[ { "key": "Z5BJTVZR", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 77, "name": "Political Science: Civil War", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/77/items/Z5BJTVZR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war/items/Z5BJTVZR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 6313, "username": "mryckman", "name": "Mike Ryckman", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mryckman", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 18538, "username": "mvrb", "name": "Matt Raketti", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mvrb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Balch-Lindsay et al.", "parsedDate": "2008-05-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "Z5BJTVZR", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Third-Party Intervention and the Civil War Process", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dylan", "lastName": "Balch-Lindsay" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andrew J.", "lastName": "Enterline" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kyle A.", "lastName": "Joyce" } ], "abstractNote": "What effect do third parties have on the evolution of civil wars? The authors argue that intervention by third parties is central to the civil war process, a process that is characterized by the duration of hostilities and the type of outcome. The authors examine empirically the effect of third-party intervention into civil wars during the period 1816--1997, using the event history framework of competing risks. From the perspective of competing risks, as a civil war endures, it is at risk of experiencing a transition to one of three civil war outcomes in our sample: military victory by the government, military victory by the opposition group, and negotiated settlement. The competing risks approach provides considerably better leverage on the dynamic qualities of civil wars and, in particular, the influence of interventions by third parties. The analysis suggests that third-party interventions can be decisive in the evolution of civil wars and that third-party interventions have a different effect on the duration than different civil war outcomes. The results show that third-party intervention decreases the time until the supported group achieves military victory. Furthermore, third-party interventions, on both the government and opposition sides, increase the time until a negotiated settlement.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Peace Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 1, 2008", "volume": "45", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "345-363", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1177/0022343308088815", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "2008-10-26T08:26:12Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "HighWire", "callNumber": "0014", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Civil War" }, { "tag": "Intervention" }, { "tag": "Political Violence" }, { "tag": "Settlement" }, { "tag": "War" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-05-15T05:42:09Z", "dateModified": "2010-06-22T15:57:41Z" } }, { "key": "XD97MXM7", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 77, "name": "Political Science: Civil War", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/77/items/XD97MXM7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war/items/XD97MXM7", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 6313, "username": "mryckman", "name": "Mike Ryckman", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mryckman", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 18538, "username": "mvrb", "name": "Matt Raketti", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mvrb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Murdoch and Sandler", "parsedDate": "2002", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "XD97MXM7", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Economic Growth, Civil Wars, and Spatial Spillovers", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "James C", "lastName": "Murdoch" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Todd", "lastName": "Sandler" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Conflict Resolution", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2002", "volume": "46", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0142", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Civil War" }, { "tag": "Political Violence" }, { "tag": "War" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-05-20T14:57:17Z", "dateModified": "2010-06-22T15:57:40Z" } }, { "key": "WAQNGD4D", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 77, "name": "Political Science: Civil War", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/77/items/WAQNGD4D", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war/items/WAQNGD4D", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 6313, "username": "mryckman", "name": "Mike Ryckman", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mryckman", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 18538, "username": "mvrb", "name": "Matt Raketti", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mvrb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "DeRouen Jr. and Sobek", "parsedDate": "2004", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "WAQNGD4D", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Dynamics of Civil War Duration and Outcome", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Karl R", "lastName": "DeRouen Jr." }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Sobek" } ], "abstractNote": "Civil wars have several outcomes: government victory, rebel victory, truce, or treaty. This analysis models state capacity as a theoretical starting point to underpin hypotheses on duration and outcome. To test these hypotheses, multinomial logit and competing risk survival analysis are utilized. These methods allow for the examination of each outcome and its respective duration dynamics. Logit tells us what shapes the probability of each outcome, and hazard analysis identifies the factors that determine the time to each outcome. The models examine the years 1944 to 1997 and find that state capacity is involved in outcome and duration in at least two important ways. An effective state bureaucracy undermines the rebels, but a strong government army does not necessarily enhance the government cause. UN intervention decreases the probability of both government and rebel victory, while increasing the likelihood of a treaty or truce. In addition, rebels have a decreased probability of winning ethnic wars. Forest cover hinders rebels and treaties, while mountain cover tends to help rebels. African wars are harder for governments to win. African wars and ethnic wars are longer.