[ { "key": "QVDPGIZA", "version": 40, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 734604, "name": "deep_decaebonization", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/734604/items/QVDPGIZA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization/items/QVDPGIZA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Energy and Environmental Economics, Inc.", "parsedDate": "2015-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "QVDPGIZA", "version": 40, "itemType": "report", "title": "Decarbonizing Pipeline Gas to Help Meet California’s 2050 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Goal", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Energy and Environmental Economics, Inc." } ], "abstractNote": "", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "", "institution": "", "place": "", "date": "January 2015", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://ethree.com/documents/E3_Decarbonizing_Pipeline_01-27-2015.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-06T20:27:30Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-06T20:28:19Z" } }, { "key": "8MQQJ23N", "version": 36, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 734604, "name": "deep_decaebonization", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/734604/items/8MQQJ23N", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization/items/8MQQJ23N", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Eom et al.", "parsedDate": "2012-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "8MQQJ23N", "version": 36, "itemType": "report", "title": "China's Building Energy Use: A Long-Term Perspective Based on a Detailed Assessment", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Eom" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L.E.", "lastName": "Clark" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.H.", "lastName": "Kim" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Kyle" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.L.", "lastName": "Patel" } ], "abstractNote": "", "reportNumber": "PNNL-21073", "reportType": "", "institution": "Pacific Northwest National Laboratory", "place": "", "date": "January 2012", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.pnnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-21073.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-06T20:23:04Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-06T20:24:38Z" } }, { "key": "MQ2I6MBR", "version": 34, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 734604, "name": "deep_decaebonization", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/734604/items/MQ2I6MBR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization/items/MQ2I6MBR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Dupont and Oberthur", "parsedDate": "2015", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "MQ2I6MBR", "version": 34, "itemType": "book", "title": "Decarbonization in the European Union", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Claire", "lastName": "Dupont" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sebastian", "lastName": "Oberthur" } ], "abstractNote": "We don't have access to this book but we should be able to get the chapters you need through interlibrary loan.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2015", "publisher": "Springer", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137406835", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-06T20:17:03Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-06T20:18:21Z" } }, { "key": "BHAV3KTQ", "version": 32, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 734604, "name": "deep_decaebonization", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/734604/items/BHAV3KTQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization/items/BHAV3KTQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Needell et al.", "parsedDate": "2016-08-15", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "BHAV3KTQ", "version": 32, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Potential for widespread electrification of personal vehicle travel in the United States", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Zachary A.", "lastName": "Needell" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "James", "lastName": "McNerney" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael T.", "lastName": "Chang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jessika E.", "lastName": "Trancik" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Nature Energy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2016-8-15", "volume": "1", "issue": "9", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "16112", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1038/nenergy.2016.112", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.nature.com/articles/nenergy2016112", "accessDate": "2016-10-06T20:13:20Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2058-7546", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "CrossRef", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-06T20:13:20Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-06T20:13:20Z" } }, { "key": "NGBJGQX4", "version": 31, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 734604, "name": "deep_decaebonization", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/734604/items/NGBJGQX4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization/items/NGBJGQX4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Tamayao et al.", "parsedDate": "2015-07-21", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "NGBJGQX4", "version": 31, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Regional Variability and Uncertainty of Electric Vehicle Life Cycle CO2 Emissions across the United States", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mili-Ann M.", "lastName": "Tamayao" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jeremy J.", "lastName": "Michalek" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Chris", "lastName": "Hendrickson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Inês M. L.", "lastName": "Azevedo" } ], "abstractNote": "We characterize regionally specific life cycle CO2 emissions per mile traveled for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) across the United States under alternative assumptions for regional electricity emission factors, regional boundaries, and charging schemes. We find that estimates based on marginal vs average grid emission factors differ by as much as 50% (using National Electricity Reliability Commission (NERC) regional boundaries). Use of state boundaries versus