[ { "key": "C8S89VXH", "version": 179, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 722909, "name": "Food Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/722909/items/C8S89VXH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies/items/C8S89VXH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1179955, "username": "dmcwo", "name": "Doug Worsham", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dmcwo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Huis", "parsedDate": "2013", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "C8S89VXH", "version": 179, "itemType": "book", "title": "Edible insects: future prospects for food and feed security", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Arnold van", "lastName": "Huis" } ], "abstractNote": "", "series": "FAO forestry paper", "seriesNumber": "171", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2013", "publisher": "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations", "place": "Rome", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "187", "ISBN": "978-92-5-107595-1", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3253e/i3253e.pdf", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Edible insects", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Library of Congress ISBN", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Edible insects", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Entomophagy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Food security", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "KS8ABCCZ", "P9EHFCPE" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-09-28T04:47:31Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-18T19:12:36Z" } }, { "key": "SIADBQ4V", "version": 177, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 722909, "name": "Food Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/722909/items/SIADBQ4V", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies/items/SIADBQ4V", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1179955, "username": "dmcwo", "name": "Doug Worsham", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dmcwo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Premalatha and Abbasi", "parsedDate": "2011-12", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "SIADBQ4V", "version": 177, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Energy-efficient food production to reduce global warming and ecodegradation: The use of edible insects", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Premalatha" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tasneem", "lastName": "Abbasi" } ], "abstractNote": "As the global population continues to rise, and attempts to increase arable land area come in sharp conflict with the necessity to retain forests on one hand and pressures of urbanization on the other, the wave of global food shortage that has hit the world recently is likely to hit us again and again. The increasing pressure on land is making meat production from macro-livestock less sustainable than ever before. To add to the diminishing pastures and broadening demand-supply gap of food grains are the shortages arising due to the diversion of some of the food crops for biofuel production. There is also an increasing use of fodder for generating biomass energy. The result is that even as the demand for animal protein keeps on rising with the swelling global population, there is every possibility that attempts to meet this demand would face serious crises in the coming years. The adverse impacts of global warming are conspiring to make the situation even worse than it otherwise would have been. The present review brings home the fact that one of the possible ways to get around this problem is to extend the practice of entomophagy - use of insects as human food. As of now entomophagy is practiced in some regions and some cultures, but, by-and-large, the bulk of global population stay away from it. It is even looked down in several cultures and forbidden in some others. The review brings out the irrationality of omitting edible insects from human diet given the generally higher quality of nutrition they contain as compared to food based on macro-livestock. This aspect, coupled with much lesser consumption of energy and natural resources associated with insect-based protein production, makes entomophagy an option which deserves urgent global attention. The authors highlight the relatively stronger sustainability of animal protein production by way of insect farming because, pound to pound, the production of insect protein takes much less land and energy than the more widely consumed forms of animal protein. It is estimated that over a thousand insect species are already a part of human diet and the nutrition offered by several of the species matches or surpasses that which is contained in traditional non-vegetarian foods. The paper also deals with the relevance of entomophagy as a potentially more ecologically compatible and sustainable source of animal protein than the red and the white meat on which most of the world presently depends. In the emerging global pattern based on an expanding share of renewable energy sources, entomophagy fits in as a renewable source of food energy for the future. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "publicationTitle": "Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "DEC 2011", "volume": "15", "issue": "9", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "4357-4360", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev.", "DOI": "10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.115", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1364-0321", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Energy-efficient food production to reduce global warming and ecodegradation", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Web of Science", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "WOS:000298764400014", "tags": [ { "tag": "Anthropoentomophagy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Edible insects", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Energy efficiency", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Food production", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Global warming", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "clean energy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "diet", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "entomophagy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "environmental impacts", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "knowledge", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "will", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "KS8ABCCZ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-01-18T18:54:51Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-18T19:10:11Z" } }, { "key": "ASNBT5PX", "version": 175, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 722909, "name": "Food Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/722909/items/ASNBT5PX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies/items/ASNBT5PX", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/722909/items/L2U6BC5S", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1179955, "username": "dmcwo", "name": "Doug Worsham", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dmcwo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ASNBT5PX", "version": 175, "parentItem": "L2U6BC5S", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text", "accessDate": "2019-01-18T18:59:44Z", "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2018.00088/pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Berger et al. - 2018 - When Utilitarian Claims Backfire Advertising Cont.pdf", "md5": "716c66d23f15a1e92b6b0decb533fddc", "mtime": 1547837984000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-01-18T18:59:44Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-18T18:59:44Z" } }, { "key": "L2U6BC5S", "version": 174, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 722909, "name": "Food Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/722909/items/L2U6BC5S", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies/items/L2U6BC5S", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1179955, "username": "dmcwo", "name": "Doug Worsham", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dmcwo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Berger et al.", "parsedDate": "2018-10-02", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "L2U6BC5S", "version": 174, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "When Utilitarian Claims Backfire: Advertising Content and the Uptake of Insects as Food", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sebastian", "lastName": "Berger" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christian", "lastName": "Bartsch" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christina", "lastName": "Schmidt" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Fabian", "lastName": "Christandl" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Annika M.", "lastName": "Wyss" } ], "abstractNote": "A key challenge for climate change mitigation on the consumer side is to break habits that excessively lead to carbon emission. One of the culturally most robust human routines is the heavy reliance of the Western societies