[ { "key": "H3NKQS8S", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 821, "name": "Visual word recognition", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/821/items/H3NKQS8S", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition/items/H3NKQS8S", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 25563, "username": "sdufau", "name": "Stephane Dufau", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sdufau", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 89959, "username": "sd", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sd", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Jurcak et al.", "parsedDate": "2007", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "H3NKQS8S", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "10/20, 10/10, and 10/5 systems revisited: Their validity as relative head-surface-based positioning systems", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "V.", "lastName": "Jurcak" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D.", "lastName": "Tsuzuki" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "I.", "lastName": "Dan" } ], "abstractNote": "With the advent of multi-channel EEG hardware systems and the concurrent development of topographic and tomographic signal source localization methods, the international 10/20 system, a standard system for electrode positioning with 21 electrodes, was extended to higher density electrode settings such as 10/10 and 10/5 systems, allowing more than 300 electrode positions. However, their effectiveness as relative head-surface-based positioning systems has not been examined. We previously developed a virtual 10/20 measurement algorithm that can analyze any structural MR head and brain image. Extending this method to the virtual 10/10 and 10/5 measurement algorithms, we analyzed the MR images of 17 healthy subjects. The acquired scalp positions of the 10/10 and 10/5 systems were normalized to the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) stereotactic coordinates and their spatial variability was assessed. We described and examined the effects of spatial variability due to the selection of positioning systems and landmark placement strategies. As long as a detailed rule for a particular system was provided, it yielded precise landmark positions on the scalp. Moreover, we evaluated the effective spatial resolution of 329 scalp landmark positions of the 10/5 system for multi-subject studies. As long as a detailed rule for landmark setting was provided, 241 scalp positions could be set effectively when there was no overlapping of two neighboring positions. Importantly, 10/10 positions could be well separated on a scalp without overlapping. This study presents a referential framework for establishing the effective spatial resolutions of 10/20, 10/10, and 10/5 systems as relative head-surface-based positioning systems..", "publicationTitle": "NeuroImage", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2007", "volume": "34", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1600-1611", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Diffused optical imaging" }, { "tag": "Near-infrared spectroscopy" }, { "tag": "Optical topography" }, { "tag": "Probabilistic registration" }, { "tag": "Ten/five system" }, { "tag": "Ten/ten system" }, { "tag": "Ten/twenty system" }, { "tag": "Transcranial magnetic stimulation" }, { "tag": "electroencephalography" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T23:04:14Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-04T09:17:27Z" } }, { "key": "HGK3CS5D", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 821, "name": "Visual word recognition", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/821/items/HGK3CS5D", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition/items/HGK3CS5D", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 25563, "username": "sdufau", "name": "Stephane Dufau", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sdufau", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zwitserlood et al.", "parsedDate": "2002", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "HGK3CS5D", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Where and how morphologically complex words interplay with naming pictures", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Zwitserlood" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Bölte" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Dohmes" } ], "abstractNote": "Two picture-word experiments are reported in which a delay of 7 to 10 was introduced between distractor and picture. Distractor words were either derived words (Experiment 1) or compounds (Experiment 2), morphologically related to the picture name. In both experiments, the position of morphological overlap between distractor (e.g., rosebud vs tea-rose) and picture name (ROSE) was manipulated. Clear facilitation of picture naming latencies was obtained when pictures were paired with morphological distractors, and effects were independent of distractor type and position of overlap. The results are evaluated against \"full listing\" and \"decomposition\" approaches of morphological representation. © 2002 Elsevier Science (USA).", "publicationTitle": "Brain and Language", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2002", "volume": "81", "issue": "1-3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "358-367", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Decomposition" }, { "tag": "Full-listing" }, { "tag": "Implicit priming" }, { "tag": "Morphology" }, { "tag": "Picture-word interference" }, { "tag": "Speech production" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z" } }, { "key": "V4RTANF3", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 821, "name": "Visual word recognition", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/821/items/V4RTANF3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition/items/V4RTANF3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 25563, "username": "sdufau", "name": "Stephane Dufau", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sdufau", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zwitserlood et al.", "parsedDate": "2000", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "V4RTANF3", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Morphological effects on speech production: Evidence from picture naming", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Zwitserlood" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Bolte" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Dohmes" } ], "abstractNote": "The influence of morphologically complex and simple words on the production of morphologically complex and simple picture names was investigated in five picture-word interference studies. Two variants of picture-word interference were employed to separate morphological from semantic and phonological effects. In the first variant, distractor words were presented concurrently with the pictures, which had to be named. Semantic distractors produced the expected interference. Morphological and phonological distractors both resulted in facilitation, but the size of the effect was much larger for morphological distractors. In a second variant, distractors and pictures were separated by a lag of 7-10 intervening trials. Picture naming was again facilitated by morphological distractors, but no effects were found for phonological and semantic distractors. Distractors from different morphological classes were investigated in the last experiment, again with lags between distractors and pictures. Although these distractors shared a free morpheme with the picture name, they differed