NERC region boundaries results in estimates that differ by as much as 120% for the same location (using average emission factors). We argue that consumption-based marginal emission factors are conceptually appropriate for evaluating the emissions implications of policies that increase electric vehicle sales or use in a region. We also examine generation-based marginal emission factors to assess robustness. Using these two estimates of NERC region marginal emission factors, we find the following: (1) delayed charging (i.e., starting at midnight) leads to higher emissions in most cases due largely to increased coal in the marginal generation mix at night; (2) the Chevrolet Volt has higher expected life cycle emissions than the Toyota Prius hybrid electric vehicle (the most efficient U.S. gasoline vehicle) across the U.S. in nearly all scenarios; (3) the Nissan Leaf BEV has lower life cycle emissions than the Prius in the western U.S. and in Texas, but the Prius has lower emissions in the northern Midwest regardless of assumed charging scheme and marginal emissions estimation method; (4) in other regions the lowest emitting vehicle depends on charge timing and emission factor estimation assumptions.", "publicationTitle": "Environmental Science & Technology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "July 21, 2015", "volume": "49", "issue": "14", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "8844-8855", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Environ. Sci. Technol.", "DOI": "10.1021/acs.est.5b00815", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00815", "accessDate": "2016-10-06T20:12:55Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0013-936X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ACS Publications", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-06T20:12:55Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-06T20:12:55Z" } }, { "key": "9A5MTQNJ", "version": 30, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 734604, "name": "deep_decaebonization", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/734604/items/9A5MTQNJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization/items/9A5MTQNJ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Jacobson et al.", "parsedDate": "2015", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "9A5MTQNJ", "version": 30, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "100% clean and renewable wind, water, and sunlight (WWS) all-sector energy roadmaps for the 50 United States", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mark Z.", "lastName": "Jacobson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mark A.", "lastName": "Delucchi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Guillaume", "lastName": "Bazouin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Zack A. F.", "lastName": "Bauer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christa C.", "lastName": "Heavey" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Emma", "lastName": "Fisher" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sean B.", "lastName": "Morris" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Diniana J. Y.", "lastName": "Piekutowski" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Taylor A.", "lastName": "Vencill" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tim W.", "lastName": "Yeskoo" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Energy Environ. Sci.", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2015", "volume": "8", "issue": "7", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "2093-2117", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1039/C5EE01283J", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C5EE01283J", "accessDate": "2016-10-06T18:49:27Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1754-5692, 1754-5706", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "CrossRef", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-06T18:49:27Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-06T18:49:27Z" } }, { "key": "CDPSDBVQ", "version": 29, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 734604, "name": "deep_decaebonization", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/734604/items/CDPSDBVQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization/items/CDPSDBVQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Greenblatt et al.", "parsedDate": "2012-11", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "CDPSDBVQ", "version": 29, "itemType": "report", "title": "California’s Energy Future: Buildings & Industrial Efficiency", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jeffery", "lastName": "Greenblatt" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Max", "lastName": "Wei" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "", "lastName": "McMahon, James" } ], "abstractNote": "", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "", "institution": "California Council on Science and Technology", "place": "", "date": "November 2012", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://ccst.us/publications/2012/2012bie.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-06T18:44:03Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-06T18:46:29Z" } }, { "key": "4IF6KD5T", "version": 24, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 734604, "name": "deep_decaebonization", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/734604/items/4IF6KD5T", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization/items/4IF6KD5T", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Cooper", "parsedDate": "2016-09", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "4IF6KD5T", "version": 24, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Renewable and distributed resources in a post-Paris low carbon future: The key role and political economy of sustainable electricity", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mark", "lastName": "Cooper" } ], "abstractNote": "Three recent “roadmap” analyses outline routes to a low-carbon economy that model the decarbonization of the electricity sector and the pervasive electrification of the transportation and industrial sectors. Using independent cost estimates and sequentially “relaxing” the constraints on resource selection, this paper compares the resource costs of the resulting portfolios of assets needed to meet the need for electricity. It supports the claim that the long run costs of the 100% renewable portfolios are less than business-as-usual portfolios, and finds that the “environmental merit order” of asset selection is quite close to the “economic