on conventional meat sources such as beef, pork, and poultry, which were recently accused of causing particularly high climate costs. In this light, the UN (FAO) has suggested the increasing use of insects as an alternative source of animal protein intended for human diets. Yet, insects have not reached the mainstream of Western cuisine. Currently, a frequent promotion strategy of insects is to highlight the Utilitarian benefits associated with their consumption (e.g., with respect to the environment or one's health). The present research addresses the efficacy of such claims in a consumer research study involving 180 participants recruited from the general population in Germany. Arguing based on social-cognitive research in the area of moral and environmental psychology, we hypothesized and found that a focus on beneficial, but temporally distant motives (e.g., health)-counterintuitively-decreases consumption in comparison to immediate, hedonic advertisements (e.g., tasty). Furthermore, our study provides process evidence suggesting pretrial expectations induced by a particular claim mediate the relationship between claims and consumption. Thus, the present research not only refutes a state-of-the-art approach in the promotion of insects as food, but also provides an alternative approach and process evidence by integrating psychological factors.", "publicationTitle": "Frontiers in Nutrition", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "OCT 2 2018", "volume": "5", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "88", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Front. Nutr.", "DOI": "10.3389/fnut.2018.00088", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2296-861X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "When Utilitarian Claims Backfire", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Web of Science", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "WOS:000447401400001", "tags": [ { "tag": "ambivalence", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "attitudes", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "bases", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "consumer behavior", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "disgust", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "edible insects", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "entomophagy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "marketing", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "model", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "perceptions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "perspective", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "sustainable food", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "taste", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "water", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "KS8ABCCZ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-01-18T18:59:40Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-18T18:59:40Z" } }, { "key": "LZTKYU83", "version": 172, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 722909, "name": "Food Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/722909/items/LZTKYU83", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies/items/LZTKYU83", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1179955, "username": "dmcwo", "name": "Doug Worsham", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dmcwo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Best", "parsedDate": "2014-11-14", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "LZTKYU83", "version": 172, "itemType": "blogPost", "title": "Can We Eat Our Way Out of Global Warming—and Get Healthier Too?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jason", "lastName": "Best" } ], "abstractNote": "Researchers put science behind the claim that what’s good for you is good for the planet.", "blogTitle": "TakePart", "websiteType": "", "date": "11/14/2014", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.takepart.com/article/2014/11/14/eating-our-way-out-global-warming", "accessDate": "2019-01-07T23:17:02Z", "ISSN": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "KS8ABCCZ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-01-07T23:17:02Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-07T23:27:04Z" } }, { "key": "5RC6RG9C", "version": 170, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 722909, "name": "Food Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/722909/items/5RC6RG9C", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies/items/5RC6RG9C", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/722909/items/I8TUXL6K", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1179955, "username": "dmcwo", "name": "Doug Worsham", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dmcwo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "5RC6RG9C", "version": 170, "parentItem": "I8TUXL6K", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2019-01-07T23:21:22Z", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/nature13959.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Tilman and Clark - 2014 - Global diets link environmental sustainability and.pdf", "md5": "f96279770cd50bf64572d287f2b20307", "mtime": 1546903282000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-01-07T23:21:22Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-07T23:21:22Z" } }, { "key": "I8TUXL6K", "version": 169, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 722909, "name": "Food Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/722909/items/I8TUXL6K", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies/items/I8TUXL6K", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1179955, "username": "dmcwo", "name": "Doug Worsham", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dmcwo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Tilman and Clark", "parsedDate": "2014-11", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "I8TUXL6K", "version": 169, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Tilman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael", "lastName": "Clark" } ], "abstractNote": "Diets link environmental and human health. Rising incomes and urbanization are driving a global dietary transition in which traditional diets are replaced by diets higher in refined sugars, refined fats, oils and meats. By 2050 these dietary trends, if unchecked, would be a major contributor to an estimated 80 per cent increase in global agricultural greenhouse gas emissions from food production and to global land clearing. Moreover, these dietary shifts are greatly increasing the incidence of type II diabetes, coronary heart disease and other chronic non-communicable diseases that lower global life expectancies. Alternative diets that offer substantial health benefits could, if widely adopted, reduce global agricultural greenhouse gas emissions, reduce land clearing and resultant species extinctions, and help prevent such diet-related chronic non-communicable diseases. The implementation of dietary solutions to the tightly linked diet–environment–health trilemma is a global challenge, and opportunity, of great environmental and public health importance.", "publicationTitle": "Nature", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2014-11", "volume": "515", "issue": "7528", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "518-522", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1038/nature13959", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/nature13959", "accessDate": "2019-01-07T23:20:55Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1476-4687", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "www.nature.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "2014 Nature Publishing Group", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "KS8ABCCZ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-01-07T23:20:55Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-07T23:20:55Z" } }, { "key": "U2WY8RMQ", "version": 178, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 722909, "name": "Food Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/722909/items/U2WY8RMQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies/items/U2WY8RMQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1179955, "username": "dmcwo", "name": "Doug Worsham", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dmcwo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Gomiero et al.", "parsedDate": "2011", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "U2WY8RMQ", "version": 178, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Environmental Impact of Different Agricultural Management Practices: Conventional vs. Organic Agriculture", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tiziano", "lastName": "Gomiero" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Pimentel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Maurizio G.", "lastName": "Paoletti" } ], "abstractNote": "Organic agriculture refers to a farming system that enhance soil fertility through maximizing the efficient use of local resources, while foregoing the use of agrochemicals, the use of Genetic Modified Organisms (GMO), as well as that of many synthetic compounds used as food additives. Organic agriculture relies on a number of farming practices based on