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                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Sofia A.",
                    "lastName": "Wyler"
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Arne",
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                },
                {
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                    "firstName": "Berry B.",
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                    "firstName": "Bella",
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                    "firstName": "Florian",
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Jan",
                    "lastName": "Macher"
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Tomasz",
                    "lastName": "Mamos"
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Guy",
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Vladimir",
                    "lastName": "Pešić"
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Daniela Maric",
                    "lastName": "Pfannkuchen"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Martin Andreas",
                    "lastName": "Pfannkuchen"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Benjamin W.",
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
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                {
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                    "firstName": "Marcos A. L.",
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                    "firstName": "Torbjørn",
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            "abstractNote": "Effective identification of species using short DNA fragments (DNA barcoding and DNA metabarcoding) requires reliable sequence reference libraries of known taxa. Both taxonomically comprehensive coverage and content quality are important for sufficient accuracy. For aquatic ecosystems in Europe, reliable barcode reference libraries are particularly important if molecular identification tools are to be implemented in biomonitoring and reports in the context of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). We analysed gaps in the two most important reference databases, Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) and NCBI GenBank, with a focus on the taxa most frequently used in WFD and MSFD. Our analyses show that coverage varies strongly among taxonomic groups, and among geographic regions. In general, groups that were actively targeted in barcode projects (e.g. fish, true bugs, caddisflies and vascular plants) are well represented in the barcode libraries, while others have fewer records (e.g. marine molluscs, ascidians, and freshwater diatoms). We also found that species monitored in several countries often are represented by barcodes in reference libraries, while species monitored in a single country frequently lack sequence records. A large proportion of species (up to 50%) in several taxonomic groups are only represented by private data in BOLD. Our results have implications for the future strategy to fill existing gaps in barcode libraries, especially if DNA metabarcoding is to be used in the monitoring of European aquatic biota under the WFD and MSFD. For example, missing species relevant to monitoring in multiple countries should be prioritized. We also discuss why a strategy for quality control and quality assurance of barcode reference libraries is needed and recommend future steps to ensure full utilization of metabarcoding in aquatic biomonitoring.",
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                    "firstName": "Nikolaus Urban",
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                    "firstName": "Michael E.",
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                    "firstName": "Kevin J.",
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "John H.",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Kim C.",
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                    "firstName": "Richard A.",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Ariel D.",
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                    "firstName": "Robert M.",
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                    "firstName": "Erich",
                    "lastName": "Bornberg-Bauer"
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Matthew W.",
                    "lastName": "Hahn"
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Stephen",
                    "lastName": "Richards"
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            ],
            "abstractNote": "Arthropods comprise the largest and most diverse phylum on Earth and play vital roles in nearly every ecosystem. Their diversity stems in part from variations on a conserved body plan, resulting from and recorded in adaptive changes in the genome. Dissection of the genomic record of sequence change enables broad questions regarding genome evolution to be addressed, even across hyper-diverse taxa within arthropods. Using 76 whole genome sequences representing 21 orders spanning more than 500 million years of arthropod evolution, we document changes in gene and protein domain content and provide temporal and phylogenetic context for interpreting these innovations. We identify many novel gene families that arose early in the evolution of arthropods and during the diversification of insects into modern orders. We reveal unexpected variation in patterns of DNA methylation across arthropods and examples of gene family and protein domain evolution coincident with the appearance of notable phenotypic and physiological adaptations such as flight, metamorphosis, sociality and chemoperception. These analyses demonstrate how large-scale comparative genomics can provide broad new insights into the genotype to phenotype map and generate testable hypotheses about the evolution of animal diversity.",
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                    "firstName": "Felipe A.",
                    "lastName": "Simao"
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                    "firstName": "Hugh M.",
                    "lastName": "Robertson"
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                    "firstName": "Marco A.",
                    "lastName": "Gabaglio"
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                    "firstName": "Robert M.",
                    "lastName": "Waterhouse"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Bernhard",
                    "lastName": "Misof"
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                    "firstName": "Oliver",
                    "lastName": "Niehuis"
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                    "firstName": "Nikolaus Urban",
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                    "firstName": "Daniela",
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                    "firstName": "Katrin",
                    "lastName": "Vohland"
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            "abstractNote": "The Open Scientific Collections Austria (OSCA) consortium consists of 14 museums, universities and scientific institutions in Austria holding outstanding scientific collections. These collections document Earth's biological and geological diversity and serve as essential resources for research on global challenges such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and environmental change. Despite recent advances in digitization, large portions of collection data remain inaccessible due to limited funding and technical capacity. OSCA aims to mobilize, harmonize, and provide Austria's natural science collection data based on FAIR Principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable). By building a shared infrastructure, the consortium fosters collaboration among institutions and ensures the long-term preservation and accessibility of valuable scientific data. This paper outlines the structure and objectives of the OSCA consortium, introduces its participating institutions, and presents its cooperative model and data infrastructure. Unlocking Austria's natural science collections and metadata by integrating them into an interconnected virtual information system transforms them into a dynamic and powerful research tool. This approach enhances the visibility and usability of Austria's scientific heritage and enables interdisciplinary research with significant scientific, societal, and economic relevance.",
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            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
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            "pages": "1-22",
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            "title": "DNA barcode reference libraries for the monitoring of aquatic biota in Europe: Gap-analysis and recommendations for future work",