from the picture at the conceptual and lemma level. Equal amounts of facilitation were obtained for all distractor types, suggesting that effects originate at a level of shared morphemes.", "publicationTitle": "Language and Cognitive Processes", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2000", "volume": "15", "issue": "4-5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "563-591", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z" } }, { "key": "ZPGHTS5Z", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 821, "name": "Visual word recognition", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/821/items/ZPGHTS5Z", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition/items/ZPGHTS5Z", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 25563, "username": "sdufau", "name": "Stephane Dufau", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sdufau", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zweig et al.", "parsedDate": "1988", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ZPGHTS5Z", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The neuropathology of aminergic nuclei in Alzheimer's disease", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R. M.", "lastName": "Zweig" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C. A.", "lastName": "Ross" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. C.", "lastName": "Hedreen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.", "lastName": "Steele" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. E.", "lastName": "Cardillo" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P. J.", "lastName": "Whitehouse" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. F.", "lastName": "Folstein" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D. L.", "lastName": "Price" } ], "abstractNote": "Neuronal loss and the presence of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) within aminergic nuclei were examined in a series of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuromelanin-containing neurons within the locus ceruleus and large nucleolus-containing within the dorsal raphe nucleus and the central superior (raphe) nucleus were counted in 25 patients with AD and in 12 age-matched control subjects. Numbers of NFTs were quantified in the same regions. Counts were compared with clinical data, including psychiatric evaluations, available for 21 of the patients with AD. Within the locus ceruleus in the patients with AD, abnormalities were more severe at mid level than at caudal or rostral levels (p < 0.01). Within the dorsal raphe nucleus, neuronal loss was most severe caudally (p < 0.05). NFTs, but not neuronal loss, were demonstrated within the central superior nucleus. Neuronal and NFT counts did not correlate at individual levels; the relative severity of both pathological processes was consistent from level to level within nuclei but was less consistent between nuclei. Neuronal loss correlated inversely with age, particularly within the locus ceruleus. Duration of disease correlated inversely with counts of NFTs, particularly within the dorsal raphe nucleus, implying a correlation between NFT counts and rate of progression of disease as all but 3 patients had severe dementia. Significantly, patients with AD complicated by major depression had fewer neurons at the mid level of the locus ceruleus and at the rostral level of the central superior nucleus in comparison with nondepressed patients. There was a trend suggesting greater loss of neurons at all levels of the locus ceruleus and dorsal raphe nucleus in depressed individuals.", "publicationTitle": "Annals of Neurology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1988", "volume": "24", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "233-242", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z" } }, { "key": "BGSJKMMV", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 821, "name": "Visual word recognition", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/821/items/BGSJKMMV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition/items/BGSJKMMV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 25563, "username": "sdufau", "name": "Stephane Dufau", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sdufau", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zwaan et al.", "parsedDate": "1995", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "BGSJKMMV", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Dimensions of Situation Model Construction in Narrative Comprehension", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R. A.", "lastName": "Zwaan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. P.", "lastName": "Magliano" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A. C.", "lastName": "Graesser" } ], "abstractNote": "Several factors potentially influence the extent to which readers form a coherent mental representation during story comprehension. The main factors are argument overlap (i.e., connections between text constituents) and situational continuity (i.e., connections between the components of the referential situation model). The authors distinguished 3 dimensions of situational continuity: temporal, spatial, and causal continuity. Results of 2 reading-time studies involving naturalistic stories suggest that readers simultaneously monitor multiple dimensions of the situation model (particularly temporality and causality) under a normal reading instruction. In addition, the construction of a situation model does not critically depend on the presence or absence of argument overlap. © 1995 American Psychological Association.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1995", "volume": "21", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "386-397", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z" } }, { "key": "4UAZF9CB", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 821, "name": "Visual word recognition", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/821/items/4UAZF9CB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition/items/4UAZF9CB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 25563, "username": "sdufau", "name": "Stephane Dufau", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sdufau", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zwaan", "parsedDate": "1996", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "4UAZF9CB", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Processing narrative time shifts", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R. A.", "lastName": "Zwaan" } ], "abstractNote": "This study examined how the chronological distance between 2 consecutively narrated story events affects the on-line comprehension and mental representation of these events. College students read short narrative passages from a computer screen and responded to recognition probes. The results of 4 experiments consistently demonstrated that readers used temporal information to construct situation models while comprehending narratives. First, sentence reading times increased when there was a narrative time shift (e.g., as denoted by an hour later) as opposed to when there was no narrative time shift (e.g., as denoted by a moment later). Second, information from the previously narrated event was less accessible when it was followed by a time shift than when it was not. Third, 2 events that were separated by a narrative time shift were less strongly connected in long-term memory than 2 events that were not separated by a narrative time shift. The results suggest that readers use a strong iconicity assumption during story comprehension.