ecological cycles, and aims at minimizing the environmental impact of the food industry, preserving the long term sustainability of soil and reducing to a minimum the use of non renewable resources. This paper carries out a comparative review of the environmental performances of organic agriculture versus conventional farming, and also discusses the difficulties inherent in this comparison process. The paper first provides an historical background on organic agriculture and briefly reports on some key socioeconomic issues concerning organic farming. It then focuses on how agricultural practices affect soil characteristics: under organic management soil loss is greatly reduced and soil organic matter (SOM) content increases. Soil biochemical and ecological characteristics appear also improved. Furthermore, organically managed soils have a much higher water holding capacity than conventionally managed soils, resulting in much larger yields compared to conventional farming, under conditions of water scarcity. Because of its higher ability to store carbon in the soil, organic agriculture could represent a means to improve CO2 abatement if adopted on a large scale. Next, the impact on biodiversity is highlighted: organic farming systems generally harbor a larger floral and faunal biodiversity than conventional systems, although when properly managed also the latter can improve biodiversity. Importantly, the landscape surrounding farmed land also appears to have the potential to enhance biodiversity in agricultural areas. The paper then outlines energy use in different agricultural settings: organic agriculture has higher energy efficiency (input/output) but, on average, exhibits lower yields and hence reduced productivity. Nevertheless, overall, organic agriculture appears to perform better than conventional farming, and provides also other important environmental advantages, such as halting the use of harmful chemicals and their spread in the environment and along the trophic chain, and reducing water use. Looking at the future of organic farming, based on the findings presented in this review, there is clearly a need for more research and investment directed to exploring potential of organic farming for reducing the environmental impact of agricultural practices; however, the implications of reduced productivity for the socioeconomic system should also be considered and suitable agricultural policies should be developed.", "publicationTitle": "Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2011", "volume": "30", "issue": "1-2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "95-124", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Crit. Rev. Plant Sci.", "DOI": "10.1080/07352689.2011.554355", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0735-2689", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Environmental Impact of Different Agricultural Management Practices", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Web of Science", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "WOS:000290042400009", "tags": [ { "tag": "GHGs emissions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "biodiversity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "biological-control", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "carbon sink", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "conventional agriculture", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "cropping systems", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "different spatial scales", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "energy use", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "energy use", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "farming systems", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "greenhouse-gas emissions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "life-cycle assessment", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "natural pest-control", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "organic agriculture", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "soil carbon sequestration", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "soil organic matter", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "sustainability", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "weed species-diversity", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-01-03T19:39:09Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-03T19:39:09Z" } }, { "key": "FKZ2CA8F", "version": 165, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 722909, "name": "Food Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/722909/items/FKZ2CA8F", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies/items/FKZ2CA8F", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1179955, "username": "dmcwo", "name": "Doug Worsham", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dmcwo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Meier et al.", "parsedDate": "2015-02-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "FKZ2CA8F", "version": 165, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Environmental impacts of organic and conventional agricultural products - Are the differences captured by life cycle assessment?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Matthias S.", "lastName": "Meier" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Franziska", "lastName": "Stoessel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Niels", "lastName": "Jungbluth" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ronnie", "lastName": "Juraske" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christian", "lastName": "Schader" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Matthias", "lastName": "Stolze" } ], "abstractNote": "Comprehensive assessment tools are needed that reliably describe environmental impacts of different agricultural systems in order to develop sustainable high yielding agricultural production systems with minimal impacts on the environment. Today, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is increasingly used to assess and compare the environmental sustainability of agricultural products from conventional and organic agriculture. However, LCA studies comparing agricultural products from conventional and organic farming systems report a wide variation in the resource efficiency of products from these systems. The studies show that impacts per area farmed land are usually less in organic systems, but related to the quantity produced impacts are often higher. We reviewed 34 comparative LCA studies of organic and conventional agricultural products to analyze whether this result is solely due to the usually lower yields in organic systems or also due to inaccurate modeling within LCA. Comparative LCAs on agricultural products from organic and conventional farming systems often do not adequately differentiate the specific characteristics of the respective farming system in the goal and scope definition and in the inventory analysis. Further, often only a limited number of impact categories are assessed within the impact assessment not allowing for a comprehensive environmental assessment. The most critical points we identified relate to the nitrogen (N) fluxes influencing acidification, eutrophication, and global warming potential, and biodiversity. Usually, N-emissions in LCA inventories of agricultural products are based on model calculations. Modeled N-emissions often do not correspond with the actual amount of N left in the system that may result in potential emissions. Reasons for this may be that N-models are not well adapted to the mode of action of organic fertilizers and that N-emission models often are built on assumptions from conventional agriculture leading to even greater deviances for organic systems between the amount of N calculated by emission models and the actual amount of N available for emissions. Improvements are needed regarding a more precise differentiation between farming systems and regarding the development of N emission models that better represent actual N-fluxes within different systems. We recommend adjusting N- and C-emissions during farmyard manure management and farmyard manure fertilization in plant production to the feed ration provided in the animal production of the respective farming system leading to different N- and C-compositions within the excrement. In the future, more representative background data on organic farming systems (e.g. N content of farmyard manure) should be generated and compiled so as to be available for use within LCA inventories. Finally, we recommend conducting consequential LCA if possible when using LCA for policy-making or strategic environmental planning to account for different functions of the analyzed farming systems. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Environmental Management", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "FEB 1 2015", "volume": "149", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "193-208", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J. Environ. Manage.", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.10.006", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0301-4797", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Web of Science", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "WOS:000348084000019", "tags": [ { "tag": "Agriculture", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Attributional", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Comparative life cycle assessment (LCA)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Consequential", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Conventional", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "N-surplus", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Organic", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "assessment lca", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "chicken systems", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "energy use", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "farming systems", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "greenhouse-gas emissions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "land-use", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "milk-production", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "nitrogen", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "pesticides", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "united-kingdom", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "KS8ABCCZ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-01-03T19:38:41Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-03T19:38:41Z" } }, { "key": "VVQH3SPN", "version": 162, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 722909, "name": "Food Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/722909/items/VVQH3SPN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies/items/VVQH3SPN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1179955, "username": "dmcwo", "name": "Doug Worsham", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dmcwo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Gomiero et al.", "parsedDate": "2011", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VVQH3SPN", "version": 162, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Environmental Impact of Different Agricultural Management Practices: Conventional vs. Organic Agriculture", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tiziano", "lastName": "Gomiero" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Pimentel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Maurizio G.", "lastName": "Paoletti" } ], "abstractNote": "Organic agriculture refers to a farming system that enhance soil fertility through maximizing the efficient use of local resources, while foregoing the use of agrochemicals, the use of Genetic Modified Organisms (GMO), as well as that of many synthetic compounds used as food additives. Organic agriculture relies on a number of farming practices based on ecological cycles, and aims at minimizing the environmental impact of the food industry, preserving the long term sustainability of soil and reducing to a minimum the use of non renewable resources. This paper carries out a comparative review of the environmental performances of organic agriculture versus conventional farming, and also discusses the difficulties inherent in this comparison process. The paper first provides an historical background on organic agriculture and briefly reports on some key socioeconomic issues concerning organic farming. It then focuses on how agricultural practices affect soil characteristics: under organic management soil loss is greatly reduced and soil organic matter (SOM) content increases. Soil biochemical and ecological characteristics appear also improved. Furthermore, organically managed soils have a much higher water holding capacity than conventionally managed soils, resulting in much larger yields compared to conventional farming, under conditions of water scarcity. Because of its higher ability to store carbon in the soil, organic agriculture could represent a means to improve CO2 abatement if adopted on a large scale. Next, the impact on biodiversity is highlighted: organic farming systems generally harbor a larger floral and faunal biodiversity than conventional systems, although when properly managed also the latter can improve biodiversity. Importantly, the landscape surrounding farmed land also appears to have the potential to enhance biodiversity in agricultural areas. The paper then outlines energy use in different agricultural settings: organic agriculture has higher energy efficiency (input/output) but, on average, exhibits lower yields and hence reduced productivity. Nevertheless, overall, organic agriculture appears to perform better than conventional farming, and provides also other important environmental advantages, such as halting the use of harmful chemicals and their spread in the environment and along the trophic chain, and reducing water use. Looking at the future of organic farming, based on the findings presented in this review, there is clearly a need for more research and investment directed to exploring potential of organic farming for reducing the environmental impact of agricultural practices; however, the implications of reduced productivity for the socioeconomic system should also be considered and suitable agricultural policies should be developed.", "publicationTitle": "Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2011", "volume": "30", "issue": "1-2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "95-124", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Crit. Rev. Plant Sci.", "DOI": "10.1080/07352689.2011.554355", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0735-2689", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Environmental Impact of Different Agricultural Management Practices", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Web of Science", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "WOS:000290042400009", "tags": [ { "tag": "GHGs emissions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "biodiversity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "biological-control", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "carbon sink", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "conventional agriculture", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "cropping systems", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "different spatial scales", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "energy use", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "energy use", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "farming systems", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "greenhouse-gas emissions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "life-cycle assessment", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "natural pest-control", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "organic agriculture", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "soil carbon sequestration", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "soil organic matter", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "sustainability", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "weed species-diversity", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "KS8ABCCZ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-01-03T19:37:03Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-03T19:37:03Z" } }, { "key": "4UT7SPW7", "version": 162, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 722909, "name": "Food Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/722909/items/4UT7SPW7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies/items/4UT7SPW7", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1179955, "username": "dmcwo", "name": "Doug Worsham", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dmcwo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hole et al.", "parsedDate": "2005-03", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "4UT7SPW7", "version": 162, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Does organic farming benefit biodiversity?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D. G.", "lastName": "Hole" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A. J.", "lastName": "Perkins" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. D.", "lastName": "Wilson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "I. H.", "lastName": "Alexander" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P. V.", "lastName": "Grice" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A. D.", "lastName": "Evans" } ], "abstractNote": "The intensification and expansion of modern agriculture is amongst the greatest current threats to worldwide biodiversity. Over the last quarter of the 20th century, dramatic declines in both range and abundance of many species associated with farmland have been reported in Europe, reading to growing concern over the sustainability of current intensive farming practices. Purportedly 'sustainable' farming systems such as organic farming are now seen by many as a potential solution to this continued loss of biodiversity and receive substantial support in the form of subsidy payments through ELF and national government legislation. This paper assesses the impacts on biodiversity of organic farming, relative to conventional agriculture, through a review of comparative studies of the two systems, in order to determine whether it can deliver on the biodiversity benefits its proponents claim. It identifies a wide range of taxa, including birds and mammals, invertebrates and arable flora, that benefit from organic management through increases in abundance and/or species richness. It also highlights three broad management practices (prohibition/reduced use of chemical pesticides and inorganic fertilisers; sympathetic management of non-cropped habitats; and preservation of mixed farming) that are largely intrinsic (but not exclusive) to organic farming, and that are particularly beneficial for farmland wildlife. However, the review also draws attention to four key issues: (1) It remains unclear whether a 'holistic' whole-farm approach (i.e. organic) provides greater benefits to biodiversity than carefully targeted prescriptions applied to relatively small areas of cropped and/or non-cropped habitats within conventional agriculture (i.e. agri-environment schemes); (2) Many comparative studies encounter methodological problems, limiting their ability to draw quantitative conclusions; (3) Our knowledge of the impacts of organic farming in pastoral and upland agriculture is limited; (4) There remains a pressing need for longitudinal, system-level studies in order to address these issues and to fill in the gaps in our knowledge of the impacts of organic farming, before a full appraisal of its potential role in biodiversity conservation in agroecosystems can be made. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "publicationTitle": "Biological Conservation", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "MAR 2005", "volume": "122", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "113-130", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Biol. Conserv.", "DOI": "10.1016/j.biocon.2004.07.018", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0006-3207", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Web of Science", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "WOS:000225522100012", "tags": [ { "tag": "agri-environment schemes", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "agri-environment schemes", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "agricultural intensification", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "biodiversity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "bird population variables", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "buntings miliaria-calandra", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "comparison", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "conventional cereal fields", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "conventional farming", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "ground beetle abundance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "nematode communities", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "organic farming", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "skylarks alauda-arvensis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "species-diversity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "winter-wheat", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "KS8ABCCZ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-01-03T19:36:52Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-03T19:36:52Z" } }, { "key": "GDWTQXXW", "version": 162, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 722909, "name": "Food Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/722909/items/GDWTQXXW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies/items/GDWTQXXW", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1179955, "username": "dmcwo", "name": "Doug Worsham", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dmcwo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Gomiero", "parsedDate": "2018-02", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "GDWTQXXW", "version": 162, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Food quality assessment in organic vs. conventional agricultural produce: Findings and issues", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tiziano", "lastName": "Gomiero" } ], "abstractNote": "Organic food is increasingly attracting the interest of consumers, as it is perceived to be healthier than food produced by conventional agriculture, and to be more sustainable for the environment. This paper provides a review on the quality of organic produce in terms of its nutritional value, the presence of pesticide residues, heavy metals, mycotoxins and bacterial contamination, and the issue of antibiotics. The use of Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone is addressed. Hydroponic techniques are also discussed. Compared to conventional produce, organic produce is richer in some useful compounds. Nevertheless, heterogeneous findings have been reported. Studies concord in finding organic food much less contaminated by pesticides, and with residues of much lower toxicity compared to those found in conventional foods. As for heavy metals, mycotoxins and bacterial contamination, there are no significant differences in organic produce compared to conventional produce (with the exception of Cd, found to be lower in organic produce, which is a positive finding). More effective and detailed guidelines should be devised for the design and reporting of both primary studies and meta-analyses. Pesticide residues should be assessed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The issue of multiple residues should also be addressed. Of course, organic produce cannot be assumed, a priori, to be safe. Sound monitoring needs to be constantly performed. It is concluded that organic agriculture can provide important benefits to human health and to the environment, and promote a more compassionate treatment of animals. It is hoped that agricultural policies will pay more attention to organic, agroecological and low-input agricultural practices, and invest in research and innovation.", "publicationTitle": "Applied Soil Ecology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "FEB 2018", "volume": "123", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "714-728", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Appl. Soil Ecol.", "DOI": "10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.10.014", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0929-1393", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Food quality assessment in organic vs. conventional agricultural produce", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Web of Science", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "WOS:000437772500058", "tags": [ { "tag": "Antibiotic-resistant bacteria", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Consumers", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Food quality", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Health", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Heavy metals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Hydroponics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mycotoxins", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nutritional value", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Organic agriculture", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pesticide residues", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "antibiotic-resistance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "environmental impacts", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "global-scale", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "glyphosate-based herbicides", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "higher antioxidant", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "management-practices", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "metaanalysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "nutritional quality", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "pesticide-residues", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "plant foods", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "rbST", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "KS8ABCCZ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-01-03T19:36:50Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-03T19:36:50Z" } }, { "key": "IJIWRKIJ", "version": 163, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 722909, "name": "Food Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/722909/items/IJIWRKIJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies/items/IJIWRKIJ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/722909/items/LD6SE8H6", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1179955, "username": "dmcwo", "name": "Doug Worsham", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dmcwo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "IJIWRKIJ", "version": 163, "parentItem": "LD6SE8H6", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text", "accessDate": "2019-01-03T19:36:43Z", "url": "https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12940-017-0315-4?site=ehjournal.biomedcentral.com", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Mie et al. - 2017 - Human health implications of organic food and orga.pdf", "md5": "ee97421252c579748bd2134ba7bf76ca", "mtime": 1546544203000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-01-03T19:36:43Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-03T19:36:43Z" } }, { "key": "LD6SE8H6", "version": 162, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 