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Peace Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2004", "volume": "41", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "303-320", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0094", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Civil War" }, { "tag": "Duration" }, { "tag": "Intervention" }, { "tag": "Political Violence" }, { "tag": "Settlement" }, { "tag": "War" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-05-20T14:57:17Z", "dateModified": "2010-06-22T15:57:39Z" } }, { "key": "VMJG7VST", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 77, "name": "Political Science: Civil War", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/77/items/VMJG7VST", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war/items/VMJG7VST", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 6313, "username": "mryckman", "name": "Mike Ryckman", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mryckman", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 18538, "username": "mvrb", "name": "Matt Raketti", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mvrb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Edelstein", "parsedDate": "2004", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VMJG7VST", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Occupational Hazards: Why Military Occupations Succeed or Fail", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David M.", "lastName": "Edelstein" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "International Security", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2004", "volume": "29", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "49-91", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0059", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Civil War" }, { "tag": "Peacekeeping" }, { "tag": "Political Violence" }, { "tag": "Settlement" }, { "tag": "War" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-05-20T14:57:17Z", "dateModified": "2010-06-22T15:57:38Z" } }, { "key": "TXHP8P9P", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 77, "name": "Political Science: Civil War", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/77/items/TXHP8P9P", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war/items/TXHP8P9P", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 6313, "username": "mryckman", "name": "Mike Ryckman", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mryckman", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 18538, "username": "mvrb", "name": "Matt Raketti", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mvrb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sambanis", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TXHP8P9P", "version": 1, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Terrorism and Civil War", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nicholas", "lastName": "Sambanis" } ], "abstractNote": "", "bookTitle": "Terrorism, Economic Development and Political Openness", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2008", "publisher": "Cambridge University Press", "place": "Cambridge, New York, London, Melbourne", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "174--206", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0025", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Civil War" }, { "tag": "Political Violence" }, { "tag": "Terrorism" }, { "tag": "War" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-05-20T14:57:17Z", "dateModified": "2010-06-22T15:57:37Z" } }, { "key": "TWPXT6VS", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 77, "name": "Political Science: Civil War", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/77/items/TWPXT6VS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war/items/TWPXT6VS", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 6313, "username": "mryckman", "name": "Mike Ryckman", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mryckman", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 18538, "username": "mvrb", "name": "Matt Raketti", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mvrb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Oyefusi", "parsedDate": "2008-07-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TWPXT6VS", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Oil and the Probability of Rebel Participation Among Youths in the Niger Delta of Nigeria", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Aderoju", "lastName": "Oyefusi" } ], "abstractNote": "This article attempts to explain the determinants of the probability of willingness to join rebel groups by youths in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, using primary data from a sample of 1,337 individuals drawn from 18 communities. A cardinal objective is to test the theoretical explanations of the motivation for rebellion in resource-based societies and to examine the kind of factors that present rebel opportunity. Fifteen variables are used to reflect motives and opportunity for rebellion, and a logit regression model is employed to estimate the probability of willingness to participate. While grievance appears to be pervasive among individuals- and is systemically explained by the data, it is not seen to have high statistical effect on the probability of having a disposition to rebel participation. Rather, individual-and community-level factors that reduce the opportunity cost and risk of participation, or increase the perceived benefits, appear to be more important. The findings suggest that strategies to achieve long-lasting civil peace in Nigeria's Delta must go beyond grievance to address individual-level factors that determine the opportunity cost of participation in violence, such as low income level and low educational attainment, and community-level factors that create an opportunity to profit from extreme forms of civil disobedience, such as low infrastructure. Some of these strategies choices are found also to have the potential to address grievance.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Peace Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "July 1, 2008", "volume": "45", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "539-555", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1177/0022343308091360", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://jpr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/45/4/539", "accessDate": "2009-03-17T20:50:15Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Sage Journals Online", "callNumber": "0010", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Civil War" }, { "tag": "Rebel Joining" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-05-20T14:57:17Z", "dateModified": "2010-06-22T15:57:36Z" } }, { "key": "TQTMCHTC", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 77, "name": "Political Science: Civil War", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/77/items/TQTMCHTC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war/items/TQTMCHTC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 6313, "username": "mryckman", "name": "Mike Ryckman", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mryckman", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 18538, "username": "mvrb", "name": "Matt Raketti", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mvrb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "BELLAMY and Williams", "parsedDate": "2009-01-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TQTMCHTC", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The West and Contemporary Peace Operations", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alex J.", "lastName": "BELLAMY" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul D.", "lastName": "Williams" } ], "abstractNote": "In recent years, senior UN officials have raised concerns about the decline of Western contributions to UN peace operations. Although this is a worrying trend for supporters of the UN, it does not mean that the West is playing a smaller role in peace operations per se. Instead, the West has increased its contribution to `hybrid' peace operations and missions that take place outside of the UN system. This article examines the West's contribution to both UN and non-UN peace operations since the Brahimi Report and assesses whether its contribution has markedly changed and what impact any changes have had on international peace and security. It proceeds in three sections. The first provides a historical overview of the West's ambivalent relationship with UN peace operations since 1948. The second analyses the West's contribution to UN, hybrid and non-UN peace operations. The final section explores what Western policies mean for international peace and security by assessing their impact on the UN's authority, the extent to which they save lives and their contribution to building stable peace. The article concludes that while in the short term the West's willingness to participate in hybrid operations displays a commitment to finding pragmatic solutions to some difficult problems, over the longer term this approach may weaken the UN's ability to maintain international peace and security.