[ { "key": "4EHFCCIQ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 8332, "name": "face emotion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/8332/items/4EHFCCIQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion/items/4EHFCCIQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 64410, "username": "pazenadam", "name": "Turgut Can Erol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pazenadam", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Dawson et al.", "parsedDate": "2004-06", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "4EHFCCIQ", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Young children with autism show atypical brain responses to fearful versus neutral facial expressions of emotion", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Geraldine", "lastName": "Dawson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sara J", "lastName": "Webb" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Leslie", "lastName": "Carver" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Heracles", "lastName": "Panagiotides" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "James", "lastName": "McPartland" } ], "abstractNote": "Evidence suggests that autism is associated with impaired emotion perception, but it is unknown how early such impairments are evident. Furthermore, most studies that have assessed emotion perception in children with autism have required verbal responses, making results difficult to interpret. This study utilized high-density event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate whether 3-4-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show differential brain activity to fear versus neutral facial expressions. It has been shown that normal infants as young as 7 months of age show differential brain responses to faces expressing different emotions. ERPs were recorded while children passively viewed photos of an unfamiliar woman posing a neutral and a prototypic fear expression. The sample consisted of 29 3-4-year-old children with ASD and 22 chronological age-matched children with typical development. Typically developing children exhibited a larger early negative component (N300) to the fear than to the neutral face. In contrast, children with ASD did not show the difference in amplitude of this early ERP component to the fear versus neutral face. For a later component, typically developing children exhibited a larger negative slow wave (NSW) to the fear than to the neutral face, whereas children with autism did not show a differential NSW to the two stimuli. In children with ASD, faster speed of early processing (i. e. N300 latency) of the fear face was associated with better performance on tasks assessing social attention (social orienting, joint attention and attention to distress). These data suggest that children with ASD, as young as 3 years of age, show a disordered pattern of neural responses to emotional stimuli.", "publicationTitle": "Developmental Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jun 2004", "volume": "7", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "340-359", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Dev Sci", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15595374", "accessDate": "2009-11-30T10:34:02Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1363-755X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 15595374", "tags": [ { "tag": "Autistic Disorder", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Behavior", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Brain", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Child, Preschool", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Electrodes", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Emotions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Evoked Potentials", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Face", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Facial Expression", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Fear", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neurons", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Recognition (Psychology)", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z" } }, { "key": "3BTFZ275", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 8332, "name": "face emotion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/8332/items/3BTFZ275", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion/items/3BTFZ275", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 64410, "username": "pazenadam", "name": "Turgut Can Erol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pazenadam", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hess and Bourgeois", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "3BTFZ275", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "You smile-I smile: Emotion expression in social interaction", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ursula", "lastName": "Hess" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Patrick", "lastName": "Bourgeois" } ], "abstractNote": "Two studies were conducted to assess the influence of emotional context and social context, in terms of gender and status, on speaker expressivity and observer mimicry in a dyadic interactive setting. For Study 1, 96 same sex dyads and for Study 2, 72 mixed sex dyads participated in a social sharing paradigm. The results showed that in both same sex and mixed sex dyads women smile more than men and members of both sexes use Duchenne smiles rather than non-Duchenne smiles to signal social intent. In same sex dyads facial expressivity and facial mimicry were determined by both the emotional and the social context of the situation. However, whereas emotional context effects maintained, social context effects were absent in mixed sex dyads. The study is the first to show evidence for facial mimicry in an interactional setting and supports the notion that mimicry is dependent on social context.", "publicationTitle": "Biological Psychology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "", "volume": "In Press, Uncorrected Proof", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.11.001", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T4T-4XNN5MJ-1/2/747a360df6c607c6580d7cef7a4c2714", "accessDate": "2009-11-30T08:18:38Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0301-0511", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "You smile-I smile", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Emotion", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Facial Expression", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Facial mimicry", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Interaction", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Smiles", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z" } }, { "key": "ZZ97D3RC", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 8332, "name": "face emotion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/8332/items/ZZ97D3RC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion/items/ZZ97D3RC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 64410, "username": "pazenadam", "name": "Turgut Can Erol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pazenadam", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hess and Bourgeois", "parsedDate": "2009-11-11", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ZZ97D3RC", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "You smile-I smile: Emotion expression in social interaction", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ursula", "lastName": "Hess" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Patrick", "lastName": "Bourgeois" } ], "abstractNote": "Two studies were conducted to assess the influence of emotional context and social context, in terms of gender and status, on speaker expressivity and observer mimicry in a dyadic interactive setting. For Study 1, 96 same sex dyads and for Study 2, 72 mixed sex dyads participated in a social sharing paradigm. The results showed that in both same sex and mixed sex dyads women smile more than men and members of both sexes use Duchenne smiles rather than non-Duchenne smiles to signal social intent. In same sex dyads facial expressivity and facial mimicry were determined by both the emotional and the social context of the situation. However, whereas emotional context effects maintained, social context effects were absent in mixed sex dyads. The study is the first to show evidence for facial mimicry in an interactional setting and supports the notion that mimicry is dependent on social context.", "publicationTitle": "Biological Psychology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Nov 11, 2009", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Biol Psychol", "DOI": "10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.11.001", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19913071", "accessDate": "2009-11-30T08:17:37Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1873-6246", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "You smile-I smile", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 19913071", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z" } }, { "key": "IR9Z8MRJ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 8332, "name": "face emotion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/8332/items/IR9Z8MRJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion/items/IR9Z8MRJ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 64410, "username": "pazenadam", "name": "Turgut Can Erol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pazenadam", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Skuse", "parsedDate": "2003", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "IR9Z8MRJ", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "X-linked genes and the neural basis of social cognition", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Skuse" } ], "abstractNote": "The neural basis of social cognition is subject to intensive research in both humans and non-human primates. Autism is the archetypal disorder of social cognitive skills, and increasing interest is being paid to the role played by efferent and afferent connectivity between the amygdala and neocortical brain regions, in predisposing to this condition. Such circuits are now known to be critical for the processing of social information. Recent research suggests a sub-cortical neural pathway, routed through the amygdala, may turn