[ { "key": "BW6G52WT", "version": 18, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 731041, "name": "PolComSpIss", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/731041/items/BW6G52WT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss/items/BW6G52WT", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/731041/items/M4BRU5CH", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 73108, "username": "pnhoward", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pnhoward", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "BW6G52WT", "version": 18, "parentItem": "M4BRU5CH", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "arXiv.org Snapshot", "accessDate": "2017-07-30T08:54:35Z", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1707.07592", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-07-30T08:54:35Z", "dateModified": "2017-07-30T08:54:35Z" } }, { "key": "M4BRU5CH", "version": 18, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 731041, "name": "PolComSpIss", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/731041/items/M4BRU5CH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss/items/M4BRU5CH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 73108, "username": "pnhoward", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pnhoward", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Shao et al.", "parsedDate": "2017-07-24", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "M4BRU5CH", "version": 18, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The spread of fake news by social bots", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Chengcheng", "lastName": "Shao" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Giovanni Luca", "lastName": "Ciampaglia" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Onur", "lastName": "Varol" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alessandro", "lastName": "Flammini" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Filippo", "lastName": "Menczer" } ], "abstractNote": "The massive spread of fake news has been identified as a major global risk and has been alleged to influence elections and threaten democracies. Communication, cognitive, social, and computer scientists are engaged in efforts to study the complex causes for the viral diffusion of digital misinformation and to develop solutions, while search and social media platforms are beginning to deploy countermeasures. However, to date, these efforts have been mainly informed by anecdotal evidence rather than systematic data. Here we analyze 14 million messages spreading 400 thousand claims on Twitter during and following the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign and election. We find evidence that social bots play a key role in the spread of fake news. Accounts that actively spread misinformation are significantly more likely to be bots. Automated accounts are particularly active in the early spreading phases of viral claims, and tend to target influential users. Humans are vulnerable to this manipulation, retweeting bots who post false news. Successful sources of false and biased claims are heavily supported by social bots. These results suggests that curbing social bots may be an effective strategy for mitigating the spread of online misinformation.", "publicationTitle": "arXiv:1707.07592 [physics]", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2017-07-24", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1707.07592", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "arXiv.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "arXiv: 1707.07592", "tags": [ { "tag": "Computer Science - Computers and Society", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Computer Science - Social and Information Networks", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Physics - Physics and Society", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "PEF3XP95" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-07-30T08:54:35Z", "dateModified": "2017-07-30T08:54:35Z" } }, { "key": "F7TAQWE2", "version": 18, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 731041, "name": "PolComSpIss", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/731041/items/F7TAQWE2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss/items/F7TAQWE2", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/731041/items/M4BRU5CH", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 73108, "username": "pnhoward", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pnhoward", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "F7TAQWE2", "version": 18, "parentItem": "M4BRU5CH", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "arXiv:1707.07592 PDF", "accessDate": "2017-07-30T08:54:35Z", "url": "http://www.arxiv.org/pdf/1707.07592.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-07-30T08:54:35Z", "dateModified": "2017-07-30T08:54:35Z" } }, { "key": "VKA3EQ9E", "version": 17, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 731041, "name": "PolComSpIss", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/731041/items/VKA3EQ9E", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss/items/VKA3EQ9E", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 73108, "username": "pnhoward", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pnhoward", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Gordon", "parsedDate": "2017-06-12", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "VKA3EQ9E", "version": 17, "itemType": "newspaperArticle", "title": "Trump-Russia investigators probe Jared Kushner-run digital operation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peter Stone and Greg", "lastName": "Gordon" } ], "abstractNote": "Investigators are examining whether the Trump campaign’s digital operation — overseen by Jared Kushner — helped guide Russia's election meddling.", "publicationTitle": "Chicago Tribune", "publisher": "", "place": "Chicago Ill.", "date": "June 12, 2017", "volume": "", "issue": "", "edition": "", "section": "", "pages": "", "ISSN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-jared-kushner-russia-hacking-20170712-story.html", "accessDate": "2017-07-30T08:37:48Z", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "PEF3XP95" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-07-30T08:37:48Z", "dateModified": "2017-07-30T08:39:18Z" } }, { "key": "V8B9GC3X", "version": 16, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 731041, "name": "PolComSpIss", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/731041/items/V8B9GC3X", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss/items/V8B9GC3X", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/731041/items/VKA3EQ9E", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 73108, "username": "pnhoward", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pnhoward", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "V8B9GC3X", "version": 16, "parentItem": "VKA3EQ9E", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2017-07-30T08:37:48Z", "url": "http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-jared-kushner-russia-hacking-20170712-story.html", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-07-30T08:37:48Z", "dateModified": "2017-07-30T08:37:48Z" } }, { "key": "HTSE2PG4", "version": 13, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 731041, "name": "PolComSpIss", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/731041/items/HTSE2PG4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss/items/HTSE2PG4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 73108, "username": "pnhoward", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pnhoward", "type": "text/html" } } }, "parsedDate": "2016-10-15", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "HTSE2PG4", "version": 13, "itemType": "encyclopediaArticle", "title": "Denial-of-service attack", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "In computing, a denial-of-service (DoS) attack is a cyber-attack where the perpetrator seeks to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users, such as to temporarily or indefinitely interrupt or suspend services of a host connected to the Internet. Denial of service is typically accomplished by flooding the targeted machine or resource with superfluous requests in an attempt to overload systems and prevent some or all legitimate requests from being fulfilled.\nA distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) is a cyber-attack where the perpetrator uses more than one, often thousands of, unique IP addresses. (See IP address spoofing.) It is analogous to a group of people crowding the entry door or gate to a shop or business, and not letting legitimate parties enter into the shop or business, disrupting normal operations. The scale of DDoS attacks has continued to rise over recent years, even reaching over 600Gbit/s.\nCriminal perpetrators of DoS and DDoS attacks often target sites or services hosted on high-profile web servers such as banks or credit card payment gateways. Motives of revenge, blackmail or activism can be behind other attacks.", "encyclopediaTitle": "Wikipedia", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2016-10-15T12:26:45Z", "publisher": "", "place": "", "pages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Denial-of-service_attack&oldid=744470173", "accessDate": "2016-10-18T05:57:23Z", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wikipedia", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License", "extra": "Page Version ID: 744470173", "tags": [], "collections": [ "PEF3XP95" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-18T05:57:23Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-18T05:57:23Z" } }, { "key": "3X9HKPHF", "version": 13, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 731041, "name": "PolComSpIss", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/731041/items/3X9HKPHF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss/items/3X9HKPHF", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/731041/items/HTSE2PG4", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 73108, "username": "pnhoward", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pnhoward", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "3X9HKPHF", "version": 13, "parentItem": "HTSE2PG4", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2016-10-18T05:57:23Z", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Denial-of-service_attack&oldid=744470173", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-18T05:57:23Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-18T05:57:23Z" } }, { "key": "MXXMQT92", "version": 12, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 731041, "name": "PolComSpIss", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/731041/items/MXXMQT92", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss/items/MXXMQT92", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/731041/items/ZQSVGKX3", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 73108, "username": "pnhoward", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pnhoward", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "MXXMQT92", "version": 12, "parentItem": "ZQSVGKX3", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2016-10-18T05:56:48Z", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carna_botnet&oldid=692153998", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-18T05:56:48Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-18T05:56:48Z" } }, { "key": "ZQSVGKX3", "version": 12, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 731041, "name": "PolComSpIss", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/731041/items/ZQSVGKX3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss/items/ZQSVGKX3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 73108, "username": "pnhoward", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pnhoward", "type": "text/html" } } }, "parsedDate": "2015-11-24", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "ZQSVGKX3", "version": 12, "itemType": "encyclopediaArticle", "title": "Carna botnet", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "The Carna botnet was a botnet of 420,000 devices created by an anonymous hacker to measure the extent of the Internet in what the creator called the “Internet Census of 2012”.", "encyclopediaTitle": "Wikipedia", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2015-11-24T03:57:15Z", "publisher": "", "place": "", "pages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carna_botnet&oldid=692153998", "accessDate": "2016-10-18T05:56:48Z", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wikipedia", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License", "extra": "Page Version ID: 692153998", "tags": [], "collections": [ "PEF3XP95" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-18T05:56:48Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-18T05:56:48Z" } }, { "key": "WRH287ZN", "version": 11, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 731041, "name": "PolComSpIss", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/731041/items/WRH287ZN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss/items/WRH287ZN", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/731041/items/59A5XV5T", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 73108, "username": "pnhoward", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pnhoward", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "WRH287ZN", "version": 11, "parentItem": "59A5XV5T", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "arXiv:1606.06356 PDF", "accessDate": "2016-10-16T08:57:24Z", "url": "http://www.arxiv.org/pdf/1606.06356.