722909, "name": "Food Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/722909/items/LD6SE8H6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies/items/LD6SE8H6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1179955, "username": "dmcwo", "name": "Doug Worsham", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dmcwo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Mie et al.", "parsedDate": "2017-10-27", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "LD6SE8H6", "version": 162, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Human health implications of organic food and organic agriculture: a comprehensive review", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Axel", "lastName": "Mie" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Helle Raun", "lastName": "Andersen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Stefan", "lastName": "Gunnarsson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Johannes", "lastName": "Kahl" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Emmanuelle", "lastName": "Kesse-Guyot" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ewa", "lastName": "Rembialkowska" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gianluca", "lastName": "Quaglio" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Philippe", "lastName": "Grandjean" } ], "abstractNote": "This review summarises existing evidence on the impact of organic food on human health. It compares organic vs. conventional food production with respect to parameters important to human health and discusses the potential impact of organic management practices with an emphasis on EU conditions. Organic food consumption may reduce the risk of allergic disease and of overweight and obesity, but the evidence is not conclusive due to likely residual confounding, as consumers of organic food tend to have healthier lifestyles overall. However, animal experiments suggest that identically composed feed from organic or conventional production impacts in different ways on growth and development. In organic agriculture, the use of pesticides is restricted, while residues in conventional fruits and vegetables constitute the main source of human pesticide exposures. Epidemiological studies have reported adverse effects of certain pesticides on children's cognitive development at current levels of exposure, but these data have so far not been applied in formal risk assessments of individual pesticides. Differences in the composition between organic and conventional crops are limited, such as a modestly higher content of phenolic compounds in organic fruit and vegetables, and likely also a lower content of cadmium in organic cereal crops. Organic dairy products, and perhaps also meats, have a higher content of omega-3 fatty acids compared to conventional products. However, these differences are likely of marginal nutritional significance. Of greater concern is the prevalent use of antibiotics in conventional animal production as a key driver of antibiotic resistance in society; antibiotic use is less intensive in organic production. Overall, this review emphasises several documented and likely human health benefits associated with organic food production, and application of such production methods is likely to be beneficial within conventional agriculture, e.g., in integrated pest management.", "publicationTitle": "Environmental Health", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "OCT 27 2017", "volume": "16", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "111", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Environ. Health", "DOI": "10.1186/s12940-017-0315-4", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1476-069X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Human health implications of organic food and organic agriculture", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Web of Science", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "WOS:000414019200001", "tags": [ { "tag": "Agricultural crops", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Antibiotic resistance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Food safety", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nutrients", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Organic food", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pesticide residues", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "all-cause mortality", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "anthroposophic life-style", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "antimicrobial resistance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "conventionally produced feed", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "mexican-american children", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "nutrinet-sante cohort", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "organophosphate pesticide exposure", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "polyunsaturated fatty-acids", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "prenatal exposure", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "KS8ABCCZ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-01-03T19:36:41Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-03T19:36:41Z" } }, { "key": "52494DG3", "version": 177, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 722909, "name": "Food Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/722909/items/52494DG3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies/items/52494DG3", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1179955, "username": "dmcwo", "name": "Doug Worsham", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dmcwo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Finley et al.", "parsedDate": "2018-05", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "52494DG3", "version": 177, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Does organic farming present greater opportunities for employment and community development than conventional farming? A survey-based investigation in California and Washington", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lynn", "lastName": "Finley" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. Jahi", "lastName": "Chappell" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul", "lastName": "Thiers" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "James Roy", "lastName": "Moore" } ], "abstractNote": "Organic farming may present opportunities for job creation over and above those provided by conventional agriculture; this study is one of a small number to have empirically examined this proposition. We compared countywide averages of hired farm labor from the USDA’s 2007 Agricultural Census with data collected through a mirrored survey of organic farmers in the same counties in Washington and California. Based on mixed-effects linear models to estimate differences (if any) in employment between organic farms and countywide farm averages, our analysis indicated that organic farms employed more workers per acre (95% CI: 2–12% more). Further, a greater proportion (95% CI: 13–43% more) of hired labor on organic farms worked 150 days or more compared to the average farm, suggesting increased labor requirements—and potentially more secure employment—on organic farms. We conclude the present study by considering possible policy implications of our findings with regard to organic agriculture as part of regional economic development strategies.", "publicationTitle": "Agroecology & Sustainable Food Systems", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 2018", "volume": "42", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "552-572", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Agroecology & Sustainable Food Systems", "DOI": "10.1080/21683565.2017.1394416", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "21683565", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Does organic farming present greater opportunities for employment and community development than conventional farming?", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "EBSCOhost", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "COMMUNITY development", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "EMPLOYMENT", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "JOB creation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "ORGANIC farmers", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "ORGANIC farming", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Organic farming", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "conventional farming", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "employment", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "labor", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "regional economic development", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-01-03T19:09:54Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-03T19:09:54Z" } }, { "key": "FZVEG454", "version": 161, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 722909, "name": "Food Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/722909/items/FZVEG454", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies/items/FZVEG454", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/722909/items/52494DG3", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1179955, "username": "dmcwo", "name": "Doug