out to be a key player in the mystery of why humans are so prone to disorders of social adjustment. This pathway responds to certain simple classes of potential threat, including direct eye contact and, in humans, arousal evoked by this exquisitely social stimulus is modulated and controlled by a variety of specific (largely frontal) neocortical regions. Dysfunction of these modulating circuits can occur in the context of developmental disorders that are associated with haploinsufficiency of one or more classes of X-linked genes, lacking Y-homologues, which may be sexually dimorphic in expression.", "publicationTitle": "Novartis Foundation Symposium", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2003", "volume": "251", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "84-98; discussion 98-108; 109-111, 281-297", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Novartis Found. Symp", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14521189", "accessDate": "2009-11-30T10:39:52Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1528-2511", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 14521189", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adolescent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Amygdala", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Autistic Disorder", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Brain", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Emotions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Facial Expression", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Genetic Diseases, X-Linked", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Interpersonal Relations", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social Behavior", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social Perception", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "X Chromosome", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z" } }, { "key": "7VPB5BQ9", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 8332, "name": "face emotion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/8332/items/7VPB5BQ9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion/items/7VPB5BQ9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 64410, "username": "pazenadam", "name": "Turgut Can Erol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pazenadam", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Merin et al.", "parsedDate": "2007-01-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "7VPB5BQ9", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Visual Fixation Patterns during Reciprocal Social Interaction Distinguish a Subgroup of 6-Month-Old Infants At-Risk for Autism from Comparison Infants", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Noah", "lastName": "Merin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gregory", "lastName": "Young" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sally", "lastName": "Ozonoff" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sally", "lastName": "Rogers" } ], "abstractNote": "Abstract Thirty-one infant siblings of children with autism and 24 comparison infants were tested at 6 months of age during social\ninteraction with a caregiver, using a modified Still Face paradigm conducted via a closed-circuit TV-video system. In the\nStill Face paradigm, the mother interacts with the infant, then freezes and displays a neutral, expressionless face, then\nresumes interaction. Eye tracking data on infant visual fixation patterns were recorded during the three episodes of the experiment.\nUsing a hierarchical cluster analysis, we identified a subgroup of infants demonstrating diminished gaze to the mother’s eyes\nrelative to her mouth during the Still Face episode. Ten out of the 11 infants in this subgroup had an older sibling with\nautism.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Ocak 01, 2007", "volume": "37", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "108-121", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1007/s10803-006-0342-4", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0342-4", "accessDate": "2009-11-30T10:05:16Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "SpringerLink", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z" } }, { "key": "TMTB4TKU", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 8332, "name": "face emotion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/8332/items/TMTB4TKU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion/items/TMTB4TKU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 64410, "username": "pazenadam", "name": "Turgut Can Erol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pazenadam", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Buitelaar et al.", "parsedDate": "1999-09", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TMTB4TKU", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Verbal memory and Performance IQ predict theory of mind and emotion recognition ability in children with autistic spectrum disorders and in psychiatric control children", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J K", "lastName": "Buitelaar" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M", "lastName": "van der Wees" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H", "lastName": "Swaab-Barneveld" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R J", "lastName": "van der Gaag" } ], "abstractNote": "This study was designed to examine the developmental and cognitive correlates of theory of mind (ToM) and emotion recognition ability in children with autism (N = 20), with pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) (N = 20), and in psychiatric control children (N = 20). The diagnostic groups were person-to-person matched on age and verbal IQ. The age of the children was between 8 and 18 years; their Full Scale IQ was at least 65. The test battery included tasks for the matching and the context recognition of emotional expressions, and a set of first- and second-order ToM tasks. The relationships between composite domain scores and the subjects' age, Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, verbal memory, visual memory, and gender were examined in bivariate and multivariate analyses. Further, the subjects who reliably and consistently passed the tasks of a domain and those who could not were compared on developmental and cognitive characteristics. Overall, the results of the various analyses converged and indicated that verbal memory, Performance IQ, age and gender were the best predictors of social cognitive ability.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Sep 1999", "volume": "40", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "869-881", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Child Psychol Psychiatry", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10509882", "accessDate": "2009-11-30T10:48:46Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0021-9630", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 10509882", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adolescent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Age Factors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Autistic Disorder", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Case-Control Studies", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Child", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Child Development Disorders, Pervasive", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cognition", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Emotions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Facial Expression", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Intelligence Tests", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Memory", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Multivariate Analysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Problem Solving", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Psychiatric Status Rating Scales", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social Behavior", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Verbal Learning", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z" } }, { "key": "HX6APH58", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 8332, "name": "face emotion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/8332/items/HX6APH58", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion/items/HX6APH58", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 64410, "username": "pazenadam", "name": "Turgut Can Erol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pazenadam", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Chakrabarti et al.", "parsedDate": "2006-04", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "HX6APH58", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Variations in the human cannabinoid receptor (CNR1) gene modulate striatal responses to happy faces", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bhismadev", "lastName": "Chakrabarti" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lindsey", "lastName": "Kent" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John", "lastName": "Suckling" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Edward", "lastName": "Bullmore" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Simon", "lastName": "Baron-Cohen" } ], "abstractNote": "Happy facial expressions are innate social rewards and evoke a response in the striatum, a region known for its role in reward processing in rats, primates and humans. The cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) is the best-characterized molecule of the endocannabinoid system, involved in processing rewards. We hypothesized that genetic variation in human CNR1 gene would predict differences in the striatal response to happy faces. In a 3T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning study on 19 Caucasian volunteers, we report that four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CNR1 locus modulate differential striatal response to happy but not to disgust faces. This suggests a role for the variations of the CNR1 gene in underlying social reward responsivity. Future studies should aim to replicate this finding with a balanced design in a larger sample, but these preliminary results suggest neural responsivity to emotional and socially rewarding stimuli varies as a function of CNR1 genotype. This has implications for medical conditions involving hypo-responsivity to emotional