merit order.” Neither fossil fuels with carbon capture and storage nor nuclear power enters the least-cost, low-carbon portfolio. Rigorous least-cost constraints on decarbonization render the pollution constraint is superfluous. The paper evaluates the Paris Agreement on climate change in light of these findings. The Agreement is described as a progressive, mixed market economic model with a governance structure based on a polycentric, multi-stakeholder approach for management of a common pool resource. It also notes that the political economy of the Agreement is consistent with current academic analysis of policy responses to the challenges of climate change and management of a large, focal core resource system.", "publicationTitle": "Energy Research & Social Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "September 2016", "volume": "19", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "66-93", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Energy Research & Social Science", "DOI": "10.1016/j.erss.2016.05.008", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214629616301050", "accessDate": "2016-10-06T18:42:19Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2214-6296", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Renewable and distributed resources in a post-Paris low carbon future", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-06T18:42:19Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-06T18:42:19Z" } }, { "key": "GDN9BIZI", "version": 23, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 734604, "name": "deep_decaebonization", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/734604/items/GDN9BIZI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization/items/GDN9BIZI", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "McCollum et al.", "parsedDate": "2013-10-31", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "GDN9BIZI", "version": 23, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Transport electrification: A key element for energy system transformation and climate stabilization", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "McCollum" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Volker", "lastName": "Krey" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peter", "lastName": "Kolp" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yu", "lastName": "Nagai" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Keywan", "lastName": "Riahi" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper analyzes the role of transport electrification in the broader context of energy system transformation and climate stabilization. As part of the EMF27 model inter-comparison exercise, we employ the MESSAGE integrated assessment modeling framework to conduct a systematic variation of availability, cost, and performance of particular energy supply technologies, thereby deriving implications for feasibility of climate stabilization goals and the associated costs of mitigation. In addition, we explore a wide range of assumptions regarding the potential degree of electrification of the transportation sector. These analyses allow us to (i) test the extent to which the feasible attainment of stringent climate policy targets depends on transport electrification, and (ii) assess the far-reaching impacts that transport electrification could have throughout the rest of the energy system. A detailed analysis of the transition to electricity within the transport sector is not conducted. Our results indicate that while a low-carbon transport system built upon conventional liquid-based fuel delivery infrastructures is destined to become increasingly reliant on biofuels and synthetic liquids, electrification opens up a door through which nuclear energy and non-biomass renewables can flow. The latter has important implications for mitigation costs.", "publicationTitle": "Climatic Change", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2013/10/31", "volume": "123", "issue": "3-4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "651-664", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Climatic Change", "DOI": "10.1007/s10584-013-0969-z", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-013-0969-z", "accessDate": "2016-10-06T15:56:32Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0165-0009, 1573-1480", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Transport electrification", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-06T15:56:32Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-06T15:56:32Z" } }, { "key": "V26I6CQA", "version": 22, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 734604, "name": "deep_decaebonization", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/734604/items/V26I6CQA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization/items/V26I6CQA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Nelson", "parsedDate": "2013-01-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "V26I6CQA", "version": 22, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Scenarios for Deep Carbon Emission Reductions from Electricity by 2050 in Western North America Using the SWITCH Electric Power Sector Planning Model", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "James Henry", "lastName": "Nelson" } ], "abstractNote": "In this study we use a state-of-the-art planning model for the electric power system - the SWITCH model - to investigate the evolution of the power systems of California and western North America from present-day to 2050 in the context of deep decarbonization of the economy. We find drastic power system carbon emission reductions to be feasible by 2050 under a wide range of possible futures. The average cost of power in 2050 is found to range between $149/MWh and $232/MWh across scenarios, a 21 to 88 % increase relative to a business-as-usual scenario, and a 38 to 115 % increase relative to the present-day cost of power. In order to rapidly decarbonize, the power system undergoes sweeping change. Between present-day and 2030, the evolution of the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) power system is dominated by the implementation of aggressive energy efficiency measures, the installation of renewable energy and gas-fired generation facilities, and the retirement of coal-fired generation. In the 2040 time frame, deployment of wind, solar, and geothermal power reduce power system emissions by displacing gas-fired generation. In the 2050 time frame this deployment trend continues for wind and solar, but is accompanied by large amounts of new storage and long-distance, high-voltage