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1996", "volume": "22", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1196-1207", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z" } }, { "key": "Q6H9UVMT", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 821, "name": "Visual word recognition", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/821/items/Q6H9UVMT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition/items/Q6H9UVMT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 25563, "username": "sdufau", "name": "Stephane Dufau", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sdufau", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zuck", "parsedDate": "1996", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "Q6H9UVMT", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Inhibition with Orthographically Similar Low-Frequency Word Targets Preceded by High-Frequency Primes", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D.", "lastName": "Zuck" } ], "abstractNote": "The role of inhibition (increased latency) for lexical decisions on targets preceded by orthographically related high- and low-frequency primes was examined. There was more inhibition for targets preceded by orthographically related high-frequency primes, compared to the same targets preceded by orthographically unrelated primes. These results were interpreted as verification of a version of Colombo's (1986) inhibition hypothesis, modified to fit the current paradigm. According to the modified version of Colombo's hypothesis, the lexical memorial representation of a similarly spelled high-frequency prime competes with the target for recognition when the target is presented. In the current experiment, the lack of phonological inconsistency effects (e.g., TOUCH-COUCH vs. SPOKE-COUCH) was not interpreted to mean that phonological processing did not occur. The lack of phonological inconsistency effects was seen as the result of phonological processes being averaged across targets that were still influenced lexically by the memorial representations of similarly spelled high- and low-frequency primes.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Psycholinguistic Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1996", "volume": "25", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "643-658", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z" } }, { "key": "9WGE8HIZ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 821, "name": "Visual word recognition", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/821/items/9WGE8HIZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition/items/9WGE8HIZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 25563, "username": "sdufau", "name": "Stephane Dufau", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sdufau", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zubenko and Moossy", "parsedDate": "1988", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "9WGE8HIZ", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Major depression in primary dementia. Clinical and neuropathologic correlates", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G. S.", "lastName": "Zubenko" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Moossy" } ], "abstractNote": "Cytopathologic features were quantified in seven brain regions in the brains of 37 demented patients, with or without major depression, and in those of seven controls with no history of dementia or depression. The middle frontal and superior temporal cortex, prosubiculum and entorhinal cortex of the hippocampus, nucleus basalis of Meynert, locus ceruleus, and substantia nigra were the areas evaluated. Patients with major depression had significantly more degenerative findings in the locus ceruleus and substantia nigra than demented patients who were not depressed. In contrast, these groups were similar with respect to other clinical features and indexes of global severity of dementia. A logistic regression model that included the degenerative features of both the locus ceruleus and the substantia nigra was significantly better at predicting the presence of major depression than those employing the characterictics of either pigmented nucleus alone. Our results indicate that the development of major depression in patients with primary dementia is associated with the degeneration of the locus ceruleus and substantia nigra.", "publicationTitle": "Archives of Neurology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1988", "volume": "45", "issue": "11", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1182-1186", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z" } }, { "key": "F3EFVFBZ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 821, "name": "Visual word recognition", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/821/items/F3EFVFBZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition/items/F3EFVFBZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 25563, "username": "sdufau", "name": "Stephane Dufau", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sdufau", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zorzi and Umiltá", "parsedDate": "1995", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "F3EFVFBZ", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A computational model of the Simon effect", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Zorzi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.", "lastName": "Umiltá" } ], "abstractNote": "Even though stimulus location is task irrelevant, reaction times are faster when the location of the stimulus corresponds with the location of the response than when it does not. This phenomenon is called the Simon effect. Most accounts of the Simon effect are based on the assumption that it arises from a conflict between the spatial code of the stimulus and that of the response. In this paper a computational model of this hypothesis is presented. It provides a computationally explicit mechanism of the Simon effect. Consistent with human performance, the model provides reaction times that indicate both an advantage for the ipsilateral, corresponding response (i.e., facilitation) and a disadvantage of the contralateral, noncorresponding response (i.e., inhibition). In addition, the model accounts for the fact that the size for the effect depends on task difficulty. © 1995 Springer-Verlag.", "publicationTitle": "Psychological Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1995", "volume": "58", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "193-205", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z" } }, { "key": "535J7UME", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 821, "name": "Visual word recognition", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/821/items/535J7UME", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition/items/535J7UME", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 25563, "username": "sdufau", "name": "Stephane Dufau", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sdufau", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zorzi et al.", "parsedDate": "2006", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "535J7UME", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The spatial representation of numerical and non-numerical sequences: Evidence from neglect", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Zorzi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K.", "lastName": "Priftis" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "F.", "lastName": "Meneghello" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Marenzi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.", "lastName": "UmiltÃ" } ], "abstractNote": "Psychophysical and neuropsychological studies have revealed that humans represent numbers along a continuous, left-to-right oriented mental line. However, it has been recently claimed that this format of representation is not special to numbers because non-numerical sequences would be spatially coded in the same way. To test this hypothesis, the present study investigated the effects of left neglect upon the bisection of numerical and non-numerical intervals. Eight patients with left neglect performed a visual line bisection task and three mental bisection tasks with number, letter, and month intervals. The error pattern in the number bisection task, indexed by the modulating effect of interval length, mirrored that of the visual task and confirmed the left-to-right spatial orientation of the mental number line. In contrast, the bisection of non-numerical intervals showed a very different pattern. The results suggest that the spatial layout characterizing numerical representations constitutes a specific property of numbers rather than a general characteristic of ordered sequences. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "publicationTitle": "Neuropsychologia", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2006", "volume": "44", "issue": "7", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1061-1067", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Mental number line" }, { "tag": "Neglect" }, { "tag": "Numerical cognition" }, { "tag": "Ordered sequences" }, { "tag": "Spatial cognition" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z" } }, { "key": "3PJRB6B3", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 821, "name": "Visual word recognition", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/821/items/3PJRB6B3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition/items/3PJRB6B3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 25563, "username": "sdufau", "name": "Stephane Dufau", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sdufau", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zorzi et al.", "parsedDate": "2003", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "3PJRB6B3", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Automatic spatial coding of perceived gaze direction is revealed by the Simon effect", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Zorzi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D.", "lastName": "Mapelli" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E.", "lastName": "Rusconi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.", "lastName": "UmiltÃ" } ], "abstractNote": "In a typical Simon task, the (irrelevant) spatial position of the stimulus interferes with the processing of the salient characteristic (e.g., color). We used the Simon effect to investigate the automatic processing of gaze cues. We show that a simple drawing of schematic eyes automatically generates a spatially defined code of gaze direction. Although completely irrelevant to the task, direction of gaze influenced reaction times in a spatially selective two-choice discrimination based on eye color. Moreover, in one experiment employing an orthogonal manipulation of stimulus position and gaze direction, we found that coding of gaze direction is independent of stimulus spatial coding. Our finding of a \"gaze-direction Simon effect\" is congruent with the hypothesis that gaze direction is coded by a specialized mechanism.", "publicationTitle": "Psychonomic Bulletin and Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2003", "volume": "10", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "423-429", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z" } }, { "key": "IPF5MKI6", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 821, "name": "Visual word recognition", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/821/items/IPF5MKI6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition/items/IPF5MKI6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 25563, "username": "sdufau", "name": "Stephane Dufau", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sdufau", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zorzi et al.", "parsedDate": "2002", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "IPF5MKI6", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Brain damage: Neglect disrupts the mental number line", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Zorzi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K.", "lastName": "Priftis" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.", "lastName": "UmiltÃ" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Nature", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2002", "volume": "417", "issue": "6885", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "138-139", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z" } }, { "key": "HRBBSTP9", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 821, "name": "Visual word recognition", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/821/items/HRBBSTP9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition/items/HRBBSTP9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 25563, "username": "sdufau", "name": "Stephane Dufau", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sdufau", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zorzi et al.", "parsedDate": "1998", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "HRBBSTP9", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Development of Spelling-Sound Relationships in a Model of Phonological Reading", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Zorzi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G.", "lastName": "Houghton" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B.", "lastName": "Butterworth" } ], "abstractNote": "Developmental aspects of the spelling to sound mapping for English monosyllabic words are investigated with a simple two-layer network model using a simple, general learning rule. The model is trained on both regularly and irregularly spelled words, but extracts the regular spelling to sound relationships which it can apply to new words, and which cause it to regularise irregular words. These relationships are shown to include single letter to phoneme mappings as well as mappings involving larger units such as multiletter graphemes and onset-rime structures. The development of these mappings as a function of training is analysed and compared with relevant developmental data. We also show that the two-layer model can generalise after very little training, in comparison to a three-layer network. This ability relies on the fact that orthography and phonology can make direct contact with each other, and its importance for self-teaching is emphasised.", "publicationTitle": "Language and Cognitive Processes", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1998", "volume": "13", "issue": "2-3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "337-371", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z" } }, { "key": "6BIQMJGT", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 821, "name": "Visual word recognition", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/821/items/6BIQMJGT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition/items/6BIQMJGT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 25563, "username": "sdufau", "name": "Stephane Dufau", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sdufau", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zorzi et al.", "parsedDate": "1998", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "6BIQMJGT", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Two Routes or One in