[ { "key": "AC8BUAQK", "version": 6, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 698062, "name": "Art of Judgement", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/art_of_judgement", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/698062/items/AC8BUAQK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/art_of_judgement/items/AC8BUAQK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 76334, "username": "wilko.hardenberg", "name": "Wilko Graf von Hardenberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/wilko.hardenberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Rittel", "parsedDate": "1972", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "AC8BUAQK", "version": 6, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "On the Planning Crisis: Systems Analysis of the 'First and Second Generations'", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Horst", "lastName": "Rittel" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Bedriftsøkonomen", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1972", "volume": "", "issue": "8", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "390-6", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "rittelPlanningCrisisSystems1972", "url": "", "accessDate": "2016-05-13T16:01:11Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-09-14T11:03:33Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-05T17:06:41Z" } }, { "key": "KUPEZ4N2", "version": 6, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 698062, "name": "Art of Judgement", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/art_of_judgement", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/698062/items/KUPEZ4N2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/art_of_judgement/items/KUPEZ4N2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 76334, "username": "wilko.hardenberg", "name": "Wilko Graf von Hardenberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/wilko.hardenberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Nickles", "parsedDate": "2014", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "KUPEZ4N2", "version": 6, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Scientific Revolutions", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas", "lastName": "Nickles" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Edward N.", "lastName": "Zalta" } ], "abstractNote": "The topic of scientific revolutions has become philosophicallyimportant, especially since Thomas Kuhn's account in The Structureof Scientific Revolutions (1962, 1970). Kuhn's death in 1996 andthe fiftieth anniversary of Structure in 2012 have renewedattention to the issues raised by his work. It is controversialwhether or not there have been any revolutions in the strictly Kuhniansense. It is also controversial what exactly a Kuhnian revolution is,or would be. Although talk of revolution is often exaggerated, mostanalysts agree that there have been transformative scientificdevelopments of various kinds, whether Kuhnian or not. However, thereis considerable disagreement about their import. The existence andnature of scientific revolutions is a topic that raises a host offundamental questions about the sciences and how to interpret them, atopic that intersects most of the major issues that have concernedphilosophers of science and their colleagues in neighboring sciencestudies disciplines such as history and sociology of science. Even ifthe so-called Scientific Revolution from Copernicus to Newton fits theattractive, Enlightenment picture of the transition from feudalism tomodernity (a claim that is also contested), the putative revolutionsin mature sciences (e.g., relativity and quantum mechanics) challengethis Enlightenment vision of rational, objective sciences andtechnologies that lead society along the path of progress toward thetruth about the world. Although many philosophers and philosophicallyor historically reflective scientists had commented on the dramaticdevelopments in twentieth-century physics, it was not until Kuhn thatsuch developments seemed so epistemologically and ontologicallydamaging as to seriously challenge traditional conceptions ofscience—and hence our understanding of knowledge acquisition ingeneral. Why it was Kuhn's work and its timing that made the majordifference are themselves interesting questions for investigation,given that others (e.g., Wittgenstein, Fleck, Polanyi, Toulmin, andHanson) had already broached important “Kuhnian”themes., Was there a Scientific Revolution that replaced pre-scientificthinking about nature and society and thus marked the transition tomodernity? Which later developments, if any, are truly revolutionary?Are attributions of revolution usually a sign of insufficienthistoriographical understanding? In any case, how are such episodes tobe explained historically and epistemologically? Are theycontingent—historical accidents—and thus perhaps avoidableor are they somehow necessary—and, if so, why? Is there anoverall pattern of scientific development? If so, is it basically oneof creative displacement, as Kuhn originally claimed? Do allrevolutions have the same structure and function, or are there diverseforms of rupture, discontinuity, or rapid change in science? Do theyrepresent great leaps forward or, on the contrary, does theirexistence undercut the claim that science progresses? Does theexistence of revolutions in mature sciences support a postmodern or“post-critical” (Polanyi) rather than a modern,neo-Enlightenment conception of science in relation to other humanenterprises? Does their existence support a strongly constructionistversus a realist conception of scientific knowledge claims? Arerevolutions an exercise in rationality or are they so excessive as tobe labeled irrational? Do they invite epistemological relativism? Whatare the implications of revolution for science policy? This entrywill survey some but not all of these issues.", "bookTitle": "The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "Summer 2014", "date": "2014", "publisher": "", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "nicklesScientificRevolutions2014", "url": "http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2014/entries/scientific-revolutions/", "accessDate": "2016-06-11T16:52:14Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-09-14T11:03:33Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-05T17:06:41Z" } }, { "key": "VNWSVZPX", "version": 7, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 698062, "name": "Art of Judgement", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/art_of_judgement", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/698062/items/VNWSVZPX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/art_of_judgement/items/VNWSVZPX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 76334, "username": "wilko.hardenberg", "name": "Wilko Graf von Hardenberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/wilko.hardenberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kuhn", "parsedDate": "1961", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VNWSVZPX", "version": 7, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Function of Measurement in Modern Physical Science", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas S.", "lastName": "Kuhn" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Isis", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1961", "volume": "52", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "161-193", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Isis", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "kuhnFunctionMeasurementModern1961", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/228678", "accessDate": "2016-05-26T12:08:36Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0021-1753", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-09-14T11:03:33Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-05T17:06:40Z" } }, { "key": "M7V7EZFX", "version": 7, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 698062, "name": "Art of Judgement", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/art_of_judgement", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/698062/items/M7V7EZFX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/art_of_judgement/items/M7V7EZFX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 76334, "username": "wilko.hardenberg", "name": "Wilko Graf von Hardenberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/wilko.hardenberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Daston and Galison", "parsedDate": "2007", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "M7V7EZFX", "version": 7, "itemType": "book", "title": "Objectivity", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lorraine", "lastName": "Daston" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peter", "lastName": "Galison" } ], "abstractNote": "Daston and Galison chart the emergence of objectivity in the mid 19th century sciences and show how the concept differs from its alternatives, truth-to-nature and trained judgement. This is a story of lofty epistemic ideals fused with workaday practices in the making of scientific images.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2007", "publisher": "Zone Books ; Distributed by the MIT Press", "place": "New York; Cambridge, Mass.", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "978-1-890951-78-8 978-1-890951-79-5", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "dastonObjectivity2007", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Open WorldCat", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-09-14T11:03:33Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-05T17:06:40Z" } }, { "key": "CN3NGKKU", "version": 7, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 698062, "name": "Art of Judgement", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/art_of_judgement", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/698062/items/CN3NGKKU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/art_of_judgement/items/CN3NGKKU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 76334, "username": "wilko.hardenberg", "name": "Wilko Graf von Hardenberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/wilko.hardenberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Collins and Evans", "parsedDate": "2007", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "CN3NGKKU", "version": 7, "itemType": "book", "title": "Rethinking expertise", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H. M", "lastName": "Collins" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert", "lastName": "Evans" } ], "abstractNote": "What does it mean to be an expert? In Rethinking Expertise, Harry Collins and Robert Evans offer a radical new perspective on the role of expertise in the practice of science and the public evaluation of technology. Collins and Evans present a Periodic Table of Expertises based on the idea of tacit knowledge?knowledge that we have but cannot explain. They then look at how some expertises are used to judge others, how laypeople judge between experts, and how credentials are used to evaluate them. Throughout, Collins and Evans ask an important question: how can the public make use of science and.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2007", "publisher": "University of Chicago Press", "place": "Chicago", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "978-0-226-11362-3", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "collinsRethinkingExpertise2007", "url": "http://site.ebrary.com/id/10266032", "accessDate": "2016-05-26T10:42:17Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Open WorldCat", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-09-14T11:03:33Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-05T17:06:40Z" } }, { "key": "PQ42CDQ2", "version": 7, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 698062, "name": "Art of Judgement", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/art_of_judgement", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/698062/items/PQ42CDQ2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/art_of_judgement/items/PQ42CDQ2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 76334, "username": "wilko.hardenberg", "name": "Wilko Graf von Hardenberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/wilko.hardenberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Collins and Evans", "parsedDate": "2002", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "PQ42CDQ2", "version": 7, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Third Wave of Science Studies: Studies of Expertise and Experience", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H. M.", "lastName": "Collins" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert", "lastName": "Evans" } ], "abstractNote": "Science studies has shown us why science and technology cannot always solve technical problems in the public domain. In particular, the speed of political decision-making is faster than the speed of scientific consensus formation. A predominant motif over recent years has been the need to extend the domain of technical decision-making beyond the technically qualified élite, so as to enhance political legitimacy. We argue, however, that the 'Problem of Legitimacy' has been replaced by the 'Problem of Extension' - that is, by a tendency to dissolve the boundary between experts and the public so that there are no longer any grounds for limiting the indefinite extension of technical decision-making rights. We argue that a Third Wave of Science Studies - Studies of Expertise and Experience (SEE) - is needed to solve the Problem of Extension. SEE will include a normative theory of expertise, and will disentangle expertise from political rights in technical decision-making. The theory builds categories of expertise, starting with the key distinction between interactive expertise and contributory expertise. A new categorization of types of science is