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2014 - UK peatland restoration Some economic arithmetic.pdf", "md5": "7413e692b26713cec51daeabe70f82bc", "mtime": 1399799951339, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-05-11T09:19:05Z", "dateModified": "2014-05-11T09:19:11Z" } }, { "key": "JENEXV3X", "version": 27, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 83626, "name": "Upland Systems", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/83626/items/JENEXV3X", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems/items/JENEXV3X", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 81014, "username": "PWheeler", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pwheeler", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Moxey and Moran", "parsedDate": "2014-06-15", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "JENEXV3X", "version": 27, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "UK peatland restoration: Some economic arithmetic", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andrew", "lastName": "Moxey" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dominic", "lastName": "Moran" } ], "abstractNote": "Over 80% of UK peatlands are degraded to some extent and their widespread restoration could contribute to meeting various climate change, water quality and biodiversity policy challenges. Economic analysis of costs and benefits is, however, hampered by scientific uncertainty and a lack of data on biophysical conditions as well as the impacts and costs of restoration. This paper presents a simple ‘ready-reckoner’ of possible net economic benefits under different combinations of simplifying ‘what if?’ assumptions for key restoration parameters. The results strongly suggest that even a narrow focus on carbon benefits alone is sufficient to justify restoration in many cases, and the inclusion of possible additional non-carbon benefits reinforces this. However, results are sensitive to assumptions and better data for, in particular, restoration costs associated with modest emission savings from lightly degraded sites would be helpful. Some other areas for further research are also identified.", "publicationTitle": "Science of The Total Environment", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "June 15, 2014", "volume": "484", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "114-120", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Science of The Total Environment", "DOI": "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.033", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714003635", "accessDate": "2014-05-11T09:19:05Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0048-9697", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "UK peatland restoration", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Carbon emissions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cost–benefit", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Peatland restoration", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ready reckoner", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "economics", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-05-11T09:19:05Z", "dateModified": "2014-05-11T09:19:05Z" } }, { "key": "BHZPS4WN", "version": 26, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 83626, "name": "Upland Systems", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/83626/items/BHZPS4WN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems/items/BHZPS4WN", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/83626/items/V4SXJBFN", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 81014, "username": "PWheeler", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pwheeler", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "BHZPS4WN", "version": 26, "parentItem": "V4SXJBFN", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2014-02-28T09:15:32Z", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2656.12098/abstract", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "abstract.html", "md5": "c49636c2441201165f6d9be276473427", "mtime": 1393578932679, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-28T09:15:32Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-28T09:15:32Z" } }, { "key": "V4SXJBFN", "version": 25, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 83626, "name": "Upland Systems", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/83626/items/V4SXJBFN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems/items/V4SXJBFN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 81014, "username": "PWheeler", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pwheeler", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Martínez-Padilla et al.", "parsedDate": "2014", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "V4SXJBFN", "version": 25, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Insights into population ecology from long-term studies of red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jesus", "lastName": "Martínez-Padilla" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Steve M.", "lastName": "Redpath" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mohammed", "lastName": "Zeineddine" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "François", "lastName": "Mougeot" } ], "abstractNote": "* Long-term studies have been the backbone of population ecology. The red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus is one species that has contributed widely to this field since the 1950s. This paper reviews the trajectory and profound impact that these studies have had. * Red grouse research has combined long-term studies of marked individuals with demographic studies over wide geographical areas and replicated individual- and population-level manipulations. * A main focus has been on understanding the causes of population cycles in red grouse, and in particular the relative importance of intrinsic (behaviour) and extrinsic (climate, food limitation and parasite) mechanisms. * Separate studies conducted in different regions initially proposed either the nematode parasite Trichostrongylus tenuis or changes in male aggressiveness in autumn as drivers of population cycles. * More recent experiments suggest that parasites are not a necessary cause for cycles and have highlighted that behavioural and parasite-mediated mechanisms are interrelated. Long-term experiments show that parasites and aggressiveness interact. * Two outstanding questions remain to be tested experimentally. First, what intrinsic mechanism causes temporal variation in patterns of male aggressiveness? The current favoured mechanism is related to patterns of kin structuring although there are alternative hypotheses. Second, how do the dual, interacting mechanisms, affect population dynamics? * Red grouse studies have had an important impact on the field of population ecology, in particular through highlighting: (1) the impact of parasites on populations; (2) the role of intrinsic mechanisms in cyclic dynamics and (3) the need to consider multiple, interacting mechanisms.