and social stimuli, such as autism.", "publicationTitle": "The European Journal of Neuroscience", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Apr 2006", "volume": "23", "issue": "7", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1944-1948", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Eur. J. Neurosci", "DOI": "10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04697.x", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16623851", "accessDate": "2009-11-30T10:16:35Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0953-816X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 16623851", "tags": [ { "tag": "Brain Mapping", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Corpus Striatum", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Face", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Happiness ", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Magnetic Resonance Imaging", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Reward", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z" } }, { "key": "4M5X42CV", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 8332, "name": "face emotion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/8332/items/4M5X42CV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion/items/4M5X42CV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 64410, "username": "pazenadam", "name": "Turgut Can Erol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pazenadam", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Chakrabarti et al.", "parsedDate": "2006", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "4M5X42CV", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Variations in the human cannabinoid receptor (CNR1) gene modulate striatal responses to happy faces", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bhismadev", "lastName": "Chakrabarti" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lindsey", "lastName": "Kent" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John", "lastName": "Suckling" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Edward", "lastName": "Bullmore" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Simon", "lastName": "Baron-Cohen" } ], "abstractNote": "Happy facial expressions are innate social rewards and evoke a response in the striatum, a region known for its role in reward processing in rats, primates and humans. The cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) is the best-characterized molecule of the endocannabinoid system, involved in processing rewards. We hypothesized that genetic variation in human CNR1 gene would predict differences in the striatal response to happy faces. In a 3T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning study on 19 Caucasian volunteers, we report that four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CNR1 locus modulate differential striatal response to happy but not to disgust faces. This suggests a role for the variations of the CNR1 gene in underlying social reward responsivity. Future studies should aim to replicate this finding with a balanced design in a larger sample, but these preliminary results suggest neural responsivity to emotional and socially rewarding stimuli varies as a function of CNR1 genotype. This has implications for medical conditions involving hypo-responsivity to emotional and social stimuli, such as autism.", "publicationTitle": "European Journal of Neuroscience", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2006", "volume": "23", "issue": "7", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1944-1948", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04697.x", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04697.x", "accessDate": "2009-11-30T10:16:56Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley InterScience", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z" } }, { "key": "4S8XE9E3", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 8332, "name": "face emotion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/8332/items/4S8XE9E3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion/items/4S8XE9E3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 64410, "username": "pazenadam", "name": "Turgut Can Erol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pazenadam", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Dawson et al.", "parsedDate": "2005", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "4S8XE9E3", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Understanding the nature of face processing impairment in autism: insights from behavioral and electrophysiological studies", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Geraldine", "lastName": "Dawson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sara Jane", "lastName": "Webb" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "James", "lastName": "McPartland" } ], "abstractNote": "This article reviews behavioral and electrophysiological studies of face processing and discusses hypotheses for understanding the nature of face processing impairments in autism. Based on results of behavioral studies, this study demonstrates that individuals with autism have impaired face discrimination and recognition and use atypical strategies for processing faces characterized by reduced attention to the eyes and piecemeal rather than configural strategies. Based on results of electrophysiological studies, this article concludes that face processing impairments are present early in autism, by 3 years of age. Such studies have detected abnormalities in both early (N170 reflecting structural encoding) and late (NC reflecting recognition memory) stages of face processing. Event-related potential studies of young children and adults with autism have found slower speed of processing of faces, a failure to show the expected speed advantage of processing faces versus nonface stimuli, and atypical scalp topography suggesting abnormal cortical specialization for face processing. Other electrophysiological studies have suggested that autism is associated with early and late stage processing impairments of facial expressions of emotion (fear) and decreased perceptual binding as reflected in reduced gamma during face processing. This article describes two types of hypotheses-cognitive/perceptual and motivational/affective--that offer frameworks for understanding the nature of face processing impairments in autism. This article discusses implications for intervention.", "publicationTitle": "Developmental Neuropsychology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2005", "volume": "27", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "403-424", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Dev Neuropsychol", "DOI": "10.1207/s15326942dn2703_6", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15843104", "accessDate": "2009-11-30T10:29:45Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "8756-5641", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Understanding the nature of face processing impairment in autism", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 15843104", "tags": [ { "tag": "Autistic Disorder", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Child, Preschool", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cognition Disorders", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Electroencephalography", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Evoked Potentials", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Eye Movements", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Facial Expression", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Fixation, Ocular", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Infant", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Perceptual Disorders", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Visual Perception", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z" } }, { "key": "GGANRZUE", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 8332, "name": "face emotion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/8332/items/GGANRZUE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion/items/GGANRZUE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 64410, "username": "pazenadam", "name": "Turgut Can Erol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pazenadam", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wishart et al.", "parsedDate": "2007-07", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "GGANRZUE", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Understanding of facial expressions of emotion by children with intellectual disabilities of differing aetiology", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J G", "lastName": "Wishart" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K R", "lastName": "Cebula" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D S", "lastName": "Willis" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T K", "lastName": "Pitcairn" } ], "abstractNote": "BACKGROUND: Interpreting emotional expressions is a socio-cognitive skill central to interpersonal interaction. Poor emotion recognition has been reported in autism but is less well understood in other kinds of intellectual disabilities (ID), with procedural differences making comparisons across studies and syndromes difficult. This study aimed to compare directly facial emotion recognition skills in children with fragile X syndrome (FXS), Down's syndrome (DS) and non-specific intellectual disability (NSID), contrasting ability and error profiles with those of typically developing (TD) children of equivalent cognitive and linguistic status. METHODS: Sixty children participated in the study: 15 FXS, 15 DS, 15 NSID and 15 TD children. Standardised measures of cognitive, language and socialisation skills were collected for all children, along with measures of performance on two photo-matching tasks: an 'identity-matching' task (to control for basic face-processing ability) and an 'emotion-matching' task (happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear or disgust). RESULTS: Identity-matching ability did not differ across the four child groups. Only the DS group performed significantly more poorly on the emotion-matching task and only in comparison to the TD group, with fear recognition an area of particular difficulty. CONCLUSION: Findings support previous evidence of emotion recognition abilities commensurate with overall developmental level in children with FXS or NSID, but not DS. They also suggest, however, that syndrome-specific difficulties may be subtle and detectable, at least in smaller-scale studies, only in comparison with TD matches, and not always across syndromes. Implications for behavioural phenotype theory, educational interventions and future research are discussed.