transmission capacity. In stark contrast to present-day operation, electricity storage is used primarily to move solar energy from the daytime into the night in order to charge electric vehicles and meet demand from electrified heating. Transmission capacity over the California border is increased by 40 - 220 % by 2050, implying that transmission siting, permitting, and regional cooperation will become increasingly important over time. California remains a net electricity importer in all scenarios investigated. Wind and solar power are key elements in power system decarbonization, providing 37 - 56 % and 17 - 32 % of energy generated respectively across WECC in 2050 if no new nuclear capacity is built. In an effort to integrate wind and solar resources, the amount of installed gas capacity remains relatively constant between present-day and 2050, though carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) is installed on some gas plants by 2050. The fleet-wide average capacity factor of non-CCS gas generation drops steeply between 2030 and 2050, reaching only 5 - 16 % in 2050 for scenarios that meet the 86 % emission reduction target.", "publicationTitle": "eScholarship", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2013-01-01", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8x75p222", "accessDate": "2016-10-06T15:35:37Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "escholarship.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-06T15:35:37Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-06T15:35:37Z" } }, { "key": "R9QCP9CA", "version": 21, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 734604, "name": "deep_decaebonization", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/734604/items/R9QCP9CA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization/items/R9QCP9CA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Loftus et al.", "parsedDate": "2015", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "R9QCP9CA", "version": 21, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A critical review of global decarbonization scenarios: what do they tell us about feasibility?: A critical review of global decarbonization scenarios", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peter J.", "lastName": "Loftus" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Armond M.", "lastName": "Cohen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jane C. S.", "lastName": "Long" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jesse D.", "lastName": "Jenkins" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "01/2015", "volume": "6", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "93-112", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1002/wcc.324", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/wcc.324", "accessDate": "2016-10-06T15:15:47Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "17577780", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "A critical review of global decarbonization scenarios", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "CrossRef", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-06T15:15:47Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-06T15:15:47Z" } }, { "key": "JRQ3BP3D", "version": 20, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 734604, "name": "deep_decaebonization", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/734604/items/JRQ3BP3D", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization/items/JRQ3BP3D", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sugiyama", "parsedDate": "2012-05", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JRQ3BP3D", "version": 20, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Climate change mitigation and electrification", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Masahiro", "lastName": "Sugiyama" } ], "abstractNote": "An increasing number of mitigation scenarios with deep cuts in greenhouse gas emissions have focused on expanded use of demand-side electric technologies, including battery electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid vehicles, and heat pumps. Here we review such “electricity scenarios” to explore commonalities and differences. Newer scenarios are produced by various interests, ranging from environmental organizations to industry to an international organization, and represent a variety of carbon-free power generation technologies on the supply side. The reviewed studies reveal that the electrification rate, defined here as the ratio of electricity to final energy demand, rises in baseline scenarios, and that its increase is accelerated under climate policy. The prospect of electrification differs from sector to sector, and is the most robust for the buildings sector. The degree of transport electrification differs among studies because of different treatment and assumptions about technology. Industry does not show an appreciable change in the electrification rate. Relative to a baseline scenario, an increase in the electrification rate often implies an increase in electricity demand but does not guarantee it.", "publicationTitle": "Energy Policy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 2012", "volume": "44", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "464-468", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Energy Policy", "DOI": "10.1016/j.enpol.2012.01.028", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030142151200033X", "accessDate": "2016-10-06T15:13:32Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0301-4215", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-06T15:13:32Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-06T15:13:32Z" } }, { "key": "49D8MFDN", "version": 19, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 734604, "name": "deep_decaebonization", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/734604/items/49D8MFDN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization/items/49D8MFDN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Williams et al.", "parsedDate": "2015-11", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "49D8MFDN", "version": 19, "itemType": "report", "title": "Policy Implications of Deep Decarbonization in the United States", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "James H.", "lastName": "Williams" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Benjamin", "lastName": "Haley" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ryan", "lastName": "Jones" } ], "abstractNote": "", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "", "institution": "", "place": "", "date": "November 2015", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://deepdecarbonization.