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Animal Ecology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2014", "volume": "83", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "85–98", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1111/1365-2656.12098", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2656.12098/abstract", "accessDate": "2014-02-28T09:15:28Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1365-2656", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© 2013 The Authors. Journal of Animal Ecology © 2013 British Ecological Society", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Lagopus lagopus scoticus", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "behaviour", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "host–parasite interactions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "long-term studies", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "population cycles", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "J97RNHG4" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-02-28T09:15:28Z", "dateModified": "2014-02-28T09:15:28Z" } }, { "key": "JSD7WANJ", "version": 24, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 83626, "name": "Upland Systems", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/83626/items/JSD7WANJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems/items/JSD7WANJ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/83626/items/56P4DT5V", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 81014, "username": "PWheeler", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pwheeler", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "JSD7WANJ", "version": 24, "parentItem": "56P4DT5V", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "BioOne Snapshot", "accessDate": "2014-01-09T13:56:36Z", "url": "http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.2981/12-009", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "12-009.html", "md5": "34030084e80e4fc067f5d31e67c4f32f", "mtime": 1389275796961, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-01-09T13:56:36Z", "dateModified": "2014-01-09T13:56:36Z" } }, { "key": "PQHE7UJ5", "version": 24, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 83626, "name": "Upland Systems", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/83626/items/PQHE7UJ5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems/items/PQHE7UJ5", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/83626/items/56P4DT5V", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 81014, "username": "PWheeler", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pwheeler", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "PQHE7UJ5", "version": 24, "parentItem": "56P4DT5V", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "BioOne PDF fulltext", "accessDate": "2014-01-09T13:56:28Z", "url": "http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.2981/12-009", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Fletcher et al. - 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2013 - Upland land use predicts population decline in a g.pdf", "md5": "d39ea0ff161a0cdf515f25ae9118a6a7", "mtime": 1389275785467, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-01-09T13:56:23Z", "dateModified": "2014-01-09T13:56:25Z" } }, { "key": "3IXR7BHC", "version": 23, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 83626, "name": "Upland Systems", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/83626/items/3IXR7BHC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems/items/3IXR7BHC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 81014, "username": "PWheeler", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pwheeler", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Douglas et al.", "parsedDate": "2013", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "3IXR7BHC", "version": 23, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Upland land use predicts population decline in a globally near-threatened wader", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David J.T.", "lastName": "Douglas" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul E.", "lastName": "Bellamy" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Leigh S.", "lastName": "Stephen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "James W.", "lastName": "Pearce–Higgins" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jeremy D.", "lastName": "Wilson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Murray C.", "lastName": "Grant" } ], "abstractNote": "* Changes in large-scale land use may fragment and degrade habitats, affecting animal species adapted to these habitats. In the UK uplands for example, changes in sheep and game management, and afforestation, have altered the configuration of internationally important moorland habitat and are predicted to have increased predation pressure for a globally unique suite of breeding birds of international conservation importance. * Some of these upland bird species have declined, with particular concern over ground-nesting waders. Using resurveys of the rapidly declining Eurasian curlew Numenius arquata as a focal species of global conservation concern, we investigate whether upland land use predicts low nesting success and population decline. * Curlew population changes over an 8- to 10-year period were positively related to gamekeeper density (a surrogate of predator control intensity) and inversely to the area of woodland surrounding sites, as a likely source of predators to adjacent open ground. Model predictions suggest that increasing woodland cover from 0% to 10% of the land area within 1 km of populated sites requires an increase in human predator control effort of about 48%, to a level associated with high-intensity grouse production, to achieve curlew population stability. * Curlew nesting success, known to be a key driver of population trends, was also positively related to gamekeeper density and inversely to woodland area surrounding sites, providing a plausible mechanistic link between land use and population change. * Synthesis and applications. Upland land use is associated with curlew declines, with predation a likely mechanism, and this may apply to other breeding waders. The removal of isolated woodland plantations from otherwise unafforested landscapes may help reduce predation pressure across a range of systems including moorland. However, direct predator control may also be important to conserve ground-nesting birds in these landscapes, for example, where moorland management and forestry coexist as major land uses. Predator control may also mitigate climate change effects by enhancing wader productivity, particularly where climate effects coincide with changing land use. Emerging land uses in open landscapes, including native woodland restoration and wind farms, require careful siting to minimize further impacts on open-area breeding birds.