[ { "key": "FBAF2VCV", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 81724, "name": "ernährung heute 3_2012", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ernhrung_heute_3_2012", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/81724/items/FBAF2VCV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ernhrung_heute_3_2012/items/FBAF2VCV", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/81724/items/4TEIIUZM", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 726811, "username": "computer nina", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/computer_nina", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "FBAF2VCV", "version": 1, "parentItem": "4TEIIUZM", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2012-07-02T09:03:06Z", "url": "http://jeb.biologists.org/content/212/5/713.long", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-07-02T09:03:06Z", "dateModified": "2012-07-02T09:03:06Z" } }, { "key": "HINR4UT4", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 81724, "name": "ernährung heute 3_2012", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ernhrung_heute_3_2012", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/81724/items/HINR4UT4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ernhrung_heute_3_2012/items/HINR4UT4", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/81724/items/4TEIIUZM", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 726811, "username": "computer nina", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/computer_nina", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "HINR4UT4", "version": 1, "parentItem": "4TEIIUZM", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2012-07-02T09:03:06Z", "url": "http://jeb.biologists.org/content/212/5/713.full.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-07-02T09:03:06Z", "dateModified": "2012-07-02T09:03:06Z" } }, { "key": "4TEIIUZM", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 81724, "name": "ernährung heute 3_2012", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ernhrung_heute_3_2012", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/81724/items/4TEIIUZM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ernhrung_heute_3_2012/items/4TEIIUZM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 726811, "username": "computer nina", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/computer_nina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Rolian et al.", "parsedDate": "2009-03-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "4TEIIUZM", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Walking, running and the evolution of short toes in humans", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Campbell", "lastName": "Rolian" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daniel E.", "lastName": "Lieberman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joseph", "lastName": "Hamill" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John W.", "lastName": "Scott" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "William", "lastName": "Werbel" } ], "abstractNote": "The phalangeal portion of the forefoot is extremely short relative to body mass in humans. This derived pedal proportion is thought to have evolved in the context of committed bipedalism, but the benefits of shorter toes for walking and/or running have not been tested previously. Here, we propose a biomechanical model of toe function in bipedal locomotion that suggests that shorter pedal phalanges improve locomotor performance by decreasing digital flexor force production and mechanical work, which might ultimately reduce the metabolic cost of flexor force production during bipedal locomotion. We tested this model using kinematic, force and plantar pressure data collected from a human sample representing normal variation in toe length (N=25). The effect of toe length on peak digital flexor forces, impulses and work outputs was evaluated during barefoot walking and running using partial correlations and multiple regression analysis, controlling for the effects of body mass, whole-foot and phalangeal contact times and toe-out angle. Our results suggest that there is no significant increase in digital flexor output associated with longer toes in walking. In running, however, multiple regression analyses based on the sample suggest that increasing average relative toe length by as little as 20% doubles peak digital flexor impulses and mechanical work, probably also increasing the metabolic cost of generating these forces. The increased mechanical cost associated with long toes in running suggests that modern human forefoot proportions might have been selected for in the context of the evolution of endurance running.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Experimental Biology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "03/01/2009", "volume": "212", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "713-721", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Exp Biol", "DOI": "10.1242/jeb.019885", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://jeb.biologists.org/content/212/5/713", "accessDate": "2012-07-02T09:03:06Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0022-0949, 1477-9145", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "jeb.biologists.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Australopithecus", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "bipedalism", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "foot biomechanics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "gait", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "phalanges", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-07-02T09:03:06Z", "dateModified": "2012-07-02T09:03:06Z" } }, { "key": "4CTNBM4N", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 81724, "name": "ernährung heute 3_2012", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ernhrung_heute_3_2012", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/81724/items/4CTNBM4N", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ernhrung_heute_3_2012/items/4CTNBM4N", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 726811, "username": "computer nina", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/computer_nina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "4CTNBM4N", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Laetoli Footprints Preserve Earliest Direct Evidence of Human-Like Bipedal 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"ernährung heute 3_2012", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ernhrung_heute_3_2012", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/81724/items/DVWQ8M7V", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ernhrung_heute_3_2012/items/DVWQ8M7V", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/81724/items/4W66AMM4", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 726811, "username": "computer nina", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/computer_nina", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "DVWQ8M7V", "version": 1, "parentItem": "4W66AMM4", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed Central Link", "accessDate": "2012-06-26T08:28:04Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3136894/", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-06-26T08:28:04Z", "dateModified": "2012-06-26T08:28:04Z" } }, { "key": "XFFK3JTD", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 81724, "name": "ernährung heute 3_2012", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ernhrung_heute_3_2012", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/81724/items/XFFK3JTD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ernhrung_heute_3_2012/items/XFFK3JTD", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 726811, "username": "computer nina", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/computer_nina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Cowie et al.", "parsedDate": "2011-07", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "XFFK3JTD", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Reinforcement: Food Signals the Time and Location of Future Food", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sarah", "lastName": "Cowie" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael", "lastName": "Davison" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Douglas", "lastName": "Elliffe" } ], "abstractNote": "It has long been understood that food deliveries may act as signals of future food location, and not only as strengtheners of prefood responding as the law of effect suggests. Recent research has taken this idea further—the main effect of food deliveries, or other “reinforcers”, may be signaling rather than strengthening. The present experiment investigated the ability of food deliveries to signal food contingencies across time after food. In Phase 1, the next food delivery was always equally likely to be arranged for a left- or a right-key response. Conditions were arranged such that the next food delivery was likely to occur either sooner on the left (or right) key, or sooner on the just-productive (or not-just-productive) key. In Phase 2, similar contingencies were arranged, but the last-food location was signaled by a red keylight. Preference, measured in 2-s bins across interfood intervals, was jointly controlled by the likely time and location of the next food delivery. In Phase 1, when any food delivery signaled a likely sooner next food delivery on a particular key, postfood preference was strongly toward that key, and moved toward the other key across the interreinforcer interval. In other conditions in which food delivery on the two keys signaled different subsequent contingencies, postfood preference was less extreme, and quickly moved toward indifference. In Phase 2, in all three conditions, initial preference was strongly toward the likely-sooner food key, and moved to the other key across the interfood interval. In both phases, at a more extended level of analysis, sequences of same-key food deliveries caused a small increase in preference for the just-productive key, suggesting the presence of a “reinforcement effect”, albeit one that was very small.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2011-7", "volume": "96", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "63-86", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Exp Anal Behav", "DOI": "10.1901/jeab.2011.96-63", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0022-5002", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Reinforcement", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "PubMed Central", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 21765546\nPMCID: PMC3136894", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-06-26T08:28:02Z", "dateModified": "2012-06-26T08:28:02Z" } }, { "key": "2AT6WHH7", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 81724, "name": "ernährung heute 3_2012", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ernhrung_heute_3_2012", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/81724/items/2AT6WHH7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ernhrung_heute_3_2012/items/2AT6WHH7", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/81724/items/XFFK3JTD", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 726811, "username": "computer nina", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/computer_nina", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "2AT6WHH7", "version": 1, "parentItem": "XFFK3JTD", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed Central Link", "accessDate": "2012-06-26T08:28:02Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3136894/", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-06-26T08:28:02Z", "dateModified": "2012-06-26T08:28:02Z" } } ]