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Peace Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 1, 2009", "volume": "46", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "39-57", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1177/0022343308098403", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://jpr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/46/1/39", "accessDate": "2008-12-28T05:52:04Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Sage Journals Online", "callNumber": "0010", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Civil War" }, { "tag": "Intervention" }, { "tag": "Peace" }, { "tag": "Peacekeeping" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-05-15T05:43:14Z", "dateModified": "2010-06-22T15:57:35Z" } }, { "key": "TDQA4WTZ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 77, "name": "Political Science: Civil War", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/77/items/TDQA4WTZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war/items/TDQA4WTZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 6313, "username": "mryckman", "name": "Mike Ryckman", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mryckman", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 18538, "username": "mvrb", "name": "Matt Raketti", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mvrb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hegre and Sambanis", "parsedDate": "2006", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TDQA4WTZ", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Sensitivity Analysis of Empirical Results on Civil War Onset", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Havard", "lastName": "Hegre" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nicholas", "lastName": "Sambanis" } ], "abstractNote": "In the literature on civil war onset, several empirical results are not robust or replicable across studies. Studies use different definitions of civil war and analyze different time periods, so readers cannot easily determine if differences in empirical results are due to those factors or if most empirical results are just not robust. The authors apply a methodology for organized specification tests to check the robustness of empirical results. They isolate causes of variation in empirical results by using the same definition of civil war and analyzing the same time period while systematically exploring the sensitivity of eighty-eight variables used to explain civil war in the literature. Several relationships with the onset of civil wars prove robust: large population and low income levels, low rates of economic growth, recent political instability and inconsistent democratic institutions, small military establishments and rough terrain, and war-prone and undemocratic neighbors. Variables representing ethnic difference in the population are robust only in relation to lower level armed conflict.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Conflict Resolution", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2006", "volume": "50", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "508-535", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0182", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Civil War" }, { "tag": "Onset" }, { "tag": "Political Violence" }, { "tag": "War" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-05-20T14:57:17Z", "dateModified": "2010-06-22T15:57:34Z" } }, { "key": "SRZ2INWM", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 77, "name": "Political Science: Civil War", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/77/items/SRZ2INWM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war/items/SRZ2INWM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 6313, "username": "mryckman", "name": "Mike Ryckman", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mryckman", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 18538, "username": "mvrb", "name": "Matt Raketti", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mvrb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Doyle and Sambanis", "parsedDate": "2006-05-22", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "SRZ2INWM", "version": 1, "itemType": "book", "title": "Making War and Building Peace: United Nations Peace Operations", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael W.", "lastName": "Doyle" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nicholas", "lastName": "Sambanis" } ], "abstractNote": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2006-05-22", "publisher": "Princeton University Press", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "0691122741", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Making War and Building Peace", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Amazon.com", "callNumber": "0144", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Civil War" }, { "tag": "Settlement" }, { "tag": "War" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-05-20T14:57:17Z", "dateModified": "2010-06-22T15:57:33Z" } }, { "key": "SHXTPJAG", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 77, "name": "Political Science: Civil War", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/77/items/SHXTPJAG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war/items/SHXTPJAG", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 6313, "username": "mryckman", "name": "Mike Ryckman", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mryckman", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 18538, "username": "mvrb", "name": "Matt Raketti", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mvrb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Collier et al.", "parsedDate": "2009-01-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "SHXTPJAG", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Beyond greed and grievance: feasibility and civil war", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul", "lastName": "Collier" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Anke", "lastName": "Hoeffler" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dominic", "lastName": "Rohner" } ], "abstractNote": "Civil war is the most prevalent form of large-scale violence and is massively destructive to life, society, and the economy. The prevention of civil war is therefore a key priority for international attention. We present an empirical analysis of what makes countries prone to civil war. Using a global panel data set we examine different determinants of civil war for the period 1960-2004. We find little evidence that motivation can account for civil war risk but we suggest that there is evidence to support our feasibility hypothesis: that where a rebellion is financially and militarily feasible it will occur.", "publicationTitle": "Oxford Economic Papers", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 1, 2009", "volume": "61", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1-27", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1093/oep/gpn029", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://oep.