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Applied Ecology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2013", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "n/a–n/a", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1111/1365-2664.12167", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2664.12167/abstract", "accessDate": "2014-01-09T13:56:23Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1365-2664", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© 2013 The Authors. Journal of Applied Ecology © 2013 British Ecological Society", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Numenius arquata", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "afforestation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "breeding success", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "curlew", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "edge effects", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "forestry", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "grouse shooting", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "predation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "predator control", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "shorebirds", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "J97RNHG4" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-01-09T13:56:23Z", "dateModified": "2014-01-09T13:56:23Z" } }, { "key": "QGXNR6N8", "version": 22, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 83626, "name": "Upland Systems", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/83626/items/QGXNR6N8", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems/items/QGXNR6N8", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/83626/items/Z4GTQ5VJ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 81014, "username": "PWheeler", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pwheeler", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "QGXNR6N8", "version": 22, "parentItem": "Z4GTQ5VJ", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2014-01-09T13:53:34Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969703002262/pdfft?md5=ff1b306a677bce9105e278b7d66e780d&pid=1-s2.0-S0048969703002262-main.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Worrall et al. - 2003 - Carbon budget for a British upland peat catchment.pdf", "md5": "543957b28fbb60ae8972c0e9cf5c5fea", "mtime": 1389275617623, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-01-09T13:53:34Z", "dateModified": "2014-01-09T13:53:37Z" } }, { "key": "TW738EQT", "version": 22, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 83626, "name": "Upland Systems", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/83626/items/TW738EQT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems/items/TW738EQT", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/83626/items/Z4GTQ5VJ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 81014, "username": "PWheeler", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pwheeler", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "TW738EQT", "version": 22, "parentItem": "Z4GTQ5VJ", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2014-01-09T13:53:36Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969703002262", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S0048969703002262.html", "md5": "b9807f0c07bd3d4eb0a25baa7bbf3d22", "mtime": 1389275617253, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-01-09T13:53:36Z", "dateModified": "2014-01-09T13:53:36Z" } }, { "key": "Z4GTQ5VJ", "version": 21, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 83626, "name": "Upland Systems", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/83626/items/Z4GTQ5VJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems/items/Z4GTQ5VJ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 81014, "username": "PWheeler", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pwheeler", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Worrall et al.", "parsedDate": "2003-08-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "Z4GTQ5VJ", "version": 21, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Carbon budget for a British upland peat catchment", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Fred", "lastName": "Worrall" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mark", "lastName": "Reed" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jeff", "lastName": "Warburton" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tim", "lastName": "Burt" } ], "abstractNote": "This study describes the analysis of fluvial carbon flux from an upland peat catchment in the North Pennines. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), pH, alkalinity and calcium were measured in weekly samples, with particulate organic carbon (POC) measured from the suspended sediment load from the stream outlet of an 11.4-km2 catchment. For calendar year 1999, regular monitoring of the catchment was supplemented with detailed quasi-continuous measurements of flow and stream temperature, and DOC for the months September through November. The measurements were used to calculate the annual flux of dissolved CO2, dissolved inorganic carbon, DOC and POC from the catchment and were combined with CO2 and CH4 gaseous exchanges calculated from previously published values and the observations of water table height within the peat. The study catchment represents a net sink of 15.4±11.9 gC/m2/yr. Carbon flows calculated for the study catchment are combined with values in the literature, using a Monte Carlo method, to estimate the carbon budget for British upland peat. For all British upland peat the calculation suggests a net carbon sink of between 0.15 and 0.29 MtC/yr. This is the first study to include a comprehensive study of the fluvial export of carbon