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            "title": "Archéomatériaux : marbres et autres roches : actes de la IVème Conférence internationale de l'Association pour l'étude des marbres et autres roches utilisés dans le passé : ASMOSIA IV, Bordeaux-Talence, 9-13 Octobre 1995",
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            "abstractNote": "Où en sont les recherches sur la provenance des marbres blancs, l'altération des roches, les techniques d'extraction et de transport de blocs destinés à la sculpture ou à l'architecture ? Où en sont les recherches sur certaines méthodes physiques qui ont permis de réaliser de substantiels progrès dans la recherche de réponses à ces questions ? Quels sont les problèmes non résolus ou incomplètement résolus ? ... Enfin quelles sont les pistes pour de futurs travaux ? Ce sont là quelques-uns des principaux sujets abordés dans ce volume (unique en son genre), par des physiciens, chimistes, géologues, archéologues, architectes, historiens de l'art, historiens, conservateurs-restaurateurs ..., chercheurs internationaux réunis à Bordeaux. Les contributions sont regroupées autour de trois grands thèmes : sériation et provenance ; altération, restauration, conservation ; et technologies anciennes, circulation des matières premières et des oeuvres.",
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            "date": "1994",
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            "title": "Etude geologique des anciennes carrieres de Paris: son utilite pour la connaissance et la restauration des monuments",
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                    "firstName": "Annie",
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                    "creatorType": "editor",
                    "firstName": "George C.",
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            "abstractNote": "The study of the quarries of ancient Paris enables us to define different categories of limestones used since the Gallo-Roman period. Results lead to an understanding of ancient architecture and advise modern restorations. Author Abstract Jerry C. Podany George Wheeler",
            "proceedingsTitle": "The engineering geology of ancient works, monuments and historical sites: preservation and protection, proceedings of an international symposium organized by the Greek National Group of IAEG, Athens, 19-23 September 1988",
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            "publisher": "A.A. Balkema",
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            "date": "1988",
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            "pages": "639-647",
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                    "firstName": "John J.",
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                    "firstName": "R.",
                    "lastName": "Newman"
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            "abstractNote": "Contents Note: Pompeii after the AD 62 earthquake: historical, isotopic, and petrographic studies of quarry blocks in the Temple of Venus Provenance and distribution of white marbles in temples and public buildings of Imperial Rome White marbles and colored stones in the House of Polibius at Pompeii Cathodoluminescence and isotopic analysis of Roman and Early Byzantine architectural decoration in the Rotunda Museum. Provenance studies of the white marble blocks and architectural elements from Porto and their contribution to the history of the marble trade, Soapstone production through Norwegian history: geology, properties, quarrying, and use Marble and the marble trade at Sagalassos, Turkey Stone textures and function: A relationship between milling tools and subsistence as derived from western American quarries data Marble sources and artifacts from the Ulúa valley, Honduras Weathering of stone Weathering of granitic structures: 6000 years of exposure in Portugal, History of the study of stone The Corsi Collection in Oxford",
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            "date": "2002",
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            "place": "London",
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            "pages": "",
            "ISBN": "1-87313-208-5",
            "DOI": "",
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            "url": "",
            "accessDate": "",
            "ISSN": "",
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            "libraryCatalog": "",
            "callNumber": "",
            "rights": "",
            "extra": "",
            "tags": [
                {
                    "tag": "-"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Analysis;Marble"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Analysis;Stone"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Restoration"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Stone"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "and"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "conservation"
                },
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                    "tag": "restoration;Marble"
                }
            ],
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                    "firstName": "M.",
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            "abstractNote": "The combination between petrological data and historical documentation sources is necessary to establish an accurate methodology for the location of the original quarries of the stony materials used in a determinate historical building. The petrographical and petrophisical data correlation combined with a multivariate statistical analysis, by means of similarity indexes of both the materials in the building and the probable source geological formations, allows the location even when the documental sources would be incomplete or lost, or when the source areas would be modified. The works of location of original quarries used in architectural heritage are important since they allow improving the works of restoration on a building by means of the possibility of using identical materials for substitution or reintegration of decayed elements. The establishment of the original areas also offers the possibility of obtaining unaltered samples to evaluate the state and processes of decay of the building as well as to use this rough material to test the effectivity and durability of protective and consolidant treatments in the building and monuments. The aim of this work has been to characterize and to locate the origin of the stony material in the stonework of the Crypt of the Cathedral of Santa Mari?a la Real de la Almudena (Madrid). These stone types came from quarries located in Viana de Jadraque (Guadalajara, Spain) and in the central area of Portugal. These materials do not correspond with the traditional ones used in the city of Madrid and its presence is due to the opening of new ways of transport in the second half of the 19th century.",