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/61/1/1", "accessDate": "2009-01-19T20:01:00Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Beyond greed and grievance", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "HighWire", "callNumber": "0083", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Civil War" }, { "tag": "Onset" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-05-20T14:57:17Z", "dateModified": "2010-06-22T15:57:32Z" } }, { "key": "SEECWPDB", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 77, "name": "Political Science: Civil War", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/77/items/SEECWPDB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war/items/SEECWPDB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 6313, "username": "mryckman", "name": "Mike Ryckman", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mryckman", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 18538, "username": "mvrb", "name": "Matt Raketti", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mvrb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Reynal-Querol", "parsedDate": "2002", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "SEECWPDB", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Ethnicity, Political Systems, and Civil Wars", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Marta", "lastName": "Reynal-Querol" } ], "abstractNote": "The effect of ethnic division on civil war and the role of political systems in preventing these conflicts are analyzed, using the importance of religious polarization and animist diversity to explain the incidence of ethnic civil war. Findings show that religious differences are a social cleavage more important than linguistic differences in the development of civil war, and being a consociational democracy significantly reduces the incidence of ethnic civil war.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Conflict Resolution", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2002", "volume": "46", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "29-54", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0398", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Civil War" }, { "tag": "Ethnicity" }, { "tag": "Onset" }, { "tag": "Political Violence" }, { "tag": "War" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-05-20T14:57:17Z", "dateModified": "2010-06-22T15:57:31Z" } }, { "key": "RP2WG3FB", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 77, "name": "Political Science: Civil War", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/77/items/RP2WG3FB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war/items/RP2WG3FB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 6313, "username": "mryckman", "name": "Mike Ryckman", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mryckman", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 18538, "username": "mvrb", "name": "Matt Raketti", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mvrb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Small and Singer", "parsedDate": "1982", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "RP2WG3FB", "version": 1, "itemType": "book", "title": "Resort to Arms: International and Civil Wars", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Melvin", "lastName": "Small" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. David", "lastName": "Singer" } ], "abstractNote": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "1982", "publisher": "Sage Publications", "place": "Beverly Hills, California", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0652", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "COW" }, { "tag": "Civil War" }, { "tag": "Dataset" }, { "tag": "International" }, { "tag": "Political Violence" }, { "tag": "War" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-05-20T14:57:17Z", "dateModified": "2010-06-22T15:57:30Z" } }, { "key": "RHEW8P4V", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 77, "name": "Political Science: Civil War", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/77/items/RHEW8P4V", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war/items/RHEW8P4V", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 6313, "username": "mryckman", "name": "Mike Ryckman", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mryckman", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 18538, "username": "mvrb", "name": "Matt Raketti", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mvrb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sambanis", "parsedDate": "2004", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "RHEW8P4V", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "What is civil war? Conceptual and empirical complexities of an operational definition", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nicholas", "lastName": "Sambanis" } ], "abstractNote": "The empirical literature on civil war has seen tremendous growth because of the compilation of quantitative data sets, but there is no consensus on the measurement of civil war. This increases the risk of making inferences from unstable empirical results. Without ad hoc rules to code its start and end and differentiate it from other violence, it is difficult, if not impossible, to define and measure civil war. A wide range of variation in parameter estimates makes accurate predictions of war onset difficult, and differences in empirical results are greater with respect to war continuation.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Conflict Resolution", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2004", "volume": "48", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "814-858", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0200", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Civil War" }, { "tag": "Dataset" }, { "tag": "Political Violence" }, { "tag": "War" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-05-20T14:57:17Z", "dateModified": "2010-06-22T15:57:29Z" } }, { "key": "R24G8WDN", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 77, "name": "Political Science: Civil War", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/77/items/R24G8WDN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war/items/R24G8WDN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 6313, "username": "mryckman", "name": "Mike Ryckman", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mryckman", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 18538, "username": "mvrb", "name": "Matt Raketti", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mvrb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Licklider", "parsedDate": "1995", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "R24G8WDN", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Consequences of Negotiated Settlements in Civil Wars, 1945-1993", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Roy", "lastName": "Licklider" } ], "abstractNote": "We