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Intellectual Disability Research: JIDR", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jul 2007", "volume": "51", "issue": "Pt 7", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "551-563", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Intellect Disabil Res", "DOI": "10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00947.x", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17537169", "accessDate": "2009-11-30T10:01:41Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0964-2633", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 17537169", "tags": [ { "tag": "Affect", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Child", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Child, Preschool", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Facial Expression", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mental Retardation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social Perception", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z" } }, { "key": "4UJXMGVT", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 8332, "name": "face emotion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/8332/items/4UJXMGVT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion/items/4UJXMGVT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 64410, "username": "pazenadam", "name": "Turgut Can Erol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pazenadam", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Rosset et al.", "parsedDate": "2008-05", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "4UJXMGVT", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Typical emotion processing for cartoon but not for real faces in children with autistic spectrum disorders", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Delphine B", "lastName": "Rosset" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Cécilie", "lastName": "Rondan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Da Fonseca" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andreia", "lastName": "Santos" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Brigitte", "lastName": "Assouline" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christine", "lastName": "Deruelle" } ], "abstractNote": "This study evaluated whether atypical face processing in autism extends from human to cartoon faces for which they show a greater interest. Twenty children with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) were compared to two groups of typically developing children, matched on chronological and mental age. They processed the emotional expressions of real faces, human cartoon and nonhuman cartoon faces. Children with ASD were as capable as controls in processing emotional expressions, but strategies differed according to the type of face. Controls relied on a configural strategy with all faces. By contrast, ASD children exploited this typical configural strategy with cartoons but used a local strategy with real faces. This atypical visual processing style is discussed in the context of face expertise.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 2008", "volume": "38", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "919-925", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Autism Dev Disord", "DOI": "10.1007/s10803-007-0465-2", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17952583", "accessDate": "2009-11-30T09:46:50Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0162-3257", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 17952583", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adolescent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Affect", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Autistic Disorder", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Child", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Child, Preschool", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cognition", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Face", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Facial Expression", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Motion Pictures as Topic", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social Perception", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Visual Perception", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z" } }, { "key": "GWRGPHFS", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 8332, "name": "face emotion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/8332/items/GWRGPHFS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion/items/GWRGPHFS", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 64410, "username": "pazenadam", "name": "Turgut Can Erol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pazenadam", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Serra et al.", "parsedDate": "2002-10", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "GWRGPHFS", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Theory of mind in children with 'lesser variants' of autism: a longitudinal study", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M", "lastName": "Serra" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "F L", "lastName": "Loth" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P L C", "lastName": "van Geert" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E", "lastName": "Hurkens" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R B", "lastName": "Minderaa" } ], "abstractNote": "BACKGROUND: The study investigated the development of theory-of-mind (ToM) knowledge in children with lesser variants' of autism (PDD-NOS) over a period thought to be critical for ToM development (i.e., 3 to 5 years of age). METHOD: The sample included 11 children with PDD-NOS; 23 normally developing children were included for cross-sectional comparison and 13 normally developing children for longitudinal comparison. The groups were comparable in verbal and non-verbal mental age. Two storybooks were used for repeated assessment of various aspects of the children's theory of mind: emotion recognition, the distinction between physical and mental entities, prediction of behaviour and emotions on the basis of desires and prediction of behaviour and emotions on the basis of beliefs. RESULTS: The results showed that the children with PDD-NOS had specific difficulties in understanding and predicting other people's emotions on the basis of situational cues, desires and beliefs. However, their ability to predict actions from beliefs and desires were relatively intact. Compared to the normally developing children, these children achieved lower levels of theory-of-mind knowledge, both at time of initial assessment and approximately 6 months later. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that the theory-of-mind development of children with PDD-NOS is both delayed and deviant. The growth pattem of theory-of-mind skills in children with PDD-NOS seemed to be qualitatively different from the growth pattern found in the group of normally developing children.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Oct 2002", "volume": "43", "issue": "7", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "885-900", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Child Psychol Psychiatry", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12405477", "accessDate": "2009-11-30T10:44:29Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0021-9630", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Theory of mind in children with 'lesser variants' of autism", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 12405477", "tags": [ { "tag": "Child Development Disorders, Pervasive", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Child, Preschool", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cluster Analysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cognition", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Concept Formation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Culture", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Emotions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Facial Expression", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Longitudinal Studies", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Psychological Theory", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social Behavior", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z" } }, { "key": "T6T5QBNJ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 8332, "name": "face emotion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/8332/items/T6T5QBNJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion/items/T6T5QBNJ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 64410, "username": "pazenadam", "name": "Turgut Can Erol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pazenadam", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Gokcen et al.", "parsedDate": "2009-03-31", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "T6T5QBNJ", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Theory of mind and verbal working memory deficits in parents of autistic children", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sezen", "lastName": "Gokcen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Emre", "lastName": "Bora" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Serpil", "lastName": "Erermis" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hande", "lastName": "Kesikci" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Cahide", "lastName": "Aydin" } ], "abstractNote": "The objective of this study was to investigate the potential values of executive function and social cognition deficits as endophenotypes of autism. While theory of mind (ToM) is generally accepted as a unitary concept, some have suggested that ToM may be separated into two components (mental state reasoning and decoding). In this study, both aspects of ToM and verbal working memory abilities were investigated with relatively demanding tasks. The authors used a neurocognitive battery to compare the executive function and social cognition skills of 76 parents of autistic probands with 41 parents