within carbon budgets and shows the size of the peat carbon sink to be smaller than previous estimates, although sensitivity analysis shows that the primary productivity rather than fluvial carbon flux is a more important element in estimating the carbon budget in this regard.", "publicationTitle": "Science of The Total Environment", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "August 1, 2003", "volume": "312", "issue": "1–3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "133-146", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Science of The Total Environment", "DOI": "10.1016/S0048-9697(03)00226-2", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969703002262", "accessDate": "2014-01-09T13:53:34Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0048-9697", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Carbon budget", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Dissolved CO2", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Dissolved organic carbon", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Inorganic carbon", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Peat", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "HQ62SXNZ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2014-01-09T13:53:34Z", "dateModified": "2014-01-09T13:53:34Z" } }, { "key": "DGHU4PCW", "version": 16, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 83626, "name": "Upland Systems", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/83626/items/DGHU4PCW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems/items/DGHU4PCW", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/83626/items/RVETQ42W", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 81014, "username": "PWheeler", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pwheeler", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "DGHU4PCW", "version": 16, "parentItem": "RVETQ42W", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2013-07-16T14:27:48Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MiamiImageURL&_cid=271861&_user=891016&_pii=S0277379109003552&_check=y&_origin=article&_zone=toolbar&_coverDate=28-Feb-2010&view=c&originContentFamily=serial&wchp=dGLzVBA-zSkWb&md5=f766c4daa0195e552c5439ae272d141e&pid=1-s2.0-S0277379109003552-main.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Whitehouse and Smith - 2010 - How fragmented was the British Holocene wildwood .pdf", "md5": "b9b2c8d8fbf08e68ed1221913a879d73", "mtime": 1373984873134, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-07-16T14:27:48Z", "dateModified": "2013-07-16T14:27:53Z" } }, { "key": "FG6UFP7M", "version": 16, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 83626, "name": "Upland Systems", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/83626/items/FG6UFP7M", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems/items/FG6UFP7M", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/83626/items/RVETQ42W", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 81014, "username": "PWheeler", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pwheeler", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "FG6UFP7M", "version": 16, "parentItem": "RVETQ42W", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2013-07-16T14:27:48Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379109003552", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S0277379109003552.html", "md5": "38d914823f83f3b4e7126e2f959d3815", "mtime": 1373984868794, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-07-16T14:27:48Z", "dateModified": "2013-07-16T14:27:48Z" } }, { "key": "RVETQ42W", "version": 15, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 83626, "name": "Upland Systems", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/83626/items/RVETQ42W", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems/items/RVETQ42W", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 81014, "username": "PWheeler", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pwheeler", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Whitehouse and Smith", "parsedDate": "2010-02", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "RVETQ42W", "version": 15, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "How fragmented was the British Holocene wildwood? Perspectives on the “Vera” grazing debate from the fossil beetle record", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nicki J.", "lastName": "Whitehouse" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Smith" } ], "abstractNote": "The reconstruction and structure of the European Holocene “wildwood” has been the focus of considerable academic debate. The ability of palaeoecological data and particularly pollen analysis to accurately reflect the density of wildwood canopy has also been widely discussed. Fossil insects, as a proxy for vegetation and landscape structure, provide a potential approach to address this argument. Here, we present a review and re-analysis of 36 early and mid-Holocene (9500–2000 cal BC) sub-fossil beetle assemblages from Britain, examining percentage values of tree, open ground and dung beetles as well as tree host data to gain an insight into vegetation structure, the role of grazing animals in driving such structure and establish independently the importance of different types of trees and associated shading in the early Holocene “wildwood”. Open indicator beetle species are persistently present over the entire review period, although they fluctuate in importance. During the early Holocene (9500–6000 cal BC), these indicators are initially high, at levels which are not dissimilar to modern data from pasture woodland. However, during the latter stages of this and the next period, 6000–4000 cal BC, open ground and pasture indicators decline and are generally low compared with previously. Alongside this pattern, we see woodland indicators generally increase in importance, although there are significant local fluctuations. Levels of dung beetles are mostly low over these periods, with some exceptions to this pattern, especially towards the end of the Mesolithic and in floodplain areas. Host data associated with the fossil beetles indicate that trees associated with lighter canopy conditions such as oak, pine, hazel and birch are indeed important components of the tree canopy during the earlier Holocene (c. 9500–6000 cal BC), in accordance with much of the current pollen literature. Beetles associated with more shade-tolerant trees (such as lime and elm) become more frequent in the middle Holocene (6000–4000 cal BC) suggesting that at this stage the woodland canopy was less open