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-16T08:57:24Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-16T08:57:24Z" } }, { "key": "XRI6CQHH", "version": 11, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 731041, "name": "PolComSpIss", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/731041/items/XRI6CQHH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss/items/XRI6CQHH", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/731041/items/59A5XV5T", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 73108, "username": "pnhoward", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pnhoward", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "XRI6CQHH", "version": 11, "parentItem": "59A5XV5T", "itemType": "note", "note": "Comment: 6 pages, 1 figure, 2 tables", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-16T08:57:24Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-16T08:57:24Z" } }, { "key": "7NMCD74P", "version": 11, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 731041, "name": "PolComSpIss", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/731041/items/7NMCD74P", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss/items/7NMCD74P", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/731041/items/59A5XV5T", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 73108, "username": "pnhoward", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pnhoward", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "7NMCD74P", "version": 11, "parentItem": "59A5XV5T", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "arXiv.org Snapshot", "accessDate": "2016-10-16T08:57:24Z", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1606.06356", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-16T08:57:24Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-16T08:57:24Z" } }, { "key": "59A5XV5T", "version": 11, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 731041, "name": "PolComSpIss", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/731041/items/59A5XV5T", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss/items/59A5XV5T", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 73108, "username": "pnhoward", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pnhoward", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Howard and Kollanyi", "parsedDate": "2016-06-20", "numChildren": 3 }, "data": { "key": "59A5XV5T", "version": 11, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Bots, #StrongerIn, and #Brexit: Computational Propaganda during the UK-EU Referendum", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Philip N.", "lastName": "Howard" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bence", "lastName": "Kollanyi" } ], "abstractNote": "Bots are social media accounts that automate interaction with other users, and they are active on the StrongerIn-Brexit conversation happening over Twitter. These automated scripts generate content through these platforms and then interact with people. Political bots are automated accounts that are particularly active on public policy issues, elections, and political crises. In this preliminary study on the use of political bots during the UK referendum on EU membership, we analyze the tweeting patterns for both human users and bots. We find that political bots have a small but strategic role in the referendum conversations: (1) the family of hashtags associated with the argument for leaving the EU dominates, (2) different perspectives on the issue utilize different levels of automation, and (3) less than 1 percent of sampled accounts generate almost a third of all the messages.", "publicationTitle": "arXiv:1606.06356 [physics]", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2016-06-20", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://arxiv.org/abs/1606.06356", "accessDate": "2016-10-16T08:57:24Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Bots, #StrongerIn, and #Brexit", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "arXiv.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "arXiv: 1606.06356", "tags": [ { "tag": "Computer Science - Social and Information Networks", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Physics - Physics and Society", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "PEF3XP95" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-16T08:57:24Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-16T08:57:24Z" } }, { "key": "SK5SQ9PP", "version": 10, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 731041, "name": "PolComSpIss", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/731041/items/SK5SQ9PP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss/items/SK5SQ9PP", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 73108, "username": "pnhoward", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pnhoward", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Forelle et al.", "parsedDate": "2015-07-25", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "SK5SQ9PP", "version": 10, "itemType": "report", "title": "Political Bots and the Manipulation of Public Opinion in Venezuela", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michelle C.", "lastName": "Forelle" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Philip N.", "lastName": "Howard" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andres", "lastName": "Monroy-Hernandez" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Saiph", "lastName": "Savage" } ], "abstractNote": "Social and political bots have a small but strategic role in Venezuelan political conversations. These automated scripts generate content through social media platforms and then interact with people. In this preliminary study on the use of political bots in Venezuela, we analyze the tweeting, following and retweeting patterns for the accounts of prominent Venezuelan politicians and prominent Venezuelan bots. We find that bots generate a very small proportion of all the traffic about political life in Venezuela. Bots are used to retweet content from Venezuelan politicians but the effect is subtle in that less than 10 percent of all retweets come from bot-related platforms. Nonetheless, we find that the most active bots are those used by Venezuela’s radical opposition. Bots are pretending to be political leaders, government agencies and political parties more than citizens. Finally, bots are promoting innocuous political events more than attacking opponents or spreading misinformation.", "reportNumber": "2015.1", "reportType": "Working Paper", "institution": "Project on Computational Propaganda", "place": "Oxford, UK", "date": "2015/07/25", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "www.politicalbots.org", "accessDate": "2016-04-21T13:42:40Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "www.politicalbots.org", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Social media", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Twitter", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Venezuela", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "bots", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "political communication", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "PEF3XP95" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-01T17:55:37Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-12T05:58:17Z" } }, { "key": "KGWWH4AI", "version": 8, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 731041, "name": "PolComSpIss", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/731041/items/KGWWH4AI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss/items/KGWWH4AI", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 73108, "username": "pnhoward", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pnhoward", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Forelle et al.", "parsedDate": "2015", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "KGWWH4AI", "version": 8, "itemType": "manuscript", "title": "Political Bots and the Manipulation of Public Opinion in