Reading Aloud? A Connectionist Dual-Process Model", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Zorzi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G.", "lastName": "Houghton" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B.", "lastName": "Butterworth" } ], "abstractNote": "A connectionist study of word reading is described that emphasizes the computational demands of the spelling-sound mapping in determining the properties of the reading system. It is shown that the phonological assembly process can be implemented by a two-layer network, which easily extracts the regularities in the spelling-sound mapping for English from training data containing many exception words. It is argued that productive knowledge about spelling-sound relationships is more easily acquired and used if it is separated from case-specific knowledge of the pronunciation of known words. It is then shown how the interaction of assembled and retrieved phonologies can account for the combined effects of frequency and regularity-consistency and for the reading performance of dyslexic patients. It is concluded that the organization of the reading system reflects the demands of the task and that the pronunciations of nonwords and exception words are computed by different processes.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1998", "volume": "24", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1131-1161", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z" } }, { "key": "TBR9Z22J", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 821, "name": "Visual word recognition", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/821/items/TBR9Z22J", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition/items/TBR9Z22J", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 25563, "username": "sdufau", "name": "Stephane Dufau", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sdufau", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zorzi", "parsedDate": "2000", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TBR9Z22J", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Serial processing in Reading aloud: No challenge for a parallel model", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Zorzi" } ], "abstractNote": "K. Rastle and M. Coltheart (1999) challenged parallel models of reading by showing that the cost of irregularity in low-frequency exception words was modulated by the position of the irregularity in the word. This position-of-irregularity effect was taken as strong evidence of serial processing in reading. This article refutes Rastle and Coltheart's theoretical conclusions in 3 ways: First, a parallel model, the connectionist dual process model (M. Zorzi, G. Houghton & B. Butterworth, 1998b), produces a position-of-irregularity effect. Second, the supposed serial effect can be reduced to a position-specific grapheme-phoneme consistency effect. Third, the position-of-irregularity effect vanishes when the experimental data are reanalyzed using grapheme-phoneme consistency as the covariate. This demonstration has broader implications for studies aiming at adjudicating between models: Strong inferences should be avoided until the computational models are actually tested.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2000", "volume": "26", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "847-856", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z" } }, { "key": "2HNVANRQ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 821, "name": "Visual word recognition", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/821/items/2HNVANRQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition/items/2HNVANRQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 25563, "username": "sdufau", "name": "Stephane Dufau", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sdufau", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zola-Morgan and Squire", "parsedDate": "1990", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "2HNVANRQ", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The primate hippocampal formation: Evidence for a time-limited role in memory storage", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S. M.", "lastName": "Zola-Morgan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L. R.", "lastName": "Squire" } ], "abstractNote": "Clinical and experimental studies have shown that the hippocampal formation and related structures in the medial temporal lobe are important for learning and memory. Retrograde amnesia was studied prospectively in monkeys to understand the contribution of the hippocampal formation to memory function. Monkeys learned to discriminate 100 pairs of objects beginning 16, 12, 8, 4, and 2 weeks before the hippocampal formation was removed (20 different pairs at each time period). Two weeks after surgery, memory was assessed by presenting each of the 100 object pairs again for a single-choice trial. Normal monkeys exhibited forgetting; that is, they remembered recently learned objects better than objects learned many weeks earlier. Monkeys with hippocampal damage were severely impaired at remembering recently learned objects. In addition, they remembered objects learned long ago as well as normal monkeys did and significantly better than they remembered objects learned recently. These results show that the hippocampal formation is required for memory storage for only a limited period of time after learning. As time passes, its role in memory diminishes, and a more permanent memory gradually develops independently of the hippocampal formation, probably in neocortex.", "publicationTitle": "Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1990", "volume": "250", "issue": "4978", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "288-290", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z" } }, { "key": "XUN34PNB", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 821, "name": "Visual word recognition", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/821/items/XUN34PNB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition/items/XUN34PNB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 25563, "username": "sdufau", "name": "Stephane Dufau", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sdufau", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zola-Morgan et al.", "parsedDate": "1994", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "XUN34PNB", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Severity of memory impairment in monkeys as a function of locus and extent of damage within the medial temporal lobe memory system", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Zola-Morgan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L. R.", "lastName": "Squire" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S. J.", "lastName": "Ramus" } ], "abstractNote": "During the past decade, work with monkeys has helped identify the structures in the medial temporal lobe that are important for memory: the hippocampal region (including the hippocampus proper, the dentate gyrus, and the subicular complex) and adjacent cortical areas that are anatomically linked to the hippocampus, i.e., the entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortices. One idea that has emerged from this work is that the severity of memory impairment might increase as more components of the medial temporal lobe are damaged. We have evaluated this idea directly by examining behavioral data from 30 monkeys (ten normal monkeys and 20 monkeys with bilateral lesions involving structures within the medial temporal lobe) that have completed testing on our standard memory battery during the last 