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            "title": "The Programming of Silk-Gland Development in <i>Bombyx mori</i> Effects of Experimental Starvation on Growth, Silk Production, and Autolysis During the Fifth Larval Instar Studied by Electron Microscopy",
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            "abstractNote": "The cytological development of the silk gland has been studied by light and electron microscopy in silkworms experimentally starved at different periods of the natural feeding stage during the fifth instar. When newly molted animals are not provided with food, no sign of growth is observed. Starvation initiated early during the obligatory feeding period, stops cell growth and development of the organelles involved in protein synthesis and secretion, whereas it induces the appearance of organelles concerned with autolysis. These effects are reversible if starvation is not prolonged beyond two days. Starvation during the facultative feeding period, at the time of massive fibroin production, results in quantitative and qualitative modifications of organelles related to the decrease of fibroin production and the onset of autolysis. Rough endoplasmic reticulum, responsible for fibroin synthesis, forms transitory whorls. Fibroin transport via the Gjolgi apparatus and secretion of the protein into the gland lumen decrease parallel to fibroin synthesis, so that no fibroin storage can be detected in any organelle. After food deprivation, autophagosomes and secondary lysosomes rapidly develop in the cytopolasm, and if starvation continues portions opf the cytoplasm are sequestered and completely destroyed. If animals are refed, fibroin production is resumed and autolysis declines. These ultrastructural alterations of the silk gland during experimental starvation are very similar to those observed during the periods of physiological starvation (molt and cocoon spinning) and generally considered to be under hormonal control. Our results raise the question of the nature of interactions between alimentary and hormonal factors which control silk-gland development.",
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            "title": "The Adaptation of the Silkgland Cell to the Production of Fibroin in <i>Bombyx mori </i>",
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                    "firstName": "Jean-Claude",
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            "abstractNote": "A la fin de la vie larvaire, la cellule séricigène de Bombyx mori est étroitement spécialisée dans la biosynthèse d'une protéine caractéristique: la fibroïne de la soie. Les différentes étapes de sa production: fourniture des acides aminés, synthèse, transport et sécrétion sont décrites. Leur analyse conduit à constater que la synthèse de la fibroïne est d'une telle ampleur qu'elle oriente l'ensemble des activités cellulaires. C'est dire que la différenciation terminale de la cellule séricigène se traduit par l'adaptation des fonctions cellulaires à la production de fibroïne. L'étude cytologique et biochimique du développement de la glande séricigène montre que la spécialisation de la cellule se réalise de manière discontinue; la mue larvaire pendant laquelle la soie cesse d'être élaborée est marquée par une régression de l'adaptation cellulaire; la cellule se différencie à nouveau pendant le 5e stade larvaire. Après la sécrétion massive de la soie du cocon, la cellule subit une autolyse et disparaît au début du stade nymphal. L'analyse biométrique de la production de soie dans diverses races de Bombyx et du développement de l'appareil de protéosynthèse conduit à la conclusion que le contenu cellulaire en RNA messager spécifique détermine la quantité de fibroïne élaborée, tout en mobilisant la quasi-totalité des ribosomes de la cellule. Les var'ations de la taille de l'appareil de protéosynthèse suffisent à expliquer les différences de productivité des diverses souches de vers à soie. On a comparé les effets de divers facteurs connus pour modifier la production de soie. L'application d'hormone juvénile entraîne, dans certaines conditions expérimentales, un accroissement de la teneur en RNA et aboutit, de ce fait, à une augmentation de la sécrétion de fibroïne. La mise au jeûne des chenilles conduit, au contraire, à une réduction du poids des cocons en provoquant à la fois, une décroissance de la transcription des RNA et une diminution de l'initiation de la traduction. Compte tenu des connaissances acquises sur la glande séricigène, de nombreux chercheurs orientent actuellement leurs travaux vers l'étude de la transcription différentielle des gènes, celui de la fibroïne constituant un remarquable modèle à cet effet. At the end of the larval life, the posterior silk gland of Bombyx mori is highly specialized in the biosynthesis of a specific protein: silk fibroin. The successive steps of fibroin production: amino acid supply, synthesis and secretion are described. Their analysis shows that fibroin synthesis is important enough to orient the overall cellular activities. Thus, the terminal differentiation of the posterior silk gland cell corresponds to the cells adaptation to the production of fibroin. Cytological and biochemical studies of the silk gland development show that specialization occurs discontinuously; the fourth molt, when fibroin is no more produced, is a phase of regression of the cellular adaptation whereas cell differentiation proceeds during the growth phase of the following fifth intermolt. After the spinning of the cocoon, the cells are lysed and disappear entirely at the nymphal stage. Biometrical analysis of silk production of different Bombyx strains in relation with the development of the proteosynthesis apparatus leads to the conclusion that the specific messenger RNA content determines the amount of synthetized fibroin. At maximum secretion, the mRNAF recruits almost all the cell ribosomes. The variations of the size of the proteosynthesis machinery are sufficient to explain the differences of productivity of the various silkworm strains. Different experimental factors affect silk production. Topical applications of juvenile hormone induce an increase of the RNA content and a consequent rise of the amount of secreted protein. In contrast, starvation reduces the silk production by acting at both transcriptonal and translational levels. Current researches on this system are devoted to the study of the differential gene expression, with particular interest to the regulation of the transcription of the specific fibroin messenger RNA.",
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