know very little about how civil wars end. Harrison Wagner has argued that negotiated settlements of civil wars are likely to break down because segments of power-sharing governments retain the capacity for resorting to civil war while victory destroys the losers' organization, making it very difficult to resume the war. An analysis of a data set of 91 post-1945 civil wars generally supports this hypothesis but only in wars over identity issues. Moreover, while military victories may be less likely to break down than negotiated settlements of identity civil wars, they are also more likely to be followed by acts of genocide. Outsiders concerned with minimizing violence thus face a dilemma.", "publicationTitle": "American Political Science Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1995", "volume": "89", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "681-690", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0386", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Civil War" }, { "tag": "Political Violence" }, { "tag": "Settlement" }, { "tag": "War" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-05-20T14:57:17Z", "dateModified": "2010-06-22T15:57:28Z" } }, { "key": "QANFT6RP", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 77, "name": "Political Science: Civil War", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/77/items/QANFT6RP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war/items/QANFT6RP", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 6313, "username": "mryckman", "name": "Mike Ryckman", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mryckman", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 18538, "username": "mvrb", "name": "Matt Raketti", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mvrb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Buhaug and Lujala", "parsedDate": "2005-05", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "QANFT6RP", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Accounting for scale: Measuring geography in quantitative studies of civil war", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Halvard", "lastName": "Buhaug" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paivi", "lastName": "Lujala" } ], "abstractNote": "The empirical evidence from studies linking geographic factors like terrain and natural resources to civil war is generally weak and not robust to varying samples or coding procedures. We argue that these investigations suffer from a major weakness: although most civil wars are geographically limited to small parts of the host countries, the analyses rely almost exclusively on country-level data. We demonstrate how Geographical Information Systems (GIS) can be used to generate precise measures of space-varying factors at the scale of the conflict. A comparison of several relevant variables measured both at the scale of the country and the conflict demonstrates that country statistics are poor approximations of the conflict zones. An analysis of duration of civil war further shows that certain findings are indeed dependent upon the scale of measurement. We conclude by discussing how GIS and spatial analysis may be applied in future research to increase our understanding of location, duration, and risk of armed civil conflict.", "publicationTitle": "Political Geography", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 2005", "volume": "24", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "399-418", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/j.polgeo.2005.01.006", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "2009-03-09T04:50:54Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0962-6298", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Accounting for scale", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "0078", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Civil War" }, { "tag": "Geography" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-05-20T14:57:17Z", "dateModified": "2010-06-22T15:57:27Z" } }, { "key": "Q7Q2KDCG", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 77, "name": "Political Science: Civil War", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/77/items/Q7Q2KDCG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war/items/Q7Q2KDCG", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 6313, "username": "mryckman", "name": "Mike Ryckman", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mryckman", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 18538, "username": "mvrb", "name": "Matt Raketti", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mvrb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zartman", "parsedDate": "2001", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "Q7Q2KDCG", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Timing of Peace Initiatives: Hurting Stalemates and Ripe Moments", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "I. William", "lastName": "Zartman" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "The Global Review of Ethnopolitics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2001", "volume": "1", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "8-18", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The Timing of Peace Initiatives", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "0061", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Civil War" }, { "tag": "Political Violence" }, { "tag": "Settlement" }, { "tag": "War" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-05-20T14:57:17Z", "dateModified": "2010-06-22T15:57:26Z" } }, { "key": "PTA2WB5F", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 77, "name": "Political Science: Civil War", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/77/items/PTA2WB5F", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war/items/PTA2WB5F", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 6313, "username": "mryckman", "name": "Mike Ryckman", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mryckman", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 18538, "username": "mvrb", "name": "Matt Raketti", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mvrb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sarkees et al.", "parsedDate": "2003", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "PTA2WB5F", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Inter-State, Intra-State, and Extra-State Wars: A Comprehensive Look at Their Distribution over Time, 1816-1997", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Meredith Reid", "lastName": "Sarkees" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Frank Whelon", "lastName": "Wayman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. David", "lastName": "Singer" } ], "abstractNote": "Students of world politics disagree about the approaching outlook for war. Are we in the midst of an era of peace with a declining prospect of war, or are we facing a future characterized by increasing \"ethnic\" conflicts? This puzzle has led scholars to call for a more comprehensive examination of the phenomenon of war. A discussion concerning this need for a new look at war had also arisen within the Correlates of War Project. For more than three decades the Correlates of War Project's database has served the research needs of most of the quantitative world politics community, especially in identifying and trying to account for several classes of war (inter-state, extra-systemic, and civil) throughout