than previously, although open ground and pasture areas appear to have persisted in some locations. The onset of agriculture (4000–2000 cal BC) coincides with significant fluctuations in woodland composition and taxa. This is presumably as a result of human impact, although here there are significant regional variations. There are also increases in the amounts of open ground represented and especially in the levels of dung beetles present in faunas, suggesting there is a direct relationship between the activities of grazing animals and the development of more open areas. One of the most striking aspects of this review is the variable nature of the landscape suggested by the palaeoecological data, particularly but not exclusively with the onset of agriculture: some earlier sites indicate high variability between levels of tree-associated species on the one hand and the open ground beetle fauna on the other, indicating that in some locations, open areas were of local significance and can be regarded as important features of the Holocene landscape. The role of grazing animals in creating these areas of openness was apparently minimal until the onset of the Neolithic.", "publicationTitle": "Quaternary Science Reviews", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "February 2010", "volume": "29", "issue": "3–4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "539-553", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Quaternary Science Reviews", "DOI": "10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.10.010", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379109003552", "accessDate": "2013-07-16T14:27:48Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0277-3791", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "How fragmented was the British Holocene wildwood?", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "9N3UHKEG" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-07-16T14:27:48Z", "dateModified": "2013-07-16T14:27:48Z" } }, { "key": "TBEP5WAR", "version": 16, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 83626, "name": "Upland Systems", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/83626/items/TBEP5WAR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems/items/TBEP5WAR", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/83626/items/TH3E5V58", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 81014, "username": "PWheeler", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pwheeler", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TBEP5WAR", "version": 16, "parentItem": "TH3E5V58", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2013-07-16T14:26:49Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MiamiImageURL&_cid=271938&_user=891016&_pii=S0169534705000297&_check=y&_origin=article&_zone=toolbar&_coverDate=30-Apr-2005&view=c&originContentFamily=serial&wchp=dGLbVlk-zSkWb&md5=9510371e7c950e435f0f08c134163725&pid=1-s2.0-S0169534705000297-main.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Birks - 2005 - Mind the gap how open were European primeval fore.pdf", "md5": "06b294aa43cf9f36b9c100f571f99b35", "mtime": 1373984813866, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-07-16T14:26:49Z", "dateModified": "2013-07-16T14:26:53Z" } }, { "key": "PIV2A4K9", "version": 16, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 83626, "name": "Upland Systems", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/83626/items/PIV2A4K9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems/items/PIV2A4K9", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/83626/items/TH3E5V58", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 81014, "username": "PWheeler", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pwheeler", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "PIV2A4K9", "version": 16, "parentItem": "TH3E5V58", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2013-07-16T14:26:49Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534705000297", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S0169534705000297.html", "md5": "ba307d3e04d99eee1489b9f6f867bf20", "mtime": 1373984809669, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-07-16T14:26:49Z", "dateModified": "2013-07-16T14:26:49Z" } }, { "key": "TH3E5V58", "version": 15, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 83626, "name": "Upland Systems", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/83626/items/TH3E5V58", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems/items/TH3E5V58", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 81014, "username": "PWheeler", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pwheeler", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Birks", "parsedDate": "2005-04", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "TH3E5V58", "version": 15, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Mind the gap: how open were European primeval forests?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H. John B.", "lastName": "Birks" } ], "abstractNote": "There are two competing hypotheses about the structure and dynamics of primeval forests in lowland Europe: the high-forest and the wood-pasture hypotheses, both of which influence current European forest conservation policies. In a recent study using pollen-analytical data from across lowland Europe, Mitchell provides support for rejecting the wood-pasture hypothesis. His study is important for future forest management planning and for showing how hypotheses about large herbivores as biotic factors can be tested using palaeoecological data.", "publicationTitle": "Trends in Ecology & Evolution", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "April 2005", "volume": "20", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "154-156", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Trends in Ecology & Evolution", "DOI": "10.1016/j.tree.2005.02.001", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534705000297", "accessDate": "2013-07-16T14:26:49Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0169-5347", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Mind the gap", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "9N3UHKEG" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-07-16T14:26:49Z", "dateModified": "2013-07-16T14:26:49Z" } }, { "key": "CHII69VU", "version": 16, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 83626, "name": "Upland Systems", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/83626/items/CHII69VU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems/items/CHII69VU", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/83626/items/UKCPNR23", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 