Venezuela", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. C.", "lastName": "Forelle" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P. N.", "lastName": "Howard" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Monroy-Hernandez" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Savage" } ], "abstractNote": "Social and political bots have a small but strategic role in Venezuelan political conversations. These automated scripts generate content through social media platforms and then interact with people. In this preliminary study on the use of political bots in Venezuela, we analyze the tweeting, following and retweeting patterns for the accounts of prominent Venezuelan politicians and prominent Venezuelan bots. We find that bots generate a very small proportion of all the traffic about political life in Venezuela. Bots are used to retweet content from Venezuelan politicians but the effect is subtle in that less than 10 percent of all retweets come from bot-related platforms. Nonetheless, we find that the most active bots are those used by Venezuela’s radical opposition. Bots are pretending to be political leaders, government agencies and political parties more than citizens. Finally, bots are promoting innocuous political events more than attacking opponents or spreading misinformation.", "manuscriptType": "Report", "institution": "", "place": "Social Science Research Network", "date": "2015", "numPages": "8", "number": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2635800", "accessDate": "2016-04-02T11:54:03Z", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "00006", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/560653/items/EQFZNDJH" }, "dateAdded": "2016-10-12T05:42:25Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-12T05:42:25Z" } }, { "key": "F955JH3E", "version": 7, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 731041, "name": "PolComSpIss", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/731041/items/F955JH3E", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss/items/F955JH3E", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 73108, "username": "pnhoward", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pnhoward", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Gerken and Newland", "parsedDate": "2016-04-11", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "F955JH3E", "version": 7, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "The Citizens United Trilogy: The Myth, the True Tale, and the Story Still to Come", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Heather K.", "lastName": "Gerken" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Erica J.", "lastName": "Newland" } ], "abstractNote": "", "bookTitle": "Election Law Stories", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "4/11/2016", "publisher": "Foundation Press", "place": "St. Paul, MN", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "593", "ISBN": "1-63460-433-4", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "PEF3XP95" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-01T17:55:37Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-01T18:27:55Z" } }, { "key": "WR2PA2BS", "version": 6, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 731041, "name": "PolComSpIss", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/731041/items/WR2PA2BS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss/items/WR2PA2BS", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 73108, "username": "pnhoward", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pnhoward", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Howard", "parsedDate": "2015-05-19", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "WR2PA2BS", "version": 6, "itemType": "book", "title": "Pax Technica: How the Internet of Things May Set Us Free or Lock Us Up", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Philip N.", "lastName": "Howard" } ], "abstractNote": "A foremost digital expert looks at the most powerful political tool ever created-the internet of things. Will it be like the internet of surveillance and censorship we have now, or will it be something better? Should we fear or welcome the internet's evolution? The \"internet of things\" is the rapidly growing network of everyday objects-eyeglasses, cars, thermostats-made smart with sensors and internet addresses. Soon we will live in a pervasive yet invisible network of everyday objects that communicate with one another. In this original and provocative book, Philip N. Howard envisions a new world order emerging from this great transformation in the technologies around us. Howard calls this new era a Pax Technica. He looks to a future of global stability built upon device networks with immense potential for empowering citizens, making government transparent, and broadening information access. Howard cautions, however, that privacy threats are enormous, as is the potential for social control and political manipulation. Drawing on evidence from around the world, he illustrates how the internet of things can be used to repress and control people. Yet he also demonstrates that if we actively engage with the governments and businesses building the internet of things, we have a chance to build a new kind of internet-and a more open society.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "19 May 2015", "publisher": "Yale University Press", "place": "New Haven, CT", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "288", "ISBN": "978-0-300-19947-5", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Pax Technica", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Amazon", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "PEF3XP95" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-01T17:55:37Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-01T18:16:17Z" } }, { "key": "CF8KSBIM", "version": 5, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 731041, "name": "PolComSpIss", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/731041/items/CF8KSBIM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss/items/CF8KSBIM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 73108, "username": "pnhoward", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pnhoward", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Woolley and Howard, Philip N.", "parsedDate": "2016-05-15", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "CF8KSBIM", "version": 5, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "Bots unite to automate the presidential election", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Samuel C.", "lastName": "Woolley" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "", "lastName": "Howard, Philip N." } ], "abstractNote": "Donald Trump understands minority communities. Just ask Pepe Luis Lopez. He's one of Trump's 7 million Twitter followers. One problem: he's not a person.", "websiteTitle": "WIRED", "websiteType": "", "date": "5/15/2016", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.wired.com/2016/05/twitterbots-2/", "accessDate": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "PEF3XP95" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-01T17:55:37Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-01T18:15:45Z" } }, { "key": "3CJJVVQI", "version": 4, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 