of healthy children. Both groups were matched for IQ, age and gender. Index parents had verbal working memory deficits. They had also low performance on a mental state reasoning task. Index parents had difficulties in reasoning about others' emotions. In contrast to findings in the control group, low performance of mental state reasoning ability was not associated with working memory deficit in index parents. Social cognition and working memory impairments may represent potential endophenotypes, related to an underlying vulnerability for autistic spectrum disorders.", "publicationTitle": "Psychiatry Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Mar 31, 2009", "volume": "166", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "46-53", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Psychiatry Res", "DOI": "10.1016/j.psychres.2007.11.016", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19200606", "accessDate": "2009-11-30T09:16:38Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0165-1781", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 19200606", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adolescent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Autistic Disorder", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Child", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Child, Preschool", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cognition Disorders", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Emotions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Facial Expression", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Genetic Predisposition to Disease", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Memory, Short-Term", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mental Retardation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neuropsychological Tests", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Parents", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pattern Recognition, Visual", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Personal Construct Theory", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Phenotype", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Psychometrics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Verbal Learning", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z" } }, { "key": "Q68QCDE2", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 8332, "name": "face emotion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/8332/items/Q68QCDE2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion/items/Q68QCDE2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 64410, "username": "pazenadam", "name": "Turgut Can Erol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pazenadam", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hirao et al.", "parsedDate": "2008-10", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "Q68QCDE2", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Theory of mind and frontal lobe pathology in schizophrenia: A voxel-based morphometry study", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kazuyuki", "lastName": "Hirao" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jun", "lastName": "Miyata" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hironobu", "lastName": "Fujiwara" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Makiko", "lastName": "Yamada" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Chihiro", "lastName": "Namiki" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mitsuaki", "lastName": "Shimizu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nobukatsu", "lastName": "Sawamoto" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hidenao", "lastName": "Fukuyama" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Takuji", "lastName": "Hayashi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Toshiya", "lastName": "Murai" } ], "abstractNote": "Impaired ability to infer the mental states of others (theory of mind; ToM) is considered to be a key contributor to the poor social functioning of patients with schizophrenia. Although neuroimaging and lesion studies have provided empirical evidence for the neural basis of ToM ability, including the involvement of several prefrontal and temporal structures, the association between pathology of these structures and ToM impairment in schizophrenia patients is less well understood. To address this issue, we investigated structural brain abnormalities and ToM impairment in patients with schizophrenia, and examined the relationship between them. Twenty schizophrenia patients and 20 age-, sex- and education-matched healthy participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and were examined for ToM ability based on the revised version of the \"Reading the Mind in the Eyes\" (or Eyes) test [Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., Plumb, I., 2001. The [`]Reading the Mind in the Eyes' test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 42, 241-251]. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was performed to investigate regional brain alterations. Relative to normal controls, schizophrenia patients exhibited gray matter reductions in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), right superior temporal gyrus (STG) and right insula. The patients performed poorly on the Eyes test. Importantly, poor performance on the Eyes test was found to be associated with gray matter reduction in the left VLPFC in the patient group. These results suggest that prefrontal cortical reduction, especially in the left VLPFC, is a key pathology underlying the difficulties faced by schizophrenia patients in inferring the mental states of others.", "publicationTitle": "Schizophrenia Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Ekim 2008", "volume": "105", "issue": "1-3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "165-174", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/j.schres.2008.07.021", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TC2-4TCGM5D-1/2/50a473abe8e05b9d22a53a1523aeade1", "accessDate": "2009-11-30T09:27:38Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0920-9964", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Theory of mind and frontal lobe pathology in schizophrenia", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Eyes test", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Frontal Lobe", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Schizophrenia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social cognition", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Theory of mind", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Voxel-based morphometry", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z" } }, { "key": "MP9M3KCV", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 8332, "name": "face emotion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/8332/items/MP9M3KCV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion/items/MP9M3KCV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 64410, "username": "pazenadam", "name": "Turgut Can Erol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pazenadam", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Levy", "parsedDate": "2007-11", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "MP9M3KCV", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Theories of autism", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Florence", "lastName": "Levy" } ], "abstractNote": "The purpose of the present paper was to review psychological theories of autism, and to integrate these theories with neurobiological findings. Cognitive, theory of mind, language and coherence theories were identified, and briefly reviewed. Psychological theories were found not to account for the rigid/repetitive behaviours universally described in autistic subjects, and underlying neurobiological systems were identified. When the developing brain encounters constrained connectivity, it evolves an abnormal organization, the features of which may be best explained by a developmental failure of neural connectivity, where high local connectivity develops in tandem with low long-range connectivity, resulting in constricted repetitive behaviours.", "publicationTitle": "The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Nov 2007", "volume": "41", "issue": "11", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "859-868", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Aust N Z J Psychiatry", "DOI": "10.1080/00048670701634937", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17924239", "accessDate": "2009-11-30T09:53:04Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0004-8674", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 17924239", "tags": [ { "tag": "Amygdala", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Autistic Disorder", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Brain", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Child", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cognition Disorders", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Emotions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Facial Expression", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Infant", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Interpersonal Relations", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Language Disorders", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Models, Neurological", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neural Pathways", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Obsessive Behavior", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Psychological Theory", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social Perception", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Visual Perception", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z" } }, { "key": "EQZR5Z2E", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 8332, "name": "face emotion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/8332/items/EQZR5Z2E", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion/items/EQZR5Z2E", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 64410, "username": "pazenadam", "name": "Turgut Can Erol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pazenadam", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Celani et al.", "parsedDate": "1999-02", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "EQZR5Z2E", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The