[ { "key": "KVG2GC5Q", "version": 302, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 78697, "name": "Kleiss Rogers 2012", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/kleiss_rogers_2012", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/78697/items/KVG2GC5Q", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/kleiss_rogers_2012/items/KVG2GC5Q", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/78697/items/7HSHF48N", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 861130, "username": "jkleiss", "name": "Jessica Kleiss", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jkleiss", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "KVG2GC5Q", "version": 302, "parentItem": "7HSHF48N", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-09-15T05:44:30Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211122014000061", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S2211122014000061.html", "md5": "9779df0bfdc925c80ce80ff5af17df3e", "mtime": 1442295870000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-09-15T05:44:30Z", "dateModified": "2015-09-15T05:44:30Z" } }, { "key": "7HSHF48N", "version": 301, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 78697, "name": "Kleiss Rogers 2012", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/kleiss_rogers_2012", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/78697/items/7HSHF48N", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/kleiss_rogers_2012/items/7HSHF48N", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 861130, "username": "jkleiss", "name": "Jessica Kleiss", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jkleiss", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Scanlon and Ward", "parsedDate": "2013-12", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "7HSHF48N", "version": 301, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Oceanic wave breaking coverage separation techniques for active and maturing whitecaps", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Brian", "lastName": "Scanlon" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Brian", "lastName": "Ward" } ], "abstractNote": "Whitecaps on the ocean surface mark localized areas where interactions between the atmosphere and ocean are enhanced. Contemporary methods of quantifying total whitecap coverage rely on converting color sea surface images into their binary equivalent using specific threshold-based automated algorithms. However, there are very few studies that have separated and quantified whitecap coverage into its active (stage-A) and maturing (stage-B) evolutionary stages, which can potentially provide more suitable parameters for use in breaking wave models, air–sea gas transfer, aerosol production, and oceanic albedo studies. Previous active and maturing whitecap studies have used a pixel intensity separation technique, which involves first separating the whitecap and background pixels, and subsequently establishing a second threshold to distinguish between active and maturing whitecaps. In this study, a dataset of more than 64,000 images from the North Atlantic were initially processed to determine the total whitecap coverage using the Automated Whitecap Extraction method. The whitecap pixels of each image were then distinguished as either stage-A or stage-B whitecaps by applying a spatial separation technique which does not rely solely on pixel intensity information but also on the location (relative to the wave crest), visual intensity, texture and shape of each whitecap. The comparison between the spatial separation and pixel intensity separation techniques yielded average relative errors of 34.8% and − 44.0 % for stage-A and -B coverage, respectively. The pixel intensity method was found to be less suitable when compared to the spatial separation method as it relies on the assumption that the pixel intensity for stage-A is always greater than that for stage-B.", "publicationTitle": "Methods in Oceanography", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 2013", "volume": "8", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1-12", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Methods in Oceanography", "DOI": "10.1016/j.mio.2014.03.001", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211122014000061", "accessDate": "2015-09-15T05:44:29Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2211-1220", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-09-15T05:44:29Z", "dateModified": "2015-09-15T05:44:29Z" } }, { "key": "ENBRM47Q", "version": 300, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 78697, "name": "Kleiss Rogers 2012", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/kleiss_rogers_2012", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/78697/items/ENBRM47Q", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/kleiss_rogers_2012/items/ENBRM47Q", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/78697/items/WQWWC6NA", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 861130, "username": "jkleiss", "name": "Jessica Kleiss", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jkleiss", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ENBRM47Q", "version": 300, "parentItem": "WQWWC6NA", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2015-09-15T05:29:28Z", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/grl.50584/pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Sutherland and Melville - 2013 - Field measurements and scaling of ocean surface wa.pdf", "md5": "a9c0f7210c177248ee68e423789edf61", "mtime": 1442294970000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-09-15T05:29:28Z", "dateModified": "2015-09-15T05:29:31Z" } }, { "key": "9R92FEKW", "version": 300, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 78697, "name": "Kleiss Rogers 2012", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/kleiss_rogers_2012", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/78697/items/9R92FEKW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/kleiss_rogers_2012/items/9R92FEKW", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/78697/items/WQWWC6NA", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 861130, "username": "jkleiss", "name": "Jessica Kleiss", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jkleiss", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "9R92FEKW", "version": 300, "parentItem": "WQWWC6NA", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2015-09-15T05:29:30Z", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/grl.50584/abstract", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "abstract.html", "md5": "5a36f34667656ac649d4523664c6e276", "mtime": 1442294970000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-09-15T05:29:30Z", "dateModified": "2015-09-15T05:29:30Z" } }, { "key": "WQWWC6NA", "version": 299, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 78697, "name": "Kleiss Rogers 2012", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/kleiss_rogers_2012", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/78697/items/WQWWC6NA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/kleiss_rogers_2012/items/WQWWC6NA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 861130, "username": "jkleiss", "name": "Jessica Kleiss", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jkleiss", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sutherland and Melville", "parsedDate": "2013-06-28", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "WQWWC6NA", "version": 299, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Field measurements and scaling of ocean surface wave-breaking statistics", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peter", "lastName": "Sutherland" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "W. Kendall", "lastName": "Melville" } ], "abstractNote": "Deep-water breaking waves provide a mechanism for mass, momentum, and energy transfer between the atmosphere and ocean. Microscale breaking is particularly important, but notoriously difficult to measure in the field. In this paper, measurements from a new technique, using a stereo pair of long-wave infrared cameras to reconstruct the sea surface shape and velocity field, are presented. Breakers are detected using an image texture-based algorithm and then tracked on the reconstructed surface. These waves range from large air-entraining breakers to microbreakers that are undetectable by traditional visible video-based techniques. This allows measurements of breaker length distributions, Λ(c), that extend to velocities near the gravity-capillary transition. These distributions are compared with measurements from the literature and from visible video imagery. A nondimensional scaling is proposed which collapses Λ(c). Finally, estimates of energy dissipation and stress based on Λ(c) are found to agree well with wave energy dissipation and wind stress models.", "publicationTitle": "Geophysical Research Letters", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "June 28, 