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/US_Deep_Decarbonization_Policy_Report.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-06T15:06:46Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-06T15:08:17Z" } }, { "key": "R9RUU2TZ", "version": 16, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 734604, "name": "deep_decaebonization", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/734604/items/R9RUU2TZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization/items/R9RUU2TZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "ANCRE", "parsedDate": "2015-11", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "R9RUU2TZ", "version": 16, "itemType": "report", "title": "Decarbonization Wedges", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "ANCRE" } ], "abstractNote": "", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "", "institution": "", "place": "", "date": "November 2015", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.allianceenergie.fr/imageProvider.aspx?private_resource=1360&fn=Decarbonization_Wedges_report_0.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-06T15:00:58Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-06T15:01:35Z" } }, { "key": "DJ5TC7N7", "version": 14, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 734604, "name": "deep_decaebonization", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/734604/items/DJ5TC7N7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization/items/DJ5TC7N7", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Williams et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-11", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "DJ5TC7N7", "version": 14, "itemType": "report", "title": "Pathways to deep decarbonization in the United States", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.H.", "lastName": "Williams" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B.", "lastName": "Haley" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "F.", "lastName": "Kahrl" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Moore" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.D.", "lastName": "Jones" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.S.", "lastName": "Torn" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H.", "lastName": "McJeon" } ], "abstractNote": "", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "", "institution": "The U.S. report of the Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project of the Sustainable Development Solutions Network and the Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations", "place": "", "date": "November 2014", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://unsdsn.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/US-Deep-Decarbonization-Report.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/518187/items/8J8X5N9C" }, "dateAdded": "2016-10-06T14:51:27Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-06T14:51:27Z" } }, { "key": "MPAAFHKZ", "version": 12, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 734604, "name": "deep_decaebonization", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/734604/items/MPAAFHKZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization/items/MPAAFHKZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Gambhir et al.", "parsedDate": "2013-08", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "MPAAFHKZ", "version": 12, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A hybrid modelling approach to develop scenarios for China's carbon dioxide emissions to 2050", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ajay", "lastName": "Gambhir" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Niels", "lastName": "Schulz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tamaryn", "lastName": "Napp" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Danlu", "lastName": "Tong" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Luis", "lastName": "Munuera" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mark", "lastName": "Faist" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Keywan", "lastName": "Riahi" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper describes a hybrid modelling approach to assess the future development of China's energy system, for both a “hypothetical counterfactual baseline” (HCB) scenario and low carbon (“abatement”) scenarios. The approach combines a technology-rich integrated assessment model (MESSAGE) of China's energy system with a set of sector-specific, bottom-up, energy demand models for the transport, buildings and industrial sectors developed by the Grantham Institute for Climate Change at Imperial College London. By exploring technology-specific solutions in all major sectors of the Chinese economy, we find that a combination of measures, underpinned by low-carbon power options based on a mix of renewables, nuclear and carbon capture and storage, would fundamentally transform the Chinese energy system, when combined with increasing electrification of demand-side sectors. Energy efficiency options in these demand sectors are also important.", "publicationTitle": "Energy Policy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "August 2013", "volume": "59", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "614-632", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Energy Policy", "DOI": "10.1016/j.enpol.2013.04.022", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421513002619", "accessDate": "2016-10-04T17:00:00Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0301-4215", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-04T17:00:00Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-04T17:00:00Z" } }, { "key": "PU35SAPH", "version": 11, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 734604, "name": "deep_decaebonization", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/734604/items/PU35SAPH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization/items/PU35SAPH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Oshiro et al.", "parsedDate": "2016-06-20", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "PU35SAPH", "version": 11, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Assessing decarbonization pathways and their implications for energy security policies in Japan", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ken", "lastName": "Oshiro" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mikiko", "lastName": "Kainuma" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Toshihiko", "lastName": "Masui" } ], "abstractNote": "For