731041, "name": "PolComSpIss", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/731041/items/3CJJVVQI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss/items/3CJJVVQI", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 73108, "username": "pnhoward", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pnhoward", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Howard and Kollanyi", "parsedDate": "2016-06-20", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "3CJJVVQI", "version": 4, "itemType": "report", "title": "Bots, #Strongerin, and #Brexit: Computational Propaganda during the UK-EU Referendum", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Philip N.", "lastName": "Howard" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bence", "lastName": "Kollanyi" } ], "abstractNote": "Bots are social media accounts that automate interaction with other users, and they are active on the StrongerIn-Brexit conversation happening over Twitter. These automated scripts generate content through these platforms and then interact with people. Political bots are automated accounts that are particularly active on public policy issues, elections, and political crises. In this preliminary study on the use of political bots during the UK referendum on EU membership, we analyze the tweeting patterns for both human users and bots. We find that political bots have a small but strategic role in the referendum conversations: (1) the family of hashtags associated with the argument for leaving the EU dominates, (2) different perspectives on the issue utilize different levels of automation, and (3) less than 1 percent of sampled accounts generate almost a third of all the messages.", "reportNumber": "2016.1", "reportType": "Working Paper", "institution": "Project on Computational Propaganda", "place": "Oxford, UK", "date": "2016/06/20", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "6", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2798311", "accessDate": "2016-07-20T19:06:52Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "www.politicalbots.org", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Bots, #Strongerin, and #Brexit", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "#Strongerin", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Bence Kollanyi", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Philip N. Howard", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "SSRN", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "and #Brexit: Computational Propaganda During the UK-EU Referendum", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "bots", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "PEF3XP95" ], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/560653/items/33AC6A48" }, "dateAdded": "2016-10-01T18:06:23Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-01T18:06:23Z" } }, { "key": "57D2SEBT", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 731041, "name": "PolComSpIss", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/731041/items/57D2SEBT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss/items/57D2SEBT", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/731041/items/J6AE77XQ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 73108, "username": "pnhoward", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pnhoward", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "57D2SEBT", "version": 3, "parentItem": "J6AE77XQ", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2016-10-01T17:59:10Z", "url": "http://nca.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21670811.2015.1081822?journalCode=rdij20", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-01T17:59:10Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-01T17:59:10Z" } }, { "key": "J6AE77XQ", "version": 3, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 731041, "name": "PolComSpIss", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/731041/items/J6AE77XQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss/items/J6AE77XQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 73108, "username": "pnhoward", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pnhoward", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lokot and Diakopoulos", "parsedDate": "2016-08-17", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "J6AE77XQ", "version": 3, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "News Bots", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tetyana", "lastName": "Lokot" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nicholas", "lastName": "Diakopoulos" } ], "abstractNote": "So-called “robot” journalism represents a shift towards the automation of journalistic tasks related to news reporting, writing, curation, and even data analysis. In this paper, we consider the extension of robot journalism to the domain of social platforms and study the use of “news bots”—automated accounts that participate in news and information dissemination on social networks. Such bots present an intriguing development opportunity for news organizations and journalists. In particular, we analyze a sample of existing news bot accounts on Twitter to understand how news bots are currently being used and to examine how using automation and algorithms may change the modern media environment. Based on our analysis, we propose a typology of news bots in the form of a design and editorial decision space that can guide designers in defining the intent, utility, and functionality of future bots. The proposed design space highlights the limits of news bots (e.g., automated commentary and opinion, algorithmic transparency and accountability) and areas where news bots may enable innovation, such as niche and local news.", "publicationTitle": "Digital Journalism", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "August 17, 2016", "volume": "4", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "682-699", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Digital Journalism", "DOI": "10.1080/21670811.2015.1081822", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://nca.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21670811.2015.1081822", "accessDate": "2016-10-01T17:59:10Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2167-0811", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "nca.tandfonline.com (Atypon)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "PEF3XP95" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-01T17:59:10Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-01T17:59:10Z" } }, { "key": "BFB3XFZH", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 731041, "name": "PolComSpIss", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/731041/items/BFB3XFZH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss/items/BFB3XFZH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 73108, "username": "pnhoward", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pnhoward", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Woolley and Howard, Philip N.", "parsedDate": "2016-05", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "BFB3XFZH", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Twitterbots United: Fake Followers Could Wreck the