also needed. We illustrate the potential of the approach by re-examining existing case studies, including Brian Wynne's study of Cumbrian sheep farmers. Sometimes the new theory argues for more public involvement, sometimes for less. An Appendix describes existing contributions to the problem of technical decision-making in the public domain.", "publicationTitle": "Social Studies of Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2002", "volume": "32", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "235-296", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Social Studies of Science", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "collinsThirdWaveScience2002", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/3183097", "accessDate": "2016-05-26T10:41:46Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0306-3127", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The Third Wave of Science Studies", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-09-14T11:03:33Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-05T17:06:40Z" } }, { "key": "BTDATWS5", "version": 7, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 698062, "name": "Art of Judgement", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/art_of_judgement", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/698062/items/BTDATWS5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/art_of_judgement/items/BTDATWS5", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 76334, "username": "wilko.hardenberg", "name": "Wilko Graf von Hardenberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/wilko.hardenberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bloor", "parsedDate": "2016", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "BTDATWS5", "version": 7, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "The Pendulum as a Social Institution: TS Kuhn and the Sociology of Science", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Bloor" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Alexander", "lastName": "Blum" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Kostas", "lastName": "Gavroglu" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Christian", "lastName": "Joas" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Jürgen", "lastName": "Renn" } ], "abstractNote": "", "bookTitle": "Shifting Paradigms", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2016", "publisher": "Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften", "place": "Berlin", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "235", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "bloorPendulumSocialInstitution2016", "url": "http://pubman.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:730555:3/component/escidoc:730554/Proceedings8.pdf#page=245", "accessDate": "2016-05-26T12:11:17Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The Pendulum as a Social Institution", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-09-14T11:03:33Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-05T17:06:40Z" } }, { "key": "463DN22A", "version": 6, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 698062, "name": "Art of Judgement", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/art_of_judgement", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/698062/items/463DN22A", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/art_of_judgement/items/463DN22A", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 76334, "username": "wilko.hardenberg", "name": "Wilko Graf von Hardenberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/wilko.hardenberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Vickers", "parsedDate": "1965", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "463DN22A", "version": 6, "itemType": "book", "title": "The art of judgment; a study of policy making.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Geoffrey", "lastName": "Vickers" } ], "abstractNote": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "1965", "publisher": "Basic Books", "place": "New York", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "vickersArtJudgmentStudy1965", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Open WorldCat", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-09-14T11:03:33Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-05T17:06:40Z" } }, { "key": "JSMUARTE", "version": 6, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 698062, "name": "Art of Judgement", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/art_of_judgement", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/698062/items/JSMUARTE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/art_of_judgement/items/JSMUARTE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 76334, "username": "wilko.hardenberg", "name": "Wilko Graf von Hardenberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/wilko.hardenberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Nelson and Stolterman", "parsedDate": "2003", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JSMUARTE", "version": 6, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Design Judgement: Decision-Making in the ‘Real’World", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Harold G.", "lastName": "Nelson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Erik", "lastName": "Stolterman" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "The Design Journal", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2003", "volume": "6", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "23–31", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "nelsonDesignJudgementDecisionMaking2003", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2752/146069203790219344", "accessDate": "2016-05-13T15:57:16Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Design Judgement", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-09-14T11:03:33Z", "dateModified": "2026-03-05T17:06:40Z" } }, { "key": "E3TP7XCH", "version": 6, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 698062, "name": "Art of Judgement", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/art_of_judgement", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/698062/items/E3TP7XCH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/art_of_judgement/items/E3TP7XCH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 76334, "username": "wilko.hardenberg", "name": "Wilko Graf von Hardenberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/wilko.hardenberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Collins", "parsedDate": "2014", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "E3TP7XCH", "version": 6, "itemType": "book", "title": "Are we all scientific experts now?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H. M", "lastName": "Collins" } ], "abstractNote": "\"In this provocative new book Harry Collins seeks to redeem scientific expertise, and reasserts science's special status. 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