countries without sufficient fossil fuel resources such as Japan, climate policies in the mid- to long term need to satisfy requirements not only for decarbonisation but also for energy security in the context of limitations on renewable energies and nuclear power. This study assesses the feasibility of decarbonization pathways to 2050 and their effects on energy security, considering the latest energy and climate policies in Japan using the AIM/Enduse model. The analysis illustrates that deep decarbonization by 2050 is technically feasible even without nuclear power based on three elements: energy efficiency improvements, low-carbon electricity and electrification in end-use sectors. These decarbonization pathways, in the long term, could also contribute to enhanced energy security, reducing import dependency to less than a half of the total primary energy and reducing import bills for fossil fuels by around 70% compared with the current level. Notably, renewable energies could play a strategically significant role in satisfying both climate and energy security requirements. In the mid-term (to 2030), however, although GHG emissions are reduced by 14–20% from 1990 levels, import dependency is relatively stable at today's levels, particularly without the restart of nuclear power. Given the limited potential for renewable energies in the mid-term, it is suggested that the availability of nuclear power will have negative impacts on carbon intensity and energy security, and policies to enhance the security of fossil fuels, including diversification of fuel sources and supply routes, will be required for the foreseeable future.Policy relevanceConsidering the scarcity of indigenous fossil fuel resources and the uncertain availability of nuclear power in Japan, renewable energy could play a strategically significant role in replacing unabated fossil fuels, which would contribute to satisfying both climate and energy security requirements in the long term. However, the renewable energy potential is insufficient to eliminate the requirement for fossil fuels by 2030; therefore the unavailability of nuclear power would affect energy security considerably. Thus, policies in the mid-term would still require enhancement of the energy security of fossil fuels, including the diversification of fuel sources and supply routes, as well as alleviation of the impacts of price volatility.", "publicationTitle": "Climate Policy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "June 20, 2016", "volume": "16", "issue": "sup1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "S63-S77", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1080/14693062.2016.1155042", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2016.1155042", "accessDate": "2016-10-04T16:59:30Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1469-3062", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Taylor and Francis+NEJM", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-04T16:59:30Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-04T16:59:30Z" } }, { "key": "4NSG8A9S", "version": 9, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 734604, "name": "deep_decaebonization", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/734604/items/4NSG8A9S", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization/items/4NSG8A9S", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Rosenbloom and Meadowcroft", "parsedDate": "2014-02", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "4NSG8A9S", "version": 9, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The journey towards decarbonization: Exploring socio-technical transitions in the electricity sector in the province of Ontario (1885–2013) and potential low-carbon pathways", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daniel", "lastName": "Rosenbloom" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "James", "lastName": "Meadowcroft" } ], "abstractNote": "This article employs the multi-level perspective on socio-technical transitions to explore the historical evolution of the electricity regime in the province of Ontario from 1885-2013 and to interpret the potential for future movement towards decarbonization. With an emphasis on the political and social dimensions of transitions, this analysis traces the key features influencing change within Ontario's electricity system over the past century. This paper uses multiple criteria (the phase of electrification; role of the electricity system in economic development; structures of ownership, market and regulation; dominant technologies; and the relative stability of arrangements) to characterize distinct regime configurations and periods of instability which separate relatively stable system orientations. Lessons are drawn from the historical case with implications for future decarbonization in the province, including the importance of: (1) residual momentum; (2) embedded guiding principles; and, (3) politico-economic coalitions.", "publicationTitle": "Energy Policy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "February 2014", "volume": "65", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "670-679", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Energy Policy", "DOI": "10.1016/j.enpol.2013.09.039", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421513009634", "accessDate": "2016-10-04T16:57:35Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0301-4215", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The journey towards decarbonization", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-04T16:57:35Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-04T16:57:35Z" } }, { "key": "P79W6A7G", "version": 8, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 734604, "name": "deep_decaebonization", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/734604/items/P79W6A7G", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization/items/P79W6A7G", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wei et al.", "parsedDate": "2013", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "P79W6A7G", "version": 8, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Deep carbon reductions in California require electrification and integration across economic sectors", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Max", "lastName": "Wei" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "James H.", "lastName": "Nelson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jeffery