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            "version": 1,
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            "title": "Feature selection and nearest centroid classification for protein mass spectrometry",
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                    "firstName": "Ilya",
                    "lastName": "Levner"
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            "abstractNote": "BACKGROUND\n\nThe use of mass spectrometry as a proteomics tool is poised to revolutionize early disease diagnosis and biomarker identification. Unfortunately, before standard supervised classification algorithms can be employed, the \"curse of dimensionality\" needs to be solved. Due to the sheer amount of information contained within the mass spectra, most standard machine learning techniques cannot be directly applied. Instead, feature selection techniques are used to first reduce the dimensionality of the input space and thus enable the subsequent use of classification algorithms. This paper examines feature selection techniques for proteomic mass spectrometry.\n\n\nRESULTS\n\nThis study examines the performance of the nearest centroid classifier coupled with the following feature selection algorithms. Student-t test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and the P-test are univariate statistics used for filter-based feature ranking. From the wrapper approaches we tested sequential forward selection and a modified version of sequential backward selection. Embedded approaches included shrunken nearest centroid and a novel version of boosting based feature selection we developed. In addition, we tested several dimensionality reduction approaches, namely principal component analysis and principal component analysis coupled with linear discriminant analysis. To fairly assess each algorithm, evaluation was done using stratified cross validation with an internal leave-one-out cross-validation loop for automated feature selection. Comprehensive experiments, conducted on five popular cancer data sets, revealed that the less advocated sequential forward selection and boosted feature selection algorithms produce the most consistent results across all data sets. In contrast, the state-of-the-art performance reported on isolated data sets for several of the studied algorithms, does not hold across all data sets.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\n\nThis study tested a number of popular feature selection methods using the nearest centroid classifier and found that several reportedly state-of-the-art algorithms in fact perform rather poorly when tested via stratified cross-validation. The revealed inconsistencies provide clear evidence that algorithm evaluation should be performed on several data sets using a consistent (i.e., non-randomized, stratified) cross-validation procedure in order for the conclusions to be statistically sound.",
            "publicationTitle": "BMC bioinformatics",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "2005",
            "volume": "6",
            "issue": "",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "68",
            "series": "",
            "seriesTitle": "",
            "seriesText": "",
            "journalAbbreviation": "BMC Bioinformatics",
            "DOI": "10.1186/1471-2105-6-68",
            "citationKey": "",
            "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15788095",
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            "PMCID": "",
            "ISSN": "1471-2105",
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            "archiveLocation": "",
            "shortTitle": "",
            "language": "",
            "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed",
            "callNumber": "0092",
            "rights": "",
            "extra": "PMID: 15788095",
            "tags": [
                {
                    "tag": "Algorithms",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Artificial Intelligence",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Cluster Analysis",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Data Interpretation, Statistical",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Databases, Genetic",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Female",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Gene Expression Profiling",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Humans",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Information Storage and Retrieval",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Male",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Mass Spectrometry",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Models, Genetic",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Models, Statistical",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Neural Networks (Computer)",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Ovarian Neoplasms",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Pattern Recognition, Automated",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Prostatic Neoplasms",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Proteins",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Reproducibility of Results",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Sensitivity and Specificity",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Software",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Time Factors",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "computational biology",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "proteomics",
                    "type": 1
                }
            ],
            "collections": [],
            "relations": {},
            "dateAdded": "2012-08-13T12:10:53Z",
            "dateModified": "2012-08-13T12:10:54Z"
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            "creatorSummary": "Yu et al.",
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        "data": {
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            "version": 1,
            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "Multiple peak alignment in sequential data analysis: a scale-space-based approach",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Weichuan",
                    "lastName": "Yu"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Xiaoye",
                    "lastName": "Li"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Junfeng",
                    "lastName": "Liu"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Baolin",
                    "lastName": "Wu"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Kenneth R",
                    "lastName": "Williams"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Hongyu",
                    "lastName": "Zhao"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "In this paper, we address the multiple peak alignment problem in sequential data analysis with an approach based on the Gaussian scale-space theory. We assume that multiple sets of detected peaks are the observed samples of a set of common peaks. We also assume that the locations of the observed peaks follow unimodal distributions (e.g., normal distribution) with their means equal to the corresponding locations of the common peaks and variances reflecting the extension of their variations. Under these assumptions, we convert the problem of estimating locations of the unknown number of common peaks from multiple sets of detected peaks into a much simpler problem of searching for local maxima in the scale-space representation. The optimization of the scale parameter is achieved using an energy minimization approach. We compare our approach with a hierarchical clustering method using both simulated data and real mass spectrometry data. We also demonstrate the merit of extending the binary peak detection method (i.e., a candidate is considered either as a peak or as a nonpeak) with a quantitative scoring measure-based approach (i.e., we assign to each candidate a possibility of being a peak).",
            "publicationTitle": "IEEE/ACM transactions on computational biology and bioinformatics / IEEE, ACM",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "2006 Jul-Sep",
            "volume": "3",
            "issue": "3",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "208-219",
            "series": "",
            "seriesTitle": "",
            "seriesText": "",
            "journalAbbreviation": "IEEE/ACM Trans Comput Biol Bioinform",
            "DOI": "10.1109/TCBB.2006.41",
            "citationKey": "",
            "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17048459",
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            "extra": "PMID: 17048459",
            "tags": [
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                    "tag": "Algorithms",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Amino Acid Sequence",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Molecular Sequence Data",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Proteins",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Sequence Alignment",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Sequence Analysis, Protein",
                    "type": 1
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Sequence Homology, Amino Acid",
                    "type": 1
                }
            ],
            "collections": [],
            "relations": {},
            "dateAdded": "2012-08-13T12:05:56Z",
            "dateModified": "2012-08-13T12:05:57Z"
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]