Worsham", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dmcwo", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "FZVEG454", "version": 161, "parentItem": "52494DG3", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "EBSCO Record", "accessDate": "2019-01-03T19:09:54Z", "url": "http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=127116299&site=ehost-live&scope=cite", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-01-03T19:09:54Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-03T19:09:54Z" } }, { "key": "H4DZCRRB", "version": 159, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 722909, "name": "Food Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/722909/items/H4DZCRRB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies/items/H4DZCRRB", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/722909/items/9QDYFZAN", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1179955, "username": "dmcwo", "name": "Doug Worsham", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dmcwo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "H4DZCRRB", "version": 159, "parentItem": "9QDYFZAN", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "EBSCO Full Text", "accessDate": "2019-01-03T19:01:48Z", "url": "http://content.ebscohost.com/ContentServer.asp?T=P&P=AN&K=132016099&S=R&D=a9h&EbscoContent=dGJyMNLe80SeprE4yNfsOLCmr1Gep7JSrqe4TK%2BWxWXS&ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGstk%2B0qbJPuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Dixon - 2018 - Ditch the Dirt.pdf", "md5": "cfb1276176e8498262c253eca67b093d", "mtime": 1546542108000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-01-03T19:01:48Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-03T19:01:48Z" } }, { "key": "9QDYFZAN", "version": 158, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 722909, "name": "Food Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/722909/items/9QDYFZAN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies/items/9QDYFZAN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1179955, "username": "dmcwo", "name": "Doug Worsham", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dmcwo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Dixon", "parsedDate": "2018-10", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "9QDYFZAN", "version": 158, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Ditch the Dirt", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Adam", "lastName": "Dixon" } ], "abstractNote": "The article focuses on the use of the hydroponic technology that helps in meeting the growing demand of food supply and agriculture. It reports that that reasons of increased human population, and ecological damage have resulted into less agricultural yields and huge demand for food supply. The issue with technology, land, fertilizers and water are other reasons responsible for less natural vegetation. The chemical engineers should uses smart growing techniques to solve the issues.", "publicationTitle": "TCE: The Chemical Engineer", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 2018", "volume": "", "issue": "928", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "33-35", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "TCE: The Chemical Engineer", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=132016099&site=ehost-live", "accessDate": "2019-01-03T19:01:47Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "03020797", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "EBSCOhost", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "AGRICULTURE", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "FOOD supply", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "HYDROPONICS", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "METHODOLOGY", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "POPULATION", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "TECHNOLOGY", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "KS8ABCCZ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-01-03T19:01:47Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-03T19:01:47Z" } }, { "key": "STJ9IC3M", "version": 157, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 722909, "name": "Food Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/722909/items/STJ9IC3M", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies/items/STJ9IC3M", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1179955, "username": "dmcwo", "name": "Doug Worsham", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dmcwo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Finley et al.", "parsedDate": "2018-05", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "STJ9IC3M", "version": 157, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Does organic farming present greater opportunities for employment and community development than conventional farming? A survey-based investigation in California and Washington", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lynn", "lastName": "Finley" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. Jahi", "lastName": "Chappell" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul", "lastName": "Thiers" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "James Roy", "lastName": "Moore" } ], "abstractNote": "Organic farming may present opportunities for job creation over and above those provided by conventional agriculture; this study is one of a small number to have empirically examined this proposition. We compared countywide averages of hired farm labor from the USDA’s 2007 Agricultural Census with data collected through a mirrored survey of organic farmers in the same counties in Washington and California. Based on mixed-effects linear models to estimate differences (if any) in employment between organic farms and countywide farm averages, our analysis indicated that organic farms employed more workers per acre (95% CI: 2–12% more). Further, a greater proportion (95% CI: 13–43% more) of hired labor on organic farms worked 150 days or more compared to the average farm, suggesting increased labor requirements—and potentially more secure employment—on organic farms. We conclude the present study by considering possible policy implications of our findings with regard to organic agriculture as part of regional economic development strategies.", "publicationTitle": "Agroecology & Sustainable Food Systems", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 2018", "volume": "42", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "552-572", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Agroecology & Sustainable Food Systems", "DOI": "10.1080/21683565.2017.1394416", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "21683565", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Does organic farming present greater opportunities for employment and community development than conventional farming?", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "EBSCOhost", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "COMMUNITY development", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "EMPLOYMENT", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "JOB creation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "ORGANIC farmers", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "ORGANIC farming", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Organic farming", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "conventional farming", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "employment", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "labor", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "regional economic development", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "KS8ABCCZ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-01-03T18:51:15Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-03T18:51:15Z" } }, { "key": "5B3VMYLS", "version": 157, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 722909, "name": "Food Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/722909/items/5B3VMYLS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies/items/5B3VMYLS", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/722909/items/STJ9IC3M", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1179955, "username": "dmcwo", "name": "Doug Worsham", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dmcwo", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "5B3VMYLS", "version": 157, "parentItem": "STJ9IC3M", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "EBSCO Record", "accessDate": "2019-01-03T18:51:15Z", "url": "http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=127116299&site=ehost-live&scope=cite", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-01-03T18:51:15Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-03T18:51:15Z" } }, { "key": "9QNM9LHR", "version": 155, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 722909, "name": "Food Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/722909/items/9QNM9LHR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies/items/9QNM9LHR", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/722909/items/NCFFEIZN", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1179955, "username": "dmcwo", "name": "Doug Worsham", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dmcwo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "9QNM9LHR", "version": 