B.", "lastName": "Greenblatt" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ana", "lastName": "Mileva" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Josiah", "lastName": "Johnston" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael", "lastName": "Ting" }, { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Christopher Yang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Chris", "lastName": "Jones" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "James E.", "lastName": "McMahon" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daniel M.", "lastName": "Kammen" } ], "abstractNote": "Meeting a greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction target of 80% below 1990 levels in the year 2050 requires detailed long-term planning due to complexity, inertia, and path dependency in the energy system. A detailed investigation of supply and demand alternatives is conducted to assess requirements for future California energy systems that can meet the 2050 GHG target. Two components are developed here that build novel analytic capacity and extend previous studies: (1) detailed bottom-up projections of energy demand across the building, industry and transportation sectors; and (2) a high-resolution variable renewable resource capacity planning model (SWITCH) that minimizes the cost of electricity while meeting GHG policy goals in the 2050 timeframe. Multiple pathways exist to a low-GHG future, all involving increased efficiency, electrification, and a dramatic shift from fossil fuels to low-GHG energy. The electricity system is found to have a diverse, cost-effective set of options that meet aggressive GHG reduction targets. This conclusion holds even with increased demand from transportation and heating, but the optimal levels of wind and solar deployment depend on the temporal characteristics of the resulting load profile. Long-term policy support is found to be a key missing element for the successful attainment of the 2050 GHG target in California.", "publicationTitle": "Environmental Research Letters", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2013", "volume": "8", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "014038", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Environ. Res. Lett.", "DOI": "10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/014038", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://stacks.iop.org/1748-9326/8/i=1/a=014038", "accessDate": "2016-10-04T16:56:51Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1748-9326", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Institute of Physics", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-04T16:56:51Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-04T16:56:51Z" } }, { "key": "ZSGN8K75", "version": 7, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 734604, "name": "deep_decaebonization", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/734604/items/ZSGN8K75", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization/items/ZSGN8K75", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "McCollum et al.", "parsedDate": "2012-03", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ZSGN8K75", "version": 7, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Deep greenhouse gas reduction scenarios for California – Strategic implications from the CA-TIMES energy-economic systems model", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "McCollum" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christopher", "lastName": "Yang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sonia", "lastName": "Yeh" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joan", "lastName": "Ogden" } ], "abstractNote": "California has taken a leading role in regulating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, requiring that its economy-wide emissions be brought back down to the 1990 level by 2020. The state also has a long-term, aspirational goal of an 80 percent reduction below the 1990 level by 2050. While the steps needed to achieve the near-term target have already been clearly defined by California policy makers, the suite of transformational technologies and policies required to decarbonize the energy system over the long term have not yet been explored. This paper describes an effort to fill this important gap, introducing CA-TIMES, a bottom-up, technologically-rich, integrated energy–engineering–environmental–economic systems model that has been developed to guide the long-term policy planning process. CA-TIMES is useful for exploring low-carbon scenarios, and the analyses described here focus on the potential evolution of the transportation, fuel supply, and electric generation sectors over the next several decades in response to various energy and climate policies. We find that meeting California’s 80% emission reduction goal can be achieved through a combination of mitigation strategies, including managing the growth in energy service demand, increasing investments in efficiency and low-carbon energy supply technologies, and promoting demand technologies that facilitate end-use device electrification and a decrease in the direct use of hydrocarbon fuels through efficiency improvement and fuel switching. In such deep emission reduction scenarios, we estimate that energy system costs (accounting for investments on the energy supply side and in transportation demand technologies, as well as fuel and O&M costs) could be around 8–17% higher than in a reference case. Meanwhile, average abatement costs could range from $107 to $225/tCO2. These estimates are very much dependent on a range of socio-political and technological uncertainties, for instance, the availability and cost of biomass, nuclear power, carbon capture and storage, and electric and hydrogen vehicles.", "publicationTitle": "Energy Strategy Reviews", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 2012", "volume": "1", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "19-32", "series": "Energy System Models & Natural Gas Strategies", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Energy Strategy Reviews", "DOI": "10.1016/j.esr.2011.12.003", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211467X11000083", "accessDate": "2016-10-04T16:52:02Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2211-467X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-04T16:52:02Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-04T16:52:02Z" } }, { "key": "CHJWB37B", "version": 6, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 734604, "name": "deep_decaebonization", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/734604/items/CHJWB37B", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization/items/CHJWB37B", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Taptich