the international system since 1816. However, a number of the disagreements in the literature concerning the prospects of war derive from the tendency of many researchers to rely on only one of our data sets (e.g., inter-state war). Here we wish to stimulate a broader view of war by examining the interplay among the three major types of war. Historical developments of the past half-century, and especially since the end of the Cold War, have rendered the original COW war typology increasingly incomplete. Consequently, we developed a modified typology of war and attempted to format the descriptive variables in ways that would facilitate a more comparative and comprehensive analysis of warfare. While the reader should be reassured that Inter-state Wars remain as previously defined, we introduce the term \"Intra-state War\" in place of our original Civil War category, and the term \"Extra-state War\" in place of our initial Extra-systemic War category, allowing us to reclassify several such wars. This revised typology coupled with an update of the data allows us to take a fresh look at the question whether, from the perspective of the past two centuries, war is in fact becoming less common. The article concludes with a series of analyses that describe the patterns and trends of all types of war---reflecting the new typology---since the Congress of Vienna. These analyses reflect a disquieting constancy in warfare and hint at patterns of interchangeability or substitutability among the types of war.", "publicationTitle": "International Studies Quarterly", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2003", "volume": "47", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "49-70", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1111/1468-2478.4701003", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2478.4701003", "accessDate": "2009-01-26T06:04:34Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Inter-State, Intra-State, and Extra-State Wars", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley InterScience", "callNumber": "0089", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Civil War" }, { "tag": "War" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-05-20T14:57:17Z", "dateModified": "2010-06-22T15:57:25Z" } }, { "key": "P5X5I3TK", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 77, "name": "Political Science: Civil War", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/77/items/P5X5I3TK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war/items/P5X5I3TK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 6313, "username": "mryckman", "name": "Mike Ryckman", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mryckman", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 18538, "username": "mvrb", "name": "Matt Raketti", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mvrb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kanazawa", "parsedDate": "2009", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "P5X5I3TK", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Evolutionary Psychological Foundations of Civil Wars", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Satoshi", "lastName": "Kanazawa" } ], "abstractNote": "I propose an evolutionary psychological perspective on wars and suggest that the ultimate cause of intergroup conflict may be the relative availability of reproductive women. Polygyny, which allows some men to monopolize all reproductive opportunities and exclude others, may increase the prevalence of civil wars, but not interstate wars, which did not exist in the ancestral environment. The analysis of the Correlates of War data support both hypotheses; polygyny increases civil wars but not interstate wars. Polygyny explains a greater proportion of the variance in civil war experience than democracy does in interstate war experience. If the democratic peace is the first law of international relations (interstate wars), then polygyny may be the first law of intergroup conflict (civil wars).", "publicationTitle": "The Journal of Politics", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2009", "volume": "71", "issue": "01", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "25-34", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1017/S0022381608090026", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3501852&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0022381608090026", "accessDate": "2009-03-01T17:00:10Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Cambridge Journals Online", "callNumber": "0002", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Civil War" }, { "tag": "Onset" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-05-20T14:57:17Z", "dateModified": "2010-06-22T15:57:24Z" } }, { "key": "NGD2HR89", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 77, "name": "Political Science: Civil War", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/77/items/NGD2HR89", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war/items/NGD2HR89", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 6313, "username": "mryckman", "name": "Mike Ryckman", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mryckman", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 18538, "username": "mvrb", "name": "Matt Raketti", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mvrb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Mack", "parsedDate": "2002-09-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "NGD2HR89", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Civil War: Academic Research and the Policy Community", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andrew", "lastName": "Mack" } ], "abstractNote": "This article argues that the academic conflict research community has far less impact on the policy community than the importance of its work deserves. This is so for a number of reasons. First, the scholarly and policy communities communicate badly - the former rarely seeking to make their work more accessible to the latter. This is particularly true of the work of the econometricians, which few in the policy community understand. Second, the still-dominant realist academic security studies community continues to focus on interstate wars, while tending to ignore the 90% plus of armed conflicts that take place within, not between, states. Realist theories are, moreover, largely irrelevant to the task of explaining civil wars. Third, few policymakers recognize that probabilistic theories cannot be refuted by one or several counter-examples, leading them to reject important findings for the wrong reasons. Fourth, the conflict datasets used by quantitative researchers have no official standing, are often incommensurate, are unavoidably inaccurate and ignore key measures of violent conflict. Fifth, while there is some consensus with respect to findings on the causes of civil war, there are also fundamental disagreements. Little effort appears to have been made to resolve the differences. Policymakers have neither the time nor the expertise to choose between competing explanations themselves. Sixth, while there is growing consensus that the causes of civil strife are to be found in the interrelationships between development, governance and security, divisions of labour between academic disciplines and between departments in both governments and international institutions constrain both interdisciplinary and interdepartmental collaboration. The article concludes with a number of recommendations to improve the policy impact of conflict research.