10 years. The main finding was that the severity of memory impairment depended on the locus and extent of damage to the medial temporal lobe. Specifically, damage limited to the hippocampal region produced a mild memory impairment. More severe memory impairment was produced when the damage was increased to include the adjacent entorhinal and parahippocampal cortices (the H+ lesion). Finally, memory impairment was even more severe when the H+ lesion was extended forward to include the anterior entorhinal cortex and the perirhinal cortex (H++ lesion). Taken together, these findings suggest that, whereas damage to the hippocampal region produces measurable memory impairment, a substantial part of the severe memory impairment produced by large medial temporal lobe lesions in humans and monkeys can be attributed to damage to entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortices adjacent to the hippocampal region.", "publicationTitle": "Hippocampus", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1994", "volume": "4", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "483-495", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Entorhinal cortex" }, { "tag": "Hippocampus" }, { "tag": "Nonhuman primate" }, { "tag": "Parahippocampal cortex" }, { "tag": "Perirhinal cortex" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z" } }, { "key": "AI222T7E", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 821, "name": "Visual word recognition", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/821/items/AI222T7E", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition/items/AI222T7E", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 25563, "username": "sdufau", "name": "Stephane Dufau", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sdufau", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zoghi and Nordstrom", "parsedDate": "2007", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "AI222T7E", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Progressive suppression of intracortical inhibition during graded isometric contraction of a hand muscle is not influenced by hand preference", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Zoghi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. A.", "lastName": "Nordstrom" } ], "abstractNote": "GABAergic intracortical inhibition (ICI) in human motor cortex (M1) assists fractionated activation of muscles, and it has been suggested that hemispheric differences in ICI may contribute to hand preference. Previous studies of this issue have all been conducted at rest, with conflicting results. Testing during voluntary activation may reveal functionally relevant differences. In normal subjects, we assessed (1) operation of ICI circuits during selective activation of an intrinsic hand muscle at different forces, and (2) whether this differs between right and left hemispheres. Surface EMG was recorded bilaterally from abductor pollicis brevis (APB), first dorsal interosseous (FDI) and abductor digiti minimi (ADM) muscles in eleven right-handed subjects. A circular coil applied paired transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with posteriorly directed current in the brain. Conditioning intensity was 0.8 x active threshold and interstimulus interval was 3 ms. TMS was applied to right or left M1 while subjects were at rest or performing isometric thumb abduction at different forces (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 N) with the contralateral hand. Conditioning TMS was less effective at suppressing the muscle evoked potential in APB during 2-10 N thumb abduction (P < 0.0001) versus rest, but not with lower target forces (0.5, 1 N). Conditioning TMS was less effective for FDI and ADM only during 10 N thumb abduction. We conclude that differential modulation of ICI in M1 during selective muscle activation is a function of target isometric force level. At low forces (<5% MVC), ICI is not modulated for the corticospinal neurons controlling the active or inactive muscles. There is a progressive reduction of ICI effects on corticospinal neurons at higher forces, which is largely restricted to corticospinal neurons controlling the muscle targeted for activation over the range of forces tested (up to ∼25% MVC). The pattern of ICI modulation with selective voluntary muscle contraction was similar in left and right hemispheres during this relatively simple static task. If hemispheric differences in operation of M1 ICI circuits contribute to hand preference, a more challenging finger movement protocol may be needed to demonstrate this asymmetry. © 2006 Springer-Verlag.", "publicationTitle": "Experimental Brain Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2007", "volume": "177", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "266-274", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Finger" }, { "tag": "Force" }, { "tag": "GABA" }, { "tag": "Handedness" }, { "tag": "Transcranial magnetic stimulation" }, { "tag": "motor cortex" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z" } }, { "key": "FT7QRKDZ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 821, "name": "Visual word recognition", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/821/items/FT7QRKDZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition/items/FT7QRKDZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 25563, "username": "sdufau", "name": "Stephane Dufau", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sdufau", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zoccolotti et al.", "parsedDate": "2009", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "FT7QRKDZ", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Reading development in an orthographically regular language: Effects of length, frequency, lexicality and global processing ability", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Zoccolotti" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "de Luca" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G.", "lastName": "Di Filippo" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Judica" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Martelli" } ], "abstractNote": "The acquisition of reading skill was studied in 503 Italian children in first to eighth grade using a task that required reading of lists of words and non-words. Analysis of the metric characteristics of the measures indicated that reading speed but not accuracy was normally distributed across all ages considered. The role of specific effects (length, word frequency, and lexicality) versus global factors in reading speed was examined using the Rate-Amount Model (RAM). A global processing factor accounted for a large portion of the variance. Specific influences of length, frequency, and lexicality were detected in different periods of development over and above the global processing factor. Length modulated performance at early stages of learning and progressively less later on; in the case of non-words, the effect of length was large but did not change as a function of grade. The lexicality effect, present at all ages for high frequency words and by third grade for low frequency words increased with reading practice indicating a progressive differentiation in the ability to read words and non-words. Finally, the effect of word frequency was highest in third grade and then decreased. These findings are discussed in terms of their relevance for reading acquisition in a language with transparent orthography and their implications for evaluating developmental reading deficits. Overall, it is proposed that RAM is a useful tool for disentangling the role of specific versus global factors in