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                    "firstName": "Alexander M.",
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                    "firstName": "Sofia A.",
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                    "firstName": "Daniela Maric",
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                    "firstName": "Benjamin W.",
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                    "firstName": "Buki",
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                {
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                    "firstName": "Marcos A. L.",
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            "abstractNote": "Effective identification of species using short DNA fragments (DNA barcoding and DNA metabarcoding) requires reliable sequence reference libraries of known taxa. Both taxonomically comprehensive coverage and content quality are important for sufficient accuracy. For aquatic ecosystems in Europe, reliable barcode reference libraries are particularly important if molecular identification tools are to be implemented in biomonitoring and reports in the context of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). We analysed gaps in the two most important reference databases, Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) and NCBI GenBank, with a focus on the taxa most frequently used in WFD and MSFD. Our analyses show that coverage varies strongly among taxonomic groups, and among geographic regions. In general, groups that were actively targeted in barcode projects (e.g. fish, true bugs, caddisflies and vascular plants) are well represented in the barcode libraries, while others have fewer records (e.g. marine molluscs, ascidians, and freshwater diatoms). We also found that species monitored in several countries often are represented by barcodes in reference libraries, while species monitored in a single country frequently lack sequence records. A large proportion of species (up to 50%) in several taxonomic groups are only represented by private data in BOLD. Our results have implications for the future strategy to fill existing gaps in barcode libraries, especially if DNA metabarcoding is to be used in the monitoring of European aquatic biota under the WFD and MSFD. For example, missing species relevant to monitoring in multiple countries should be prioritized for future collaborative programs. We also discuss why a strategy for quality control and quality assurance of barcode reference libraries is needed and recommend future steps to ensure full utilisation of metabarcoding in aquatic biomonitoring.",
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            "title": "Application of propylene glycol in DNA-based studies of invertebrates",
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Alexander Martin",
                    "lastName": "Weigand"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Noah",
                    "lastName": "Desquiotz"
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                {
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                    "firstName": "Nikolaus Urban",
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            "abstractNote": "High-throughput sequencing (HTS) studies on invertebrates commonly use ethanol as the main sample fixative (upon collection) and preservative (for storage and curation). However, alternative agents exists, which should not be automatically neglected when studies are newly designed. This review provides an overview of the application of propylene glycol (PG) in DNA-based studies of invertebrates, thus to stimulate an evidence-based discussion. The use of PG in DNA-based studies of invertebrates is still limited (n = 79), but a steady increase has been visible since 2011. Most studies used PG as a fixative for passive trapping (73%) and performed Sanger sequencing (66%; e.g. DNA barcoding). More recently, HTS setups joined the field (11%). Terrestrial Coleoptera (30%) and Diptera (20%) were the most studied groups. Very often, information on the grade of PG used (75%) or storage conditions (duration, temperature) were lacking. This rendered direct comparisons of study results difficult, and highlight the need for further systematic studies on these subjects. When compared to absolute ethanol, PG can be more widely and cheaply acquired (e.g. as an antifreeze, 13% of studies). It also enables longer trapping intervals, being especially relevant at remote or hard-to-reach places. Shipping of PG-conserved samples is regarded as risk-free and is authorised, pinpointing its potential for larger trapping programs or citizen science projects. Its property to retain flexibility of morphological characters as well as to lead to a reduced shrinkage effect was especially appraised by integrative study designs. Finally, the so far limited application of PG in the context of HTS showed promising results for short read amplicon sequencing and reduced representation methods. Knowledge of the influence of PG fixation and storage for long(er) read HTS setups is currently unavailable. Given our review results and taking difficulties of direct methodological comparisons into account, future DNA-based studies of invertebrates should on a case-by-case basis critically scrutinise if the application of PG in their anticipated study design can be of benefit.",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Asela",
                    "lastName": "Wijeratne"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Neil D.",
                    "lastName": "Young"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Eduardo E.",
                    "lastName": "Zattara"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Joshua B.",
                    "lastName": "Benoit"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Evgeny M.",
                    "lastName": "Zdobnov"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Michael E.",
                    "lastName": "Pfrender"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Kevin J.",
                    "lastName": "Hackett"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "John H.",
                    "lastName": "Werren"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Kim C.",
                    "lastName": "Worley"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Richard A.",
                    "lastName": "Gibbs"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Ariel D.",
                    "lastName": "Chipman"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Robert M.",
                    "lastName": "Waterhouse"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Erich",
                    "lastName": "Bornberg-Bauer"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Matthew W.",
                    "lastName": "Hahn"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Stephen",
                    "lastName": "Richards"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "Arthropods comprise the largest and most diverse phylum on Earth and play vital roles in nearly every ecosystem. Their diversity stems in part from variations on a conserved body plan, resulting from and recorded in adaptive changes in the genome. Dissection of the genomic record of sequence change enables broad questions regarding genome evolution to be addressed, even across hyper-diverse taxa within arthropods.",
            "publicationTitle": "Genome Biology",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "2020/01/23",
            "volume": "21",
            "issue": "1",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "15",
            "series": "",
            "seriesTitle": "",
            "seriesText": "",
            "journalAbbreviation": "Genome Biology",
            "DOI": "10.1186/s13059-019-1925-7",
            "citationKey": "",
            "url": "",
            "accessDate": "",
            "PMID": "",
            "PMCID": "",
            "ISSN": "1474-760X",
            "archive": "",
            "archiveLocation": "",
            "shortTitle": "",
            "language": "[In English]",
            "libraryCatalog": "",
            "callNumber": "",
            "rights": "",
            "extra": "",
            "tags": [
                {
                    "tag": "2020"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "ABOL"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Szucsich Nikolaus"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "crl2"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "impact factor"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "peer-reviewed"
                }
            ],
            "collections": [
                "7TPES7QD"
            ],
            "relations": {},
            "dateAdded": "2026-03-17T13:11:01Z",
            "dateModified": "2026-03-27T09:54:42Z"
        }
    }
]