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Peace Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "September 1, 2002", "volume": "39", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "515-525", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1177/0022343302039005001", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "2009-01-26T05:56:39Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Civil War", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Sage Journals Online", "callNumber": "0068", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Civil War" }, { "tag": "Policy" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-05-20T14:57:17Z", "dateModified": "2010-06-22T15:57:23Z" } }, { "key": "NFPI6S6B", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 77, "name": "Political Science: Civil War", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/77/items/NFPI6S6B", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war/items/NFPI6S6B", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 6313, "username": "mryckman", "name": "Mike Ryckman", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mryckman", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 18538, "username": "mvrb", "name": "Matt Raketti", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mvrb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Walter", "parsedDate": "2004", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "NFPI6S6B", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Does Conflict Beget Conflict? Explaining Recurring Civil War", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Barbara F", "lastName": "Walter" } ], "abstractNote": "This article attempts to explain why some countries experience civil wars while others do not. It argues that renewed war is likely to have less to do with the attributes of a previous war, as many people have argued, than with current incentives individual citizens have to rejoin a rebel group. Civil wars will have little chance to get off the ground unless individual farmers, shopkeepers, and potential workers choose to enlist in the rebel armies that are necessary to pursue a war, and enlistment is only likely to be attractive when two conditions hold. The first is a situation of individual hardship or severe dissatisfaction with one's current situation. The second is the absence of any nonviolent means for change. An analysis of all civil wars ending between 1945 and 1996 suggests that a higher quality of life and greater access to political participation have a significant negative effect on the likelihood of renewed war. Countries that provide higher levels of economic well-being to their citizenry and create an open political system are less likely to experience multiple civil wars regardless of what happened in a previous conflict.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Peace Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2004", "volume": "41", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "371-388", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0109", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Civil War" }, { "tag": "Onset" }, { "tag": "Political Violence" }, { "tag": "Recurrence" }, { "tag": "Settlement" }, { "tag": "War" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-05-20T14:57:17Z", "dateModified": "2010-06-22T15:57:22Z" } }, { "key": "NDCF4TFA", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 77, "name": "Political Science: Civil War", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/77/items/NDCF4TFA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war/items/NDCF4TFA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 6313, "username": "mryckman", "name": "Mike Ryckman", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mryckman", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 18538, "username": "mvrb", "name": "Matt Raketti", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mvrb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Harbom et al.", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "NDCF4TFA", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Dyadic Dimensions of Armed Conflict, 1946--2007", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lotta", "lastName": "Harbom" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Erik", "lastName": "Melander" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peter", "lastName": "Wallensteen" } ], "abstractNote": "In 2007, 34 armed conflicts were active worldwide, up by one from 2006 and by five from 2003, the year with the lowest number of active armed conflicts since the 1970s. While the number of conflicts increased, the number of wars, i.e. conflicts with over 1,000 battle-related deaths in a year, dropped by one to four. Five of the conflicts from 2006 were no longer active in 2007, but during the year, two previously recorded conflicts (in Mali and Pakistan) were restarted by new actors and two (in Angola and Peru) by previously recorded rebel groups. For the first time since 2004, two new conflicts were recorded: a conflict over governmental power in Niger and a territorial conflict in DRC. A conflict may involve one or more dyads or pairs of warring parties. In the 236 conflicts active since 1946, 487 dyads have been recorded in the new UCDP Dyadic Dataset. While most intrastate conflicts involve a single rebel group fighting the government, in 30 of the conflicts two or more dyads were active simultaneously. In 2002 and 2003, over 30% of the active conflicts involved more than one rebel group. The number of active rebel groups and changes in the set of groups are important elements of the complexity of any armed conflict, and the study of these aspects should be greatly facilitated with the new dataset. By adding the dyadic dimension to the study of conflicts, the analysis of a range of phenomena that have hardly been captured by previously available data is made possible.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Peace Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2008", "volume": "45", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "697-710", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://jpr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/45/5/697", "accessDate": "2008-10-15T10:11:21Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0038", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Civil War" }, { "tag": "Political Violence" }, { "tag": "War" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-05-20T14:57:17Z", "dateModified": "2010-06-22T15:57:21Z" } }, { "key": "N6RTCK3E", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 77, "name": "Political Science: Civil War", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/77/items/N6RTCK3E", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war/items/N6RTCK3E", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 6313, "username": "mryckman", "name": "Mike Ryckman", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mryckman", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 18538, "username": "mvrb", "name": "Matt Raketti", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mvrb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hegre et al.", "parsedDate": "2001", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "N6RTCK3E", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Toward a Democratic Civil Peace? Democracy, Political Change, and Civil War, 