reading development. © 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.", "publicationTitle": "Reading and Writing", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2009", "volume": "22", "issue": "9", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1053-1079", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Frequency effect" }, { "tag": "Length effect" }, { "tag": "Lexicality effect" }, { "tag": "Rate-and-amount model" }, { "tag": "reading" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z" } }, { "key": "3EX2WWJT", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 821, "name": "Visual word recognition", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/821/items/3EX2WWJT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition/items/3EX2WWJT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 25563, "username": "sdufau", "name": "Stephane Dufau", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sdufau", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zoccolotti et al.", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "3EX2WWJT", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Isolating global and specific factors in developmental dyslexia: A study based on the rate and amount model (RAM)", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Zoccolotti" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "De Luca" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Judica" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D.", "lastName": "Spinelli" } ], "abstractNote": "Using the reading-age match approach, research on developmental dyslexia focuses on specific (e.g., phonological) deficits and disregards the possible role of global influences in determining the disturbance. In the present study, we set out to investigate the role of both global and specific factors in Italian developmental dyslexics using the rate-amount model (RAM; Faust et al. in Psychol Bull 125:777-799, 1999). Vocal reaction times (RT) in naming pictures, words and non-words of varying length were measured in a group of 26 sixth- to eighth-grade dyslexics and 81 age-matched control readers. Dyslexics' raw RTs showed greater lexicality (longer RTs to non-words than words) and length (longer RTs to long stimuli than short ones) effects than controls'. We found that one global factor predicted most individual variation in naming words and non-words, but not pictures. When data transformations, effective in controlling for the global factor, were applied to the data, the greater lexicality effect in dyslexics vanished, due to the influence of the global factor and not a specific failure in the non-lexical reading procedure. Conversely, the greater length effect in dyslexics persisted. Overall, dyslexics' reading performance was best explained as due to the influence of both a global factor for processing orthographic material prelexically and to the specific influence of stimulus length. This conceptualisation appears more promising for bridging the gap between behavioural and functional imaging studies than traditional approaches, which focus on the detection of specific reading deficits. It is concluded that RAM is a useful tool for disentangling the components that are impaired in reading and for defining the characteristics of the global factor, because the paradigm is more powerful for studying developmental dyslexia than the reading-age match method. © 2008 Springer-Verlag.", "publicationTitle": "Experimental Brain Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2008", "volume": "186", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "551-560", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Dyslexia" }, { "tag": "Reaction time" }, { "tag": "reading" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z" } }, { "key": "EWCTX8CN", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 821, "name": "Visual word recognition", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/821/items/EWCTX8CN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition/items/EWCTX8CN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 25563, "username": "sdufau", "name": "Stephane Dufau", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sdufau", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zoccolotti et al.", "parsedDate": "2005", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "EWCTX8CN", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Word length effect in early reading and in developmental dyslexia", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Zoccolotti" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "De Luca" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E.", "lastName": "Di Pace" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "F.", "lastName": "Gasperini" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Judica" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D.", "lastName": "Spinelli" } ], "abstractNote": "Vocal reaction times were measured in Italian dyslexics and in proficient readers while they read single words. Three groups of control participants (for a total of 79) were tested. All were in the first, second or third grade of elementary school. Nine third graders with a low level of reading ability when assessed by standard reading procedures were also tested. Results indicated that vocal RTs of control participants were faster and less sensitive to word length as a function of age; also, there was a particularly marked change between first and second graders. Dyslexics' vocal RTs and errors were much worse than those of peer control participants and resembled those of first grade controls. It is suggested that normal readers in an orthographically transparent language (Italian) adopt a lexical strategy quite early in their learning. On the contrary, dyslexics seem unable to learn this mode of processing and continue to use a sub-lexical reading procedure. © 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.", "publicationTitle": "Brain and Language", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2005", "volume": "93", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "369-373", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Dyslexia" }, { "tag": "Errors" }, { "tag": "Vocal reaction times" }, { "tag": "reading" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z" } }, { "key": "RTC7ST9F", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 821, "name": "Visual word recognition", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/821/items/RTC7ST9F", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition/items/RTC7ST9F", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 25563, "username": "sdufau", "name": "Stephane Dufau", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sdufau", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zipser and Andersen", "parsedDate": "1988", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "RTC7ST9F", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A back-propagation programmed network that simulates response properties of a subset of posterior parietal neurons", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D.", "lastName": "Zipser" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R. A.", "lastName": "Andersen" } ], "abstractNote": "Neurons in area 7a of the posterior parietal cortex of monkeys respond to both the retinal location of a visual stimulus and the position of the eyes and by combining these signals represent the spatial location of external objects. A neural network model, programmed using back-propagation learning, can decode this spatial information from area 7a neurons and accounts for their observed