81014, "username": "PWheeler", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pwheeler", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "CHII69VU", "version": 16, "parentItem": "UKCPNR23", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2013-07-16T14:26:40Z", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2004.00964.x/asset/j.1365-2745.2004.00964.x.pdf?v=1&t=hj772syn&s=ce10351085bf95caf7d90e6cf7dfb8ebdb266fe2", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Mitchell - 2005 - How open were European primeval forests Hypothesi.pdf", "md5": "234182d6c8d4546c845f9f624f9f0517", "mtime": 1373984803481, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-07-16T14:26:40Z", "dateModified": "2013-07-16T14:26:43Z" } }, { "key": "G7RITXW8", "version": 16, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 83626, "name": "Upland Systems", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/83626/items/G7RITXW8", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems/items/G7RITXW8", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/83626/items/UKCPNR23", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 81014, "username": "PWheeler", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pwheeler", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "G7RITXW8", "version": 16, "parentItem": "UKCPNR23", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2013-07-16T14:26:40Z", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2004.00964.x/abstract", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "abstract.html", "md5": "e3550135d908a94b0bc674a70551b5fe", "mtime": 1373984801147, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-07-16T14:26:40Z", "dateModified": "2013-07-16T14:26:40Z" } }, { "key": "UKCPNR23", "version": 15, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 83626, "name": "Upland Systems", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/83626/items/UKCPNR23", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems/items/UKCPNR23", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 81014, "username": "PWheeler", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pwheeler", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Mitchell", "parsedDate": "2005", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "UKCPNR23", "version": 15, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "How open were European primeval forests? Hypothesis testing using palaeoecological data", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Fraser J. G.", "lastName": "Mitchell" } ], "abstractNote": "* 1The Vera hypothesis that large herbivores maintained an open landscape in the primeval landscape of lowland Europe is tested using palaeoecological data. The hypothesis suggests that the high abundance of Quercus and Corylus apparent in European pollen diagrams could not have derived from a landscape dominated by closed canopy forests. If natural forest landscapes were indeed more open, current forest conservation management policy across Europe would need to be reconsidered. * 2Relative proportions of Quercus and Corylus pollen are compared from regions which supported large herbivores with data from Ireland, where large herbivores were excluded. Similarity between the two data sets indicates that large herbivores were not required to maintain these taxa in the primeval landscape. * 3Fine spatial resolution pollen data from small hollows in Europe and eastern USA were also reviewed. Data from moss polsters show that percentage arboreal pollen is a reliable indicator of canopy openness in theses sites. The palaeoecological data demonstrate that open canopy forest has only ever been maintained by human exploitation. * 4Large herbivores in Europe do not therefore appear to have maintained an open landscape in primeval times although evidence suggests that they would have influenced the species composition of the forest canopy. * 5It is proposed that data sources other than pollen should be explored as proxies for past forest structure to test this hypothesis more thoroughly.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Ecology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2005", "volume": "93", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "168–177", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1111/j.1365-2745.2004.00964.x", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2004.00964.x/abstract", "accessDate": "2013-07-16T14:26:40Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1365-2745", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "How open were European primeval forests?", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Primeval forest structure", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Vera hypothesis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "forest conservation policy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "forest grazing", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "large herbivores", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "pollen analysis", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "9N3UHKEG" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-07-16T14:26:40Z", "dateModified": "2013-07-16T14:26:40Z" } }, { "key": "9V6I4WK8", "version": 14, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 83626, "name": "Upland Systems", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/83626/items/9V6I4WK8", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/upland_systems/items/9V6I4WK8", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/83626/items/8KFKWF35", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 81014, "username": "PWheeler", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pwheeler", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "9V6I4WK8", "version": 14, "parentItem": "8KFKWF35", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2013-03-08T08:57:01Z", "url": "http://pdn.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MiamiImageURL&_cid=271811&_user=891016&_pii=S0006320711003831&_check=y&_origin=article&_zone=toolbar&_coverDate=2012--31&view=c&originContentFamily=serial&wchp=dGLbVBA-zSkzk&md5=338c6d15b5413dff0dc206c8c8e236fd&pid=1-s2.0-S0006320711003831-main.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Amar et al. - 2012 - Linking nest histories, remotely sensed land use d.pdf", "md5": "4f7d7e009d1cb47a07aa8e3dbe46db33", "mtime": 1362733062739, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-03-08T08:57:01Z", "dateModified": "2013-03-08T08:57:42Z" } } ]