155, "parentItem": "NCFFEIZN", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2019-01-03T18:33:55Z", "url": "https://media.proquest.com/media/hms/PFT/1/c3CD7?cit%3Aauth=Rains%2C+Stephanie%3BWhitworth%2C+Brooke+A&cit%3Atitle=A+Better+Way+of+Farming&cit%3Apub=The+Science+Teacher&cit%3Avol=86&cit%3Aiss=3&cit%3Apg=40&cit%3Adate=Oct+2018&ic=true&cit%3Aprod=Natural+Science+Collection&_a=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%2FyAgD6AgFOggMDV2Vi&_s=HTQeaD3MRNznSjTkLbnAp7VV3HI%3D", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Rains and Whitworth - 2018 - A Better Way of Farming.pdf", "md5": "c98beb47570225309cc9602ac2a09448", "mtime": 1546540435000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-01-03T18:33:55Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-03T18:33:55Z" } }, { "key": "NCFFEIZN", "version": 153, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 722909, "name": "Food Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/722909/items/NCFFEIZN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies/items/NCFFEIZN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1179955, "username": "dmcwo", "name": "Doug Worsham", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dmcwo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Rains and Whitworth", "parsedDate": "2018-10", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "NCFFEIZN", "version": 153, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A Better Way of Farming", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Stephanie", "lastName": "Rains" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Brooke A.", "lastName": "Whitworth" } ], "abstractNote": "Alternative farming techniques are often more efficient and conserve resources more effectively than conventional farming, which can harm the environment with pesticides and synthetic fertilizers. To learn the theory, application, and related science concepts of sustainable farming techniques, students can collaborate to create an alternative farming system in the classroom. Here, Rains and Whitworth describe a unit on aquaponics, a soilless method of farming that blends aquaculture and hydroponics.", "publicationTitle": "The Science Teacher; Washington", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Oct 2018", "volume": "86", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "40-45", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/docview/2113759482/abstract/4454710289764000PQ/1", "accessDate": "2019-01-03T18:33:54Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "00368555", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "ProQuest", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Copyright National Science Teachers Association Oct 2018", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Aquaculture", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Education", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Farming", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Fertilizers", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Hydroponics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pesticides", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sciences: Comprehensive Works", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sustainable agriculture", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "KS8ABCCZ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-01-03T18:33:54Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-03T18:33:54Z" } }, { "key": "5FAJI2CJ", "version": 154, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 722909, "name": "Food Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/722909/items/5FAJI2CJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies/items/5FAJI2CJ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/722909/items/3CTEC4NJ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1179955, "username": "dmcwo", "name": "Doug Worsham", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dmcwo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "5FAJI2CJ", "version": 154, "parentItem": "3CTEC4NJ", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Springer Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2019-01-03T18:33:43Z", "url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%252Fs13593-016-0378-6.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Liu et al. - 2016 - Rooftop production of leafy vegetables can be prof.pdf", "md5": "c6614a0ce452d4cf3959cefdbf755024", "mtime": 1546540423000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-01-03T18:33:43Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-03T18:33:43Z" } }, { "key": "3CTEC4NJ", "version": 153, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 722909, "name": "Food Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/722909/items/3CTEC4NJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies/items/3CTEC4NJ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1179955, "username": "dmcwo", "name": "Doug Worsham", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dmcwo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Liu et al.", "parsedDate": "2016-07-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "3CTEC4NJ", "version": 153, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Rooftop production of leafy vegetables can be profitable and less contaminated than farm-grown vegetables", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ting", "lastName": "Liu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Meng", "lastName": "Yang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Zhiguo", "lastName": "Han" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David W.", "lastName": "Ow" } ], "abstractNote": "Urban agriculture may solve issues of feeding urban populations. In China, for example, densely packed mega cities will continue to expand in number and size, necessitating increasing food miles. Interestingly, it has been estimated that the total rooftop space in China is about 1 million hectares, some of which can be converted for rooftop farming. Yet, despite some favorable reports on urban farming, the Chinese commercial sector has shown little interest. This may be explained by the dearth of data comparing urban and conventional farming. Therefore, we present here a feasibility study of hydroponically grown vegetables in a rooftop screen house in Guangzhou, China. From December, 2012 to May, 2014, we tested the production of seven leafy vegetables that are easily perishable and are not well suited to long-distance transport. We calculated the production cost and measured biochemical parameters. Results show that levels of vitamin C, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, and crude fiber were comparable to market counterparts. None of the roof hydroponic vegetables exceeded the maximum residue limit for lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, mercury, or nitrate. In contrast, 5 of 98 market vegetables were contaminated by exceeding the maximum residue limit for lead. Similarly 3 were contaminated for arsenic, 23 for nitrate, and 2 for organophosphate or carbamate insecticide. Compared to high-end vegetables sold on the market, rooftop-grown vegetables were competitive in cost and quality. Given that many countries have limited arable land to feed a large population, the widespread adoption of rooftop hydroponics could help expand the total area available for food production as well as meet the rising demand for safe high-quality vegetables.", "publicationTitle": "Agronomy for Sustainable Development", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2016-07-01", "volume": "36", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "41", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Agron. Sustain. Dev.", "DOI": "10.1007/s13593-016-0378-6", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-016-0378-6", "accessDate": "2019-01-03T18:33:42Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1773-0155", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Springer Link", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Leafy vegetables", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rooftop farming", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Urban agriculture", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Z-farming", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "KS8ABCCZ" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2019-01-03T18:33:42Z", "dateModified": "2019-01-03T18:33:42Z" } }, { "key": "7UE2EHVG", "version": 149, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 722909, "name": "Food Studies", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/722909/items/7UE2EHVG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/food_studies/items/7UE2EHVG", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/722909/items/WR9GK8GK", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1179955, "username": "dmcwo", "name": "Doug Worsham", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/dmcwo", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "7UE2EHVG", "version": 149, "parentItem": "WR9GK8GK", "itemType": "note", "note": "

Mixed methods

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2018-11-09T00:08:59Z", "dateModified": "2018-11-09T00:09:04Z" } } ]