response properties.", "publicationTitle": "Nature", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1988", "volume": "331", "issue": "6158", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "679-684", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z" } }, { "key": "XAHDZXF2", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 821, "name": "Visual word recognition", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/821/items/XAHDZXF2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition/items/XAHDZXF2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 25563, "username": "sdufau", "name": "Stephane Dufau", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sdufau", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zink et al.", "parsedDate": "2003", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "XAHDZXF2", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Human striatal response to salient nonrewarding stimuli", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C. F.", "lastName": "Zink" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G.", "lastName": "Pagnoni" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. E.", "lastName": "Martin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Dhamala" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G. S.", "lastName": "Berns" } ], "abstractNote": "Although one proposed function of both the striatum and its major dopamine inputs is related to coding rewards and reward-related stimuli, an alternative view suggests a more general role of the striatum in processing salient events, regardless of their reward value. Here we define saliency as an event that both is unexpected and elicits an attentional-behavioral switch (i.e., arousing). In the present study, human striatal responses to nonrewarding salient stimuli were investigated. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the blood oxygenation level-dependent signal was measured in response to flickering visual distractors presented in the background of an ongoing task. Distractor salience was manipulated by altering the frequency of distractor occurrence. Infrequently presented distractors were considered more salient than frequently presented distractors. We also investigated whether behavioral relevance of the distractors was a necessary component of saliency for eliciting striatal responses. In the first experiment (19 subjects), the distractors were made behaviorally relevant by defining a subset of them as targets requiring a button press. In the second experiment (17 subjects), the distractors were not behaviorally relevant (i.e., they did not require any response). The fMRI results revealed increased activation in the nucleus accumbens after infrequent (high salience) relative to frequent (low salience) presentation of distractors in both experiments. Caudate activity increased only when the distractors were behaviorally relevant. These results demonstrate a role of the striatum in coding nonrewarding salient events. In addition, a functional subdivision of the striatum according to the behavioral relevance of the stimuli is suggested.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Neuroscience", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2003", "volume": "23", "issue": "22", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "8092-8097", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Behavioral relevance" }, { "tag": "Predictability" }, { "tag": "Reward" }, { "tag": "Salience" }, { "tag": "Striatum" }, { "tag": "fMRI" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z" } }, { "key": "HAPVW34R", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 821, "name": "Visual word recognition", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/821/items/HAPVW34R", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition/items/HAPVW34R", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 25563, "username": "sdufau", "name": "Stephane Dufau", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sdufau", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zimbardo et al.", "parsedDate": "1981", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "HAPVW34R", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Induced hearing deficit generates experimental paranoia", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P. G.", "lastName": "Zimbardo" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S. M.", "lastName": "Andersen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L. G.", "lastName": "Kabat" } ], "abstractNote": "The development of paranoid reactions was investigated in normal people experiencing a temporary loss of hearing. In a social setting, subjects made partially deaf by hypnotic suggestion, but kept unaware of the source of their deafness, became more paranoid as indicated on a variety of assessment measures. The result support a hypothesized cognitive-social mechanism for the clinically observed relationship between paranoia and deafness in the elderly.", "publicationTitle": "Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1981", "volume": "212", "issue": "4502", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1529-1531", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z" } }, { "key": "D7MGBQRB", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 821, "name": "Visual word recognition", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/821/items/D7MGBQRB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/visual_word_recognition/items/D7MGBQRB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 25563, "username": "sdufau", "name": "Stephane Dufau", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/sdufau", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zihl et al.", "parsedDate": "1983", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "D7MGBQRB", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Selective disturbance of movement vision after bilateral brain damage", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Zihl" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D.", "lastName": "Von Cramon" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "N.", "lastName": "Mai" } ], "abstractNote": "A patient who suffered bilateral posterior brain damage exhibited disturbance of movement vision in a rather pure form. The patient had no impression of movement in depth, and could only discriminate between a stationary and a moving target in the periphery of her otherwise intact visual fields. She had some movement vision in the central part of her visual fields, provided that target velocity did not exceed 10 deg/s. Neither did she possess visual movement after effects nor apparent (phi) visual movement. In addition, visually guided eye and finger movements were impaired. In contrast to the disturbance of movement perception in the visual modality, movement perception elicited by acoustic and tactile stimuli was not impaired. On the basis of the localization of the cerebral damage (as judged by CT scanning and neuropsychological testing) it is concluded that the observed disorder in movement vision is due to bilateral cerebral lesions affecting the lateral temporo-occipital cortex and the underlying white matter. The selectivity of the visual disturbance supports the idea that movement vision is a separate visual function depending on neuronal mechanisms beyond the primary visual cortex.", "publicationTitle": "Brain", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1983", "volume": "106", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "313-340", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z", "dateModified": "2009-12-01T23:36:33Z" } } ]