Election", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Samuel", "lastName": "Woolley" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "", "lastName": "Howard, Philip N." } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Wired Magazine", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May, 2016", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "PEF3XP95" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-01T17:55:37Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-01T17:55:37Z" } }, { "key": "5JIR9FM7", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 731041, "name": "PolComSpIss", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/731041/items/5JIR9FM7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss/items/5JIR9FM7", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 73108, "username": "pnhoward", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pnhoward", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kreiss and Howard", "parsedDate": "2010", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "5JIR9FM7", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "New challenges to political privacy: Lessons from the first US Presidential race in the Web 2.0 era", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daniel", "lastName": "Kreiss" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Philip", "lastName": "Howard" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "International Journal of Communication", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2010", "volume": "4", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1032–1050", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/viewArticle/870", "accessDate": "2016-04-24T15:01:21Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "New challenges to political privacy", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "PEF3XP95" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-01T17:55:37Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-01T17:55:37Z" } }, { "key": "BSP6V4D4", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 731041, "name": "PolComSpIss", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/731041/items/BSP6V4D4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": 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"accessDate": "2016-04-24T14:48:46Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Digitizing the social contract", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "PEF3XP95" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-01T17:55:37Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-01T17:55:37Z" } }, { "key": "M7EXI4JW", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 731041, "name": "PolComSpIss", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/731041/items/M7EXI4JW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/polcomspiss/items/M7EXI4JW", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 73108, "username": "pnhoward", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/pnhoward", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Metaxas et al.", "parsedDate": "2011-10", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "M7EXI4JW", "version": 2, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "How (Not) to Predict Elections", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P. T.", "lastName": "Metaxas" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E.", "lastName": "Mustafaraj" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D.", "lastName": "Gayo-Avello" } ], "abstractNote": "Using social media for political discourse is increasingly becoming common practice, especially around election time. Arguably, one of the most interesting aspects of this trend is the possibility of ”pulsing” the public's opinion in near real-time and, thus, it has attracted the interest of many researchers as well as news organizations. Recently, it has been reported that predicting electoral outcomes from social media data is feasible, in fact it is quite simple to compute. Positive results have been reported in a few occasions, but without an analysis on what principle enables them. This, however, should be surprising given the significant differences in the demographics between likely voters and users of online social networks. This work aims to test the predictive power of social media metrics against several Senate races of the two recent US Congressional elections. We review the findings of other researchers and we try to duplicate their findings both in terms of data volume and sentiment analysis. Our research aim is to shed light on why predictions of electoral (or other social events) using social media might or might not be feasible. In this paper, we offer two conclusions and a proposal: First, we find that electoral predictions using the published research methods on Twitter data are not better than chance. Second, we reveal some major challenges that limit the predictability of election results through data from social media. We propose a set of standards that any theory aiming to predict elections (or other social events) using social media should follow.", "proceedingsTitle": "2011 IEEE Third International Conference on Privacy, Security, Risk and Trust (PASSAT) and 2011 IEEE Third International Conference on Social Computing (SocialCom)", "conferenceName": "2011 IEEE Third International Conference on Privacy, Security, Risk and Trust (PASSAT) and 2011 IEEE Third International Conference on Social Computing (SocialCom)", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 2011", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "165-171", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "10.1109/PASSAT/SocialCom.2011.98", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "IEEE Xplore", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Accuracy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Elections", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Media", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nominations and elections", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Prediction", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Prediction methods", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social media", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social media analysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Twitter", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "correlation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "data volume", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "demographics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "election", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "electoral outcome prediction", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "government data processing", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "online social network", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "political discourse", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "politics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "sentiment analysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "social networking (online)", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "PEF3XP95" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-10-01T17:55:37Z", "dateModified": "2016-10-01T17:55:37Z" } } ]