understanding of the emotional meaning of facial expressions in people with autism", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G", "lastName": "Celani" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M W", "lastName": "Battacchi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L", "lastName": "Arcidiacono" } ], "abstractNote": "Ten autistic individuals (mean age: 12.7 years, SD 3.8, range 5.10-16.0), 10 Down individuals (12.3 years, SD 3.0, range 7.1-16.0), and a control group of 10 children with normal development (mean age: 6.3 years, SD 1.6, range 4.0-9.4), matched for verbal mental age, were tested on a delayed-matching task and on a sorting-by-preference task. The first task required subjects to match faces on the basis of the emotion being expressed or on the basis of identity. Different from the typical simultaneous matching procedure the target picture was shortly presented (750 msec) and was not visible when the sample pictures were shown to the subject, thus reducing the possible use of perceptual, piecemeal, processing strategies based on the typical features of the emotional facial expression. In the second task, subjects were required to rate the valence of an isolated stimulus, such as facial expression of emotion or an emotional situation in which no people were represented. The aim of the second task was to compare the autistic and nonautistic children's tendency to judge pleasantness of a face using facial expression of emotion as a meaningful index. Results showed a significantly worse performance in autistic individuals than in both normal and Down subjects on both facial expression of emotion subtasks, although on the identity and emotional situation subtasks there were no significant differences between groups.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Feb 1999", "volume": "29", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "57-66", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Autism Dev Disord", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10097995", "accessDate": "2009-11-30T10:50:03Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0162-3257", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 10097995", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adolescent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Analysis of Variance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Autistic Disorder", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Chi-Square Distribution", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Child", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Child, Preschool", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Down Syndrome", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Emotions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Facial Expression", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Perception", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Psychomotor Performance", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z" } }, { "key": "UH9GERTT", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 8332, "name": "face emotion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/8332/items/UH9GERTT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion/items/UH9GERTT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 64410, "username": "pazenadam", "name": "Turgut Can Erol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pazenadam", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Weeks and Hobson", "parsedDate": "1987-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "UH9GERTT", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The salience of facial expression for autistic children", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S J", "lastName": "Weeks" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R P", "lastName": "Hobson" } ], "abstractNote": "Autistic and non-autistic retarded children who were matched for verbal ability were shown 'standard' pairs of photographs of people who differed in three, two or one of the following respects: sex, age, facial expression of emotion, and the type of hat they were wearing. When given similar photographs to sort, the majority of non-autistic children sorted according to people's facial expressions before they sorted according to type of hat, but most autistic children gave priority to sorting by type of hat, and many neglected the facial expressions altogether. It is suggested that these results reflect autistic children's insensitivity to other people's facial expressions of emotion.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jan 1987", "volume": "28", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "137-151", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Child Psychol Psychiatry", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3558531", "accessDate": "2009-11-30T10:59:56Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0021-9630", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 3558531", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adolescent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Autistic Disorder", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Child", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Concept Formation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Facial Expression", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mental Retardation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pattern Recognition, Visual", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social Perception", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z" } }, { "key": "TUJM4AQP", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 8332, "name": "face emotion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/8332/items/TUJM4AQP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion/items/TUJM4AQP", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 64410, "username": "pazenadam", "name": "Turgut Can Erol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pazenadam", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bölte and Poustka", "parsedDate": "2003-07", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TUJM4AQP", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The recognition of facial affect in autistic and schizophrenic subjects and their first-degree relatives", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sven", "lastName": "Bölte" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Fritz", "lastName": "Poustka" } ], "abstractNote": "BACKGROUND: Autism and schizophrenia are considered to be substantially influenced by genetic factors. The endophenotype of both disorders probably also includes deficits in affect perception. The objective of this study was to examine the capacity to detect facially expressed emotion in autistic and schizophrenic subjects, their parents and siblings. METHOD: Thirty-five subjects with autism and 102 of their relatives, 21 schizophrenic subjects and 46 relatives from simplex (one child affected) and multiplex (more than one child affected) families, as well as an unaffected control sample consisting of 22 probands completed a 50-item computer-based test to assess the ability to recognize basic emotions. RESULTS: The autistic subjects showed a poorer performance on the facial recognition test than did the schizophrenic and the unaffected individuals. In addition, there was a tendency for subjects from multiplex families with autistic loading to score lower on the test than individuals from simplex families with autistic loading. Schizophrenic subjects and their relatives as well as siblings and parents of autistic subjects did not differ from the sample of unaffected subjects in their ability to judge facial affect. CONCLUSIONS: Findings corroborate the assumption that emotion detection deficits are part of the endophenotype of autism. In families with autistic children, the extent of facial recognition deficits probably indexes an elevation in familial burden. It seems unlikely that problems in emotion perception form a consistent part of the endophenotype of schizophrenia or the broader phenotype in relatives of patients with psychosis or autism.", "publicationTitle": "Psychological Medicine", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jul 2003", "volume": "33", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "907-915", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Psychol Med", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12877405", "accessDate": "2009-11-30T10:41:30Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0033-2917", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 12877405", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adolescent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Affect", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Autistic Disorder", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Facial Expression", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Middle Aged", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Parents", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Psychometrics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Recognition (Psychology)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Schizophrenia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Schizophrenic Psychology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Siblings", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Task Performance and Analysis", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z" } }, { "key": "5IX6TTPM", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 8332, "name": "face emotion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/8332/items/5IX6TTPM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion/items/5IX6TTPM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 64410, "username": "pazenadam", "name": "Turgut Can Erol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pazenadam", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Golan et al.", "parsedDate": "2008-09", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "5IX6TTPM", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The 'Reading the Mind in Films' Task [child version]: complex emotion and mental state recognition in children with and without autism spectrum conditions", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ofer", "lastName": "Golan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Simon", "lastName": "Baron-Cohen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yael", "lastName": "Golan" } ], "abstractNote": "Children with autism spectrum conditions (ASC) have difficulties recognizing others' emotions. Research has mostly focused on basic emotion recognition, devoid of context. This study reports the results of a new task, assessing recognition of complex emotions and mental states in social contexts. An ASC group (n = 23) was compared to a general population control group (n = 24). Children with ASC performed lower than controls on the task. Using task scores, more than 87% of the participants were allocated to their group. This new test quantifies complex emotion and mental state recognition in life-like situations. Our findings reveal that children with ASC have residual difficulties in this aspect of empathy. The use of language-based compensatory strategies for emotion recognition is discussed.