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            "creatorSummary": "Aires-Barros et al.",
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            "version": 1,
            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "Orange coloured surface deposits on stones from the Monastery of Batalha (Portugal) and from nearby historic quarries: characteristics and origins",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "L.",
                    "lastName": "Aires-Barros"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "M. J.",
                    "lastName": "Basto"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "A.",
                    "lastName": "DionÌsio"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "A. E.",
                    "lastName": "Charola"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "A comparative study was made of orange colored patinas found on the exterior of the Monastery of Batalha, on one of the original statues from the main portal of the church removed to the interior of the monastery during a 19th century restoration, and on one of the original quarries used during the construction of the monastery in the 15th century. In situ color analysis showed the patinas to be very similar in color; however, their mineralogical and elemental composition was clearly different, suggesting diverse origins. While patinas from the quarry are a ferruginous-clay enriched surface deposit due to natural dissolution of the limestone which have a geogenic origin, the presence of oxalates on the exterior patinas of the monastery suggest biological activity. Finally, the patina of the statue showed the presence of organic compounds and a high amount of silicates and potassium, which might be attributed to the application of waxes and/or a water-glass type treatment to these statues and which masks the presence of previous treatments and eventual patinas. Author's Abstract",
            "publicationTitle": "Restoration of buildings and monuments: an international journal = Bauinstandsetzen und Baudenkmalpflege: eine internationale Zeitschrift",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "2001",
            "volume": "7",
            "issue": "5",
            "section": "",
            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "491-506",
            "series": "",
            "seriesTitle": "",
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            "ISSN": "0947-4498",
            "archive": "",
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            "shortTitle": "",
            "language": "",
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            "callNumber": "",
            "rights": "",
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            "tags": [
                {
                    "tag": "Portugal);Late Gothic;patina"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "limestone;elemental analysis;biodeterioration;previous interventions;monasteries;Mosteiro da Batalha (Batalha"
                }
            ],
            "collections": [],
            "relations": {},
            "dateAdded": "2012-02-20T07:45:44Z",
            "dateModified": "2012-02-20T07:45:44Z"
        }
    },
    {
        "key": "T9GBTCCJ",
        "version": 1,
        "library": {
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            "name": "Heritage in Stone-Historic Quarries",
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            "creatorSummary": "Skoulikidis et al.",
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            "version": 1,
            "itemType": "book",
            "title": "Oriented inversion of gypsum on the surface of ancient monuments into calcium carbonate back",
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "T.",
                    "lastName": "Skoulikidis"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "E.",
                    "lastName": "Georgopoulou"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "P.",
                    "lastName": "Adamopoulou"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "",
            "series": "Skript für: 2nd ASMOSIA meating, Leuren, Belgium (8 S.)",
            "seriesNumber": "",
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            "numberOfVolumes": "",
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            "date": "1990",
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                    "tag": "Gips-Calcit-Umwandlung;Konservierung;Kalkstein"
                }
            ],
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            "creatorSummary": "Morbidelli et al.",
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            "version": 1,
            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "Roman quarries of the Iberian peninsula: \"Anasol\" and \"Anasol\"-type",
            "creators": [
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Paola",
                    "lastName": "Morbidelli"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Patrizia",
                    "lastName": "Tucci"
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                    "firstName": "Claudio",
                    "lastName": "Imperatori"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Angel",
                    "lastName": "Polvorinos"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Maria",
                    "lastName": "Preite Martinez"
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Ettore",
                    "lastName": "Azzaro"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Maria Jesus",
                    "lastName": "Hernandez"
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            "abstractNote": "The Iberian peninsula is rich in marble, both white and colored, of excellent quality, used in the past (Pliny, The Natural History, XXXVI, II) and also at the present time as material for building and decoration. Many types of these marbles are similar to some better known Greek, Italian, Egyptian, and Asian marbles. During the Roman Empire, marmor carystium was extensively used. Taking into account the great similarity of this marble with the anasol and anasol-types mined in Spain and Portugal, this work presents a minero-petrographic, chemical, and geochemical characterization of these lithotypes, aiming at finding parameters to distinguish them from the better-known Greek and Italian cipollino verde. This result is of great importance in solving archaeological questions regarding the provenance of artifacts made of this marble. In fact, as hypothesized by some researchers, mainly in the Iberian peninsula (i.e., archaeological sites of Italica and Cartagena) in Roman Empire times, the less expensive local marble was used instead of importing that from the imperial quarries. Study samples come from well-known Spanish (21 samples: Macael-Almeria, Almaden de la Plata-Seville) and Portuguese (14 samples: Viana do Alentejo-Evora, Vilavicosa-Evora) quarries. Thin-section microscopy, x-ray diffractometry, and qualitative and quantitative determination of insoluble residues, chemistry