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It presents a global survey of early reader annotations in extant copies of the first edition to counterbalance past scholarship that has focused on the events and mysteries surrounding the Alcoran's production. Through a survey of marginalia and flyleaf notes in extant copies, I argue that, despite some variance in reader reactions to the text, many approached the volume with a critical eye, evaluating the quality of the translation and supplementary historical material. Additionally, many early modern readers showed an interest similar to modern scholars in identifying the unknown parties involved in producing the English translation. 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Citation 41. “Lines to Zoyara,” Vanity Fair, February 11, 1860, 101, lines 12–17, https://digital.library.villanova.edu/Item/vudl:910492 Thanks to Betsy Golden Kellem for calling attention to this poem. Kellem, Jumping Through Hoops, 180–81.

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Note at end of article: “There are no photographs or artistic depictions of any of the events described here, so I instead relied on depictions of similar events depicted in articles from the National Police Gazette archive in the Dime Novels and Popular Literature Collection of Villanova University’s Digital Library.”

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Cites Peyton Jones collection : https://digital.library.villanova.edu/Collection/vudl:41277

\n
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These politics shaped the various social hierarchies and nationalist contexts across Europe and the world. Racial constructs adopted cultural, economic, and political components and did not rely exclusively on biological determinism. This had the effect of reinforcing or hardening boundaries between groups. This dissertation examines how racial identity was negotiated within an Irish context. It does this by considering social, scientific and nationalist discourses that engaged race as a device of inclusion and exclusion. By examining how racialized language permeated the Irish scientific and public literature along with public thought this study argues how race was a contested yet important way of defining “Irishness.” It further argues that racial identity was not merely an import from other European ideas but was actively interpreted to meet local conditions and agendas. 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