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Sep 2008", "volume": "38", "issue": "8", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1534-1541", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Autism Dev Disord", "DOI": "10.1007/s10803-007-0533-7", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18311514", "accessDate": "2009-11-30T09:37:37Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0162-3257", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The 'Reading the Mind in Films' Task [child version]", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 18311514", "tags": [ { "tag": "Asperger Syndrome", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Attention", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Autistic Disorder", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Child", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Communication", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Concept Formation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Culture", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Emotions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Facial Expression", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Intelligence", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Motion Pictures as Topic", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Personal Construct Theory", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Speech Perception", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z" } }, { "key": "C54H9NBG", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 8332, "name": "face emotion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/8332/items/C54H9NBG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion/items/C54H9NBG", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 64410, "username": "pazenadam", "name": "Turgut Can Erol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pazenadam", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bachevalier and Loveland", "parsedDate": "2006", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "C54H9NBG", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The orbitofrontal-amygdala circuit and self-regulation of social-emotional behavior in autism", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jocelyne", "lastName": "Bachevalier" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Katherine A.", "lastName": "Loveland" } ], "abstractNote": "Individuals with an autistic spectrum disorder are impaired not only in understanding others' mental states, but also in self-regulation of social-emotional behavior. Therefore, a model of the brain in autism must encompass not only those brain systems that subserve social-cognitive and emotional functioning, but also those that subserve the self-regulation of behavior in response to a changing social environment. We present evidence to support the hypothesis that developmental dysfunction of the orbitofrontal-amygdala circuit of the brain is a critical factor in the development of autism and that some of the characteristic deficits of persons with autism in socio-emotional cognition and behavioral self-regulation are related to early dysfunction of different components of this circuit. A secondary hypothesis posits that the degree of intellectual impairment present in individuals with autism is directly related to the integrity of the dorsolateral prefrontal-hippocampal circuit of the brain. Together, these hypotheses have the potential to help explain the neurodevelopmental basis of some of the primary manifestations of autism as well as the heterogeneity of outcomes.", "publicationTitle": "Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2006", "volume": "30", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "97-117", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.07.002", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T0J-4H3972N-2/2/f99495a8f5557c9ee7f01ec68f20ab15", "accessDate": "2009-11-30T09:20:43Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0149-7634", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Cerebellum", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Hippocampus", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Memory deficits", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Prefrontal Cortex", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z" } }, { "key": "KADQUDUC", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 8332, "name": "face emotion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/8332/items/KADQUDUC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion/items/KADQUDUC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 64410, "username": "pazenadam", "name": "Turgut Can Erol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pazenadam", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Khetrapal", "parsedDate": "2008-06", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "KADQUDUC", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The framework for disturbed affective consciousness in autism", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Neha", "lastName": "Khetrapal" } ], "abstractNote": "The current article explores the implication of the interaction of emotion and consciousness for autism. The framework that is proposed for the disorder explains that the compromised functional integrity of the amygdala is the root cause of disturbed affective consciousness. Amygdala, with its connections to various cortical and subcortical regions, helps detect a fearful facial expression at the attentional periphery and make it the focus of attention and awareness for enhanced processing. The conscious life of autistics with respect to affective objects can thus be very different from that of normal people, which leads them to perceive the world differently. They process fearful stimuli the way normal controls perceive common objects by activating areas responsible for feature based analysis rather than the amygdala and other connected areas. Conscious perception of such stimuli is important for appropriate development of emotion concepts, something that autistics lack, thus leading to impairment in the awareness of one's own emotions especially within the negative spectrum with a prominent position for fearful stimuli. Thus the interaction of emotion with consciousness is ripe for investigation and can help to throw light on the mental life of autistics.", "publicationTitle": "Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jun 2008", "volume": "4", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "531-533", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18830397", "accessDate": "2009-11-30T09:25:01Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1176-6328", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 18830397", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z" } }, { "key": "36VMD358", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 8332, "name": "face emotion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/8332/items/36VMD358", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion/items/36VMD358", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 64410, "username": "pazenadam", "name": "Turgut Can Erol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pazenadam", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Olson et al.", "parsedDate": "2007-07", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "36VMD358", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Enigmatic temporal pole: a review of findings on social and emotional processing", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ingrid R", "lastName": "Olson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alan", "lastName": "Plotzker" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Youssef", "lastName": "Ezzyat" } ], "abstractNote": "The function of the anterior-most portion of the temporal lobes, the temporal pole, is not well understood. Anatomists have long considered it part of an extended limbic system based on its location posterior to the orbital frontal cortex and lateral to the amygdala, along with its tight connectivity to limbic and paralimbic regions. Here we review the literature in both non-human primates and humans to assess the temporal pole's putative role in social and emotional processing. Reviewed findings indicate that it has some role in both social and emotional processes, including face recognition and theory of mind, that goes beyond semantic memory. We propose that the temporal pole binds complex, highly processed perceptual inputs to visceral emotional responses. Because perceptual inputs remain segregated into dorsal (auditory), medial (olfactory) and ventral (visual) streams, the integration of emotion with perception is channel specific.", "publicationTitle": "Brain: A Journal of Neurology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jul 2007", "volume": "130", "issue": "Pt 7", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1718-1731", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Brain", "DOI": "10.1093/brain/awm052", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17392317", "accessDate": "2009-11-30T14:07:28Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1460-2156", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The Enigmatic temporal pole", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 17392317", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Brain