity by modulating postsynaptic L-type Ca(2+) channels",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Gaga",
                    "lastName": "Kochlamazashvili"
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Christian",
                    "lastName": "Henneberger"
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Olena",
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                    "firstName": "Elena",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Oleg",
                    "lastName": "Senkov"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Patricia M-J",
                    "lastName": "Lievens"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Ruth",
                    "lastName": "Westenbroek"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Andreas K",
                    "lastName": "Engel"
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "William A",
                    "lastName": "Catterall"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Dmitri A",
                    "lastName": "Rusakov"
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                    "firstName": "Melitta",
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                    "firstName": "Alexander",
                    "lastName": "Dityatev"
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            "abstractNote": "Although the extracellular matrix plays an important role in regulating use-dependent synaptic plasticity, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we examined the synaptic function of hyaluronic acid (HA), a major component of the extracellular matrix. Enzymatic removal of HA with hyaluronidase reduced nifedipine-sensitive whole-cell Ca(2+) currents, decreased Ca(2+) transients mediated by L-type voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels (L-VDCCs) in postsynaptic dendritic shafts and spines, and abolished an L-VDCC-dependent component of long-term potentiation (LTP) at the CA3-CA1 synapses in the hippocampus. Adding exogenous HA, either by bath perfusion or via local delivery near recorded synapses, completely rescued this LTP component. In a heterologous expression system, exogenous HA rapidly increased currents mediated by Ca(v)1.2, but not Ca(v)1.3, subunit-containing L-VDCCs, whereas intrahippocampal injection of hyaluronidase impaired contextual fear conditioning. Our observations unveil a previously unrecognized mechanism by which the perisynaptic extracellular matrix influences use-dependent synaptic plasticity through regulation of dendritic Ca(2+) channels.",
            "publicationTitle": "Neuron",
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            "date": "Jul 15, 2010",
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            "tags": [
                {
                    "tag": "3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester",
                    "type": 1
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                {
                    "tag": "Analysis of Variance",
                    "type": 1
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                },
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                    "tag": "CHO Cells",
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                },
                {
                    "tag": "Calcium Channel Agonists",
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                },
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                    "tag": "Electric Stimulation",
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            "abstractNote": "A surprising new mechanism that regulates the plasticity of postnatal neurons is reported in this issue by Sugiyama et al. (2008). These authors show in mice that visual experience triggers cell-to-cell transfer of the homeoprotein Otx2 to cortical interneurons, where it promotes maturation of inhibitory neural circuitry and opens the critical period for plasticity in the visual cortex.",
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                    "firstName": "G",
                    "lastName": "Brückner"
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                    "lastName": "Szeöke"
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