2013", "volume": "40", "issue": "12", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "3074-3079", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Geophys. Res. Lett.", "DOI": "10.1002/grl.50584", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/grl.50584/abstract", "accessDate": "2015-09-15T05:29:28Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1944-8007", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-09-15T05:29:28Z", "dateModified": "2015-09-15T05:29:28Z" } }, { "key": "AU3QHZ6U", "version": 297, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 78697, "name": "Kleiss Rogers 2012", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/kleiss_rogers_2012", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/78697/items/AU3QHZ6U", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/kleiss_rogers_2012/items/AU3QHZ6U", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 861130, "username": "jkleiss", "name": "Jessica Kleiss", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jkleiss", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kleiss and Melville", "parsedDate": "2011", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "AU3QHZ6U", "version": 297, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Analysis of Sea Surface Imagery for Whitecap Kinematics", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jessica M.", "lastName": "Kleiss" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "W. Kendall", "lastName": "Melville" } ], "abstractNote": "Abstract Visible sea surface images are analyzed to determine the distribution of the average length of breaking crests per unit sea surface area per unit speed increment Λ(c). The Λ(c) distribution offers a scale-dependent description of wave breaking that is valuable for understanding wave energy dissipation, momentum flux from the wave field to the surface currents, and air–sea fluxes of gas and sea salt aerosols. Two independent processing techniques for determining Λ(c) from video images are implemented. In particular, the importance of the definition of the velocity of a breaking event is considered, as a single value, as a function of time, or as a function of space and time. The velocity can furthermore be defined as the full translational velocity or as the velocity normal to the breaking front. The Λ(c) distributions resulting from various definitions of velocity, sensitivity to thresholds, observational resolution, and the effect of surface currents and long wave orbital velocity are presented. The appropriateness and limitations of the comparison of the first moment of Λ(c) with the breaking rate are discussed. Two previous field observations of Λ(c) give qualitatively different results: Melville and Matusov found an exponential form for Λ(c), whereas Gemmrich et al. obtained a function that peaks at intermediate speeds and is up to an order of magnitude higher than that of Melville and Matusov. Both results can qualitatively be reproduced using the current dataset by employing the definitions of breaking velocity used in the previous studies. The authors argue that the current optimal interpretation of breaking speed resolves the breaking velocity as a function of both space and time and considers the velocity orthogonal to the breaking crest.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2011", "volume": "28", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "219-243", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol.", "DOI": "10.1175/2010JTECHO744.1", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2010JTECHO744.1", "accessDate": "2015-09-10T22:55:37Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0739-0572", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "journals.ametsoc.org (Atypon)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2015-09-10T22:55:37Z", "dateModified": "2015-09-10T22:56:40Z" } }, { "key": "V8GTAFSP", "version": 298, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 78697, "name": "Kleiss Rogers 2012", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/kleiss_rogers_2012", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/78697/items/V8GTAFSP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/kleiss_rogers_2012/items/V8GTAFSP", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/78697/items/AU3QHZ6U", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 861130, "username": "jkleiss", "name": "Jessica Kleiss", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/jkleiss", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "V8GTAFSP", "version": 298, "parentItem": "AU3QHZ6U", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2015-09-10T22:55:37Z", "url": "http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2010JTECHO744.1", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Kleiss and Melville - 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Kendall", "lastName": "Melville" } ], "abstractNote": "Abstract Breaking waves play an important role in air–sea interaction, enhancing momentum flux from the atmosphere to the ocean, dissipating wave energy that is then available for turbulent mixing, injecting aerosols and sea spray into the atmosphere, and affecting air–sea gas transfer due to air entrainment. In this paper observations are presented of the occurrence of breaking waves under conditions of strong winds (10–25 m s−1) and fetch-limited seas (0–500 km) in the Gulf of Tehuantepec Experiment (GOTEX) in 2004. An airborne nadir-looking video camera, along with a global positioning system (GPS) and inertial motion unit (IMU), provided digital videos of the breaking sea surface and position in an earth frame. In particular, the authors present observations of Λ(c), which is the distribution of breaking wave crest lengths per unit sea surface area, per unit increment in velocity c or scalar speed c, first introduced by O. M. Phillips. In another paper, the authors discuss the effect of processing methodology on the resulting shape of the Λ(c) distribution. In this paper, the elemental method of measuring breaking crests is used to investigate the Λ(c) distributions under a variety of wind and wave conditions. The integral and the first two moments of the Λ(c) distributions are highly correlated with the active breaking rate and the active whitecap coverage. The computation of whitecap coverage yields a larger observational dataset from which the variability of whitecap coverage with wind speed, friction velocity, wave age, and wave slope is presented and compared to previous observations. The dependence of the active breaking rate on the spectral peak steepness is in agreement with previous studies. Dimensional analysis of Λ(c) indicates that scaling with friction velocity and gravity, as in the classical fetch relations, collapses the breaking distributions more effectively than scaling with dominant wave parameters. Significant wave breaking is observed at speeds near the spectral peak in young seas only, consistent with previous studies. The fourth and fifth moments of Λ(c) are related to the flux of momentum transferred by breaking waves to the underlying water and the rate of wave energy dissipation, respectively. The maximum in the fourth moment occurs at breaking speeds of 5–5.5 m s−1, and the maximum in the fifth moment occurs at 5.8–6.8 m s−1, apparently independent of wave age. However, when nondimensionalized by the phase speed at the peak of the local wave spectrum cp, the maxima in the nondimensionalized fourth and fifth moments show a decreasing trend with wave age, obtaining the maxima at dimensionless speeds c/cp near unity at smaller wave ages and moving to lower dimensionless speeds c/cp ≪ 1 at larger wave ages. The angular dependence of Λ(c) is predominantly unimodal and better aligned with the wind direction than the dominant wave direction. However, the directional distribution of Λ(c) is broadest for small c and often exhibits a bimodal structure for slow breaking speeds under developing seas. An asymmetry in the directional distribution is also observed for moderately developed seas. Observations are compared to the Phillips model for Λ(c) in the equilibrium range of the wave spectrum. Although the ensemble of Λ(c) distributions appears consistent with a c−6 function, the distributions are not described by a constant power-law exponent. However, the Λ(c) observations are described well by the Rayleigh distribution for slow and intermediate speeds, yet fall above the Rayleigh distribution for the fastest breaking speeds. From the Rayleigh description, it is found that the dimensionless width of the Λ(c) distribution increases weakly with dimensionless fetch, s/u*e = 1.69χ0.06, where s is the Rayleigh parameter, u*e is the effective friction velocity, and the dimensionless fetch is a function of the fetch X and gravitational acceleration g. The nondimensionalized total length of breaking per unit sea surface area is found to decrease with dimensionless fetch for intermediate to fully developed seas, , where A is the total length of breaking crests per unit sea surface area.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Physical Oceanography", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "August 23, 2010", "volume": "40", "issue": "12", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "2575-2604", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J. Phys. 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Issues that I have with the Schwendeman manuscript:

\n

What do you think of their discussion in section 5b, where they plug your results into their results?

\n

1) Equation (1). Integrating radially should be with respect to c dc dtheta, rather than simply dc dtheta.

\n

2) Equation (7). I'm assuming that you obtain I(x,y,t), the number of breaking pixels, from your difference image.  I'm concerned that this is dependent upon the delta-t of your difference images.  If you double the delta-t, do you get roughly double the number of breaking pixels?

\n

This is addressed around eq. 12.

\n

3) It would be nice to supply a reference for equation 16.

\n

4) Figure 7, and text around it:  You say that the spectrum follow \"an expected\" f^{-4} tail in the equilibrium range.  Yet your saturation (of one-dimensional spectra) multiplies the spectra by f^5, but still shows a decrease with frequency, for fp < f < 5fp. Something seems inconsistent.

\n

5) Around page 14, line 311.  You wonder where to end the integration of c^5*Lambda(c).  Doesn't it make sense to end it at the spectral peak phase speed?  Choosing a threshold of 5% of the peak of Lambda(c) seems needlessly arbitrary. Do you have a physical reason for including breaking waves that appear to be moving faster than the spectral peak phase speed? (You address this somewhat around line 486, consistent with my comment above.)

\n

6) Line 331.  You assume that dE/dt = 0.  This would not be the case if your wind speed is increasing, for example, as you state in line 273. \"ramping up of the wind over the course of that day.\"

\n

7) Lines 339-340.  I'm concerned about your method for smoothing the spatial gradient of the wave energy spectrum: \"the gradient is calculated by regressing a line through the 340    origin (assuming no wave energy at zero fetch) and each 500-meter bin.\"  We would not expect the wave energy to grow linearly with fetch.

\n

8) Line 355. If you are going to use \"RTE\" as an abbreviation for \"Radiative Transfer Equation,\" then you should define this acronym on line 324.

\n

9) Figure 11. I would really love to see his plots for b-values compare to something / anything else that has been published (on the same axis).

\n

10) the argument in section 5a., paragraph 1, seems crazy (Breaking Strength and Wave Slope).  If the mean slope, or the saturation is larger, then your larger, steeper waves will also be larger. It's silly to say that less steep waves will be breaking in a wave field.

\n

 

\n

 

\n

 

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