et al.", "parsedDate": "2016", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "CHJWB37B", "version": 6, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Worldwide Greenhouse Gas Reduction Potentials in Transportation by 2050: World GHG Reduction Potentials in Transport, 2050", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael N.", "lastName": "Taptich" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Arpad", "lastName": "Horvath" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mikhail V.", "lastName": "Chester" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Industrial Ecology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "04/2016", "volume": "20", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "329-340", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1111/jiec.12391", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jiec.12391", "accessDate": "2016-10-03T20:36:44Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "10881980", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Worldwide Greenhouse Gas Reduction Potentials in Transportation by 2050", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "CrossRef", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-03T20:36:44Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-03T20:36:44Z" } }, { "key": "XTJK6UGB", "version": 5, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 734604, "name": "deep_decaebonization", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/734604/items/XTJK6UGB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization/items/XTJK6UGB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "California Council on Science and Technology", "parsedDate": "2011-05", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "XTJK6UGB", "version": 5, "itemType": "report", "title": "California's Energy Future-The View to 2015", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "California Council on Science and Technology" } ], "abstractNote": "", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "", "institution": "", "place": "", "date": "May 2011", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://ccst.us/publications/2011/2011energy.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-03T20:31:46Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-03T20:32:34Z" } }, { "key": "KCCC53MA", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 734604, "name": "deep_decaebonization", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/734604/items/KCCC53MA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization/items/KCCC53MA", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/734604/items/9GP6UDFM", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "KCCC53MA", "version": 3, "parentItem": "9GP6UDFM", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2016-10-03T20:08:10Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22116030", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-03T20:08:10Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-03T20:08:10Z" } }, { "key": "9GP6UDFM", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 734604, "name": "deep_decaebonization", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/734604/items/9GP6UDFM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/deep_decaebonization/items/9GP6UDFM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Williams et al.", "parsedDate": "2012-01-06", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "9GP6UDFM", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Technology Path to Deep Greenhouse Gas Emissions Cuts by 2050: The Pivotal Role of Electricity", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "James H.", "lastName": "Williams" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andrew", "lastName": "DeBenedictis" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rebecca", "lastName": "Ghanadan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Amber", "lastName": "Mahone" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jack", "lastName": "Moore" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "William R.", "lastName": "Morrow" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Snuller", "lastName": "Price" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Margaret S.", "lastName": "Torn" } ], "abstractNote": "Several states and countries have adopted targets for deep reductions in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, but there has been little physically realistic modeling of the energy and economic transformations required. We analyzed the infrastructure and technology path required to meet California’s goal of an 80% reduction below 1990 levels, using detailed modeling of infrastructure stocks, resource constraints, and electricity system operability. We found that technically feasible levels of energy efficiency and decarbonized energy supply alone are not sufficient; widespread electrification of transportation and other sectors is required. Decarbonized electricity would become the dominant form of energy supply, posing challenges and opportunities for economic growth and climate policy. This transformation demands technologies that are not yet commercialized, as well as coordination of investment, technology development, and infrastructure deployment.\nReducing greenhouse gas emissions to 80% below 1990 levels by 2050 requires widespread electrification of transportation and other sectors.\nReducing greenhouse gas emissions to 80% below 1990 levels by 2050 requires widespread electrification of transportation and other sectors.", "publicationTitle": "Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2012/01/06", "volume": "335", "issue": "6064", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "53-59", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1126/science.1208365", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://science.sciencemag.org/content/335/6064/53", "accessDate": "2016-10-03T20:08:10Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0036-8075, 1095-9203", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The Technology Path to Deep Greenhouse Gas Emissions Cuts by 2050", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "science.sciencemag.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Copyright © 2012, American Association for the Advancement of Science", "extra": "PMID: 22116030", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-03T20:08:10Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-03T20:08:10Z" } } ]