1816-1992", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Havard", "lastName": "Hegre" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tanja", "lastName": "Ellingsen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Scott", "lastName": "Gates" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nils Petter", "lastName": "Gleditsch" } ], "abstractNote": "Coherent democracies and harshly authoritarian states have few civil wars, and intermediate regimes are the most conflict-prone. Domestic violence also seems to be associated with political change, whether toward greater democracy or greater autocracy. Is the greater violence of intermediate regimes equivalent to the finding that states in political transition experience more violence? If both level of democracy and political change are relevant, to what extent is civil violence related to each? Based on an analysis of the period 1816-1992, we conclude that intermediate regimes are most prone to civil war, even when they have had time to stabilize from a regime change. In the long run, since intermediate regimes are less stable than autocracies, which in turn are less stable than democracies, durable democracy is the most probable end-point of the democratization process. The democratic civil peace is not only more just than the autocratic peace but also more stable.", "publicationTitle": "American Political Science Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2001", "volume": "95", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "33-48", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0587", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Civil War" }, { "tag": "Cox Model" }, { "tag": "Political Violence" }, { "tag": "Regression" }, { "tag": "War" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-05-20T14:57:17Z", "dateModified": "2010-06-22T15:57:20Z" } }, { "key": "MDVJ9Z67", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 77, "name": "Political Science: Civil War", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/77/items/MDVJ9Z67", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war/items/MDVJ9Z67", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 6313, "username": "mryckman", "name": "Mike Ryckman", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mryckman", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 18538, "username": "mvrb", "name": "Matt Raketti", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mvrb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Fearon and Laitin", "parsedDate": "2003", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "MDVJ9Z67", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Ethnicity, Insurgency and Civil War", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "James D", "lastName": "Fearon" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David D", "lastName": "Laitin" } ], "abstractNote": "An influential conventional wisdom holds that civil wars proliferated rapidly with the end of the Cold War and that the root cause of many or most of these has been ethnic and religious antagonisms.We show that the current prevalence of internal war is mainly the result of a steady accumulation of protracted conflicts since the 1950s and 1960s rather than a sudden change associated with a new, post-ColdWar international system.We also find that after controlling for per capita income, more ethnically or religiously diverse countries have been no more likely to experience significant civil violence in this period. We argue for understanding civil war in this period in terms of insurgency or rural guerrilla warfare, a particular form of military practice that can be harnessed to diverse political agendas. The factors that explain which countries have been at risk for civil war are not their ethnic or religious characteristics but rather the conditions that favor insurgency. These include poverty—which marks financially and bureaucratically weak states and also favors rebel recruitment—political instability, rough terrain, and large populations.", "publicationTitle": "American Political Science Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2003", "volume": "97", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "75-90", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "1739", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Civil War" }, { "tag": "Ethnicity" }, { "tag": "Onset" }, { "tag": "Political Violence" }, { "tag": "War" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-05-20T14:57:17Z", "dateModified": "2010-06-22T15:57:19Z" } }, { "key": "KX5TP37K", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 77, "name": "Political Science: Civil War", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/77/items/KX5TP37K", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war/items/KX5TP37K", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 6313, "username": "mryckman", "name": "Mike Ryckman", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mryckman", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 18538, "username": "mvrb", "name": "Matt Raketti", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mvrb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Collier and Sambanis", "parsedDate": "2002", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "KX5TP37K", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Understanding Civil War: A New Agenda", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul", "lastName": "Collier" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nicholas", "lastName": "Sambanis" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Conflict Resolution", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2002", "volume": "", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "3-12", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0061", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Civil War" }, { "tag": "Political Violence" }, { "tag": "War" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-05-20T14:57:17Z", "dateModified": "2010-06-22T15:57:18Z" } }, { "key": "KWWWIUHM", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 77, "name": "Political Science: Civil War", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/77/items/KWWWIUHM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/political_science_civil_war/items/KWWWIUHM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 6313, "username": "mryckman", "name": "Mike Ryckman", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mryckman", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 18538, "username": "mvrb", "name": "Matt Raketti", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mvrb", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Walter", "parsedDate": "1997", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "KWWWIUHM", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Critical Barrier to Civil War Settlement", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Barbara F", "lastName": "Walter" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "International Organization", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1997", "volume": "51", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "335-364", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0367", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Civil War" }, { "tag": "Political Violence" }, { "tag": "Settlement" }, { "tag": "War" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2009-05-20T14:57:17Z", "dateModified": "2010-06-22T15:57:17Z" } } ]