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            "note": "<p>LESBIAN TERRITORIES ASSUMED TO BE SOCIAL NETWORKS IN LITERATURE: Most of these researchers found that lesbian communities were constituted in space through fluid informal networks that linked a variety of public and private sites and, as a result, were quasi-underground in character and imperceptible to outside observers (see Binnie and Valentine 1999). (Podmore 596)</p>",
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            "note": "<p>*GENDERED UNDERGROUND LESBIAN V. TERRITORIAL GAY MALE VILLAGE: Clearly gender has played an important role in producing the dichotomy between the 'underground' lesbian network on the Plateau and the territorially based visibility of the Village. (Podmore 602)</p>",
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            "abstractNote": "Over the last two decades, urban researchers have investigated how gender shapes gay and lesbian geographies in major post-industrial cities. These studies demonstrated that while gay men have often produced highly visible territorial enclaves in inner-city areas, lesbian forms of territoriality at the urban scale have been relatively ‘invisible’ since their communities are constituted through social networks rather than commercial sites. Contrasting the patterns produced by these two populations in the inner-city areas of post-industrial cities during the ‘queer’ 1990s has created a gender-polarized and historically specific interpretation of their patterns of territoriality and visibility that may differ significantly from those of earlier periods. This paper, therefore, provides a long-range historical geography of lesbians in a major metropolitan area through a case study of Montréal's lesbian bar cultures since 1950. The focus of the analysis is on the preconditions that led to the establishment of the city's lesbian commercial enclave in the 1980s and the factors that led to its decline in the 1990s. This case study, therefore, outlines the shifting character of lesbian territorial practices at the urban scale in Montréal since 1950. It illustrates that in Montréal lesbian territoriality and visibility have been strongly impacted by local neighbourhood dynamics, internal ideologies, and political and spatial relationships with gay men. Ultimately, these findings suggest that contemporary lesbian visibility at the urban scale may have been undermined by an increased identification with the ‘queer’ forms of community and their territorialization in Montréal's gay Village. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]",
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            "note": "<p>RESPONSE TO CASTELLS: This research was, on the one hand, a reaction to the lack of attention paid to gender differences in determining lesbian and gay geographies at the urban scale, and, on the other hand, an attempt to assess critically the gendered assumptions of Castells' (1983) early conclusions regarding lesbian and gay urban geographies: Castells attributed the creation of more visible enclaves by gay men to their territorial 'nature' and higher levels of disposable income and the invisibility of lesbian communities to a greater commitment to political activism and a reliance on informal, aspatial networks (Binnie and Valentine 1999; Valentine 2000). (Podmore 596)</p>",
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            "note": "<p>CONTROL OF SPACE AND WOMEN-ONLY SPACES PART OF THAT: While in retrospect this practice may seem 'essentialist' and limiting, at the time it was seen as necessary to ensure the rare control that these women had over commercial, 'sexualized' space. Their women-only status, therefore, was an important territorial strategy that ensured freedom from harassment and voyeurs. Finally, these bars were embedded in a lesbian-feminist culture that was committed to increasing lesbian visibility by building 'women's' culture. While this factor certainly limited the clientele of these bars, it did create an environment in which lesbians could produce bar culture on their own terms. (Podmore 612)</p>",
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            "note": "<p>#*METHODS LONG RANGE HISTORICAL WITH PUBLICATIONS AND INTERVIEWS: By the early 1990s, however, there were a number of challenges to the maintenance of this lesbian territory, especially its feminist institutions and its lesbian bars. This decade brought Montreal lesbians increased public visibility through both lesbian-specific and queer forms of community building and activism, but the lesbian occupation of urban territory changed in the opposite direction. By the mid-1990s, there were only a handful of lesbian-specific commercial spaces in the city and they were increasingly dispersed between the Plateau and the Village. ... Using a mixture of secondary sources and data from periodicals and interviews, I analyse how the production of Montreal's lesbian enclave during the 'golden age' of the 1980s differed from both previous and contemporary forms of lesbian visibility and territory. (Podmore 598)</p>",
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            "note": "<p>#*LESBIAN TERRITORIALITY RELATIVELY INVISIBLE TO GAY MEN SINCE COMMUNITIES FORMED SOCIALLY RATHER THAN COMMERICALLY: These studies demonstrated that while gay men have often produced highly visible territorial enclaves in inner-city areas, lesbian forms of territoriality at the urban scale have been relatively 'invisible' since their communities are constituted through social networks rather than commercial sites. (Podmore 2006, 595)</p>",
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            "note": "<p>*YEAR 1990s DISAPPEARANCE OF LESBIAN SPACE WAS ACTUALLY UNDOING LESBIAN ESSENTIALIST IDENTITY AND ABANDONING TERRITORY AS TACTIC OF SALVATION: The review suggested that the move to the Village meant a rejection of the Plateau bar format by younger lesbians and ultimately the loss of women-only spaces. ... It can perhaps be argued that the loss of lesbian territory signified by the decline of the Plateau bars of the 'Golden Age' simply represents a transformation and multiplication of lesbian identities, a combination of the deterritorialization of lesbian identity brought by the mixed bars and the increased visibility of lesbians in society generally due to transformative political changes in the 1990s. In this sense, the 'disappearance' might be seen as the result of a disindentification with the essentialism of identity and space represented by the women-only lesbian bars of the 1980s and, further, the abandonment of territory as a necessary strategy in a society in which lesbians are less confined to their own spaces. (Podmore 618)</p>",
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            "note": "<p>*QUESTION IF TERRITORY BUILDS COMMUNITY: Throughout the 1990s, there was political controversy regarding the use of 'territory' to build community (see Remiggi 2000). Some of these concerns revolved around 'ghettoization', while others emphasized internal inequalities created by the 'territorialization' of queer communities. As a result, class, language, 'race' and gender are among the many other controversies of identity that continue to surround the Village (Guindon 2001; Podmore 2001; Ray and Rose 2000; Remiggi 2000). (Podmore 600)</p>",
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            "note": "<p>*INVISIBILITY NOT MERELY LACK OF CAPITAL OR COLONIZING GAY MEN: As such, these results cannot easily be explained by a lack of access to capital on the part of lesbians or a colonization of lesbian territoriality by Village commerce. Product of the postindustrial city and shifts in lesbian identification with queer politics, this invisibility requires contextualization within the long range shifts in identity and space produced and experienced by Montreal lesbians. (Podmore 602)</p>",
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