Mapping", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Emotions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Face", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Interpersonal Relations", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pattern Recognition, Visual", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Recognition (Psychology)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social Behavior Disorders", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Temporal Lobe", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z" } }, { "key": "VAGA96IE", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 8332, "name": "face emotion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/8332/items/VAGA96IE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion/items/VAGA96IE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 64410, "username": "pazenadam", "name": "Turgut Can Erol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pazenadam", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lagercrantz and Changeux", "parsedDate": "2009-03", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VAGA96IE", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The emergence of human consciousness: from fetal to neonatal life", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hugo", "lastName": "Lagercrantz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jean-Pierre", "lastName": "Changeux" } ], "abstractNote": "A simple definition of consciousness is sensory awareness of the body, the self, and the world. The fetus may be aware of the body, for example by perceiving pain. It reacts to touch, smell, and sound, and shows facial expressions responding to external stimuli. However, these reactions are probably preprogrammed and have a subcortical nonconscious origin. Furthermore, the fetus is almost continuously asleep and unconscious partially due to endogenous sedation. Conversely, the newborn infant can be awake, exhibit sensory awareness, and process memorized mental representations. It is also able to differentiate between self and nonself touch, express emotions, and show signs of shared feelings. Yet, it is unreflective, present oriented, and makes little reference to concept of him/herself. Newborn infants display features characteristic of what may be referred to as basic consciousness and they still have to undergo considerable maturation to reach the level of adult consciousness. The preterm infant, ex utero, may open its eyes and establish minimal eye contact with its mother. It also shows avoidance reactions to harmful stimuli. However, the thalamocortical connections are not yet fully established, which is why it can only reach a minimal level of consciousness.", "publicationTitle": "Pediatric Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Mar 2009", "volume": "65", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "255-260", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Pediatr. Res", "DOI": "10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181973b0d", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19092726", "accessDate": "2009-11-30T12:15:35Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1530-0447", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The emergence of human consciousness", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 19092726", "tags": [ { "tag": "Brain", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Consciousness", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Fetal Development", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Magnetic Resonance Imaging", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Models, Biological", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neural Pathways", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Perception", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z" } }, { "key": "FVPX5IV2", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 8332, "name": "face emotion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/8332/items/FVPX5IV2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion/items/FVPX5IV2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 64410, "username": "pazenadam", "name": "Turgut Can Erol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pazenadam", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Monk", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "FVPX5IV2", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The development of emotion-related neural circuitry in health and psychopathology", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christopher S", "lastName": "Monk" } ], "abstractNote": "Disturbances in the detection of, response to, and interpretation of emotion are common in many forms of psychopathology. The amygdala, striatum, and structures within the prefrontal cortex are highly involved in mediating these stages of emotion processing, and evidence indicates that these regions show structural and functional alterations in different types of psychopathology, including anxiety, depression, and autism spectrum disorders. However, we do not know how genes and the environment interact to alter development of these brain regions in ways that give rise to emotion-related psychopathology. This review discusses the current understanding of brain regions that are involved in emotional functioning, how they develop, and how they are altered in three forms of psychopathology: anxiety, depression, and autism spectrum disorders. Following this, a framework is described that may facilitate the integration of investigations of genetic variation and brain function with symptom and diagnostic measures. The framework involves three components: (a) a greater emphasis on simultaneously analyzing multiple levels (genes, brain function, behavior, symptoms, and diagnoses); (b) further integration of developmental considerations, including timing of environmental events, adaptations (or maladaptations), and disorder-related trajectories that guide some children toward atypical experiences; and (c) greater cross-talk between animal and human investigations to take advantage of biological measures that cannot be acquired in humans.", "publicationTitle": "Development and Psychopathology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2008", "volume": "20", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1231-1250", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Dev. Psychopathol", "DOI": "10.1017/S095457940800059X", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18838040", "accessDate": "2009-11-30T09:24:08Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1469-2198", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 18838040", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Anxiety", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Anxiety Disorders", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Attention", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Autistic Disorder", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Brain", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Brain Mapping", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Child", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Emotions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Environment", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Facial Expression", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Magnetic Resonance Imaging", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mental Disorders", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Models, Psychological", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Reference Values", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z" } }, { "key": "NBU4F575", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 8332, "name": "face emotion", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/8332/items/NBU4F575", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/face_emotion/items/NBU4F575", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 64410, "username": "pazenadam", "name": "Turgut Can Erol", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pazenadam", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bormann-Kischkel et al.", "parsedDate": "1995-10", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "NBU4F575", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The development of emotional concepts in autism", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C", "lastName": "Bormann-Kischkel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M", "lastName": "Vilsmeier" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B", "lastName": "Baude" } ], "abstractNote": "Forty-one high-functioning individuals with autism between the ages of 7 and 36 and an age and intelligence matched comparison group were investigated in their ability to recognized emotions in photographs. A colour identification task served as control condition. The autistic group was significantly impaired on the emotions task only. There was no substantial difference between groups in the structures underlying their emotional concepts (pleasantness and arousal). However, there is a trend for the autistic group to rely on other strategies in the recognition of emotions than the comparison group. These strategies may be insufficient in the appreciation of facial expressions.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Oct 1995", "volume": "36", "issue": "7", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1243-1259", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Child Psychol Psychiatry", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8847383", "accessDate": "2009-11-30T10:54:24Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0021-9630", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 8847383", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adolescent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Arousal", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Autistic Disorder", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Child", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Concept Formation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Emotions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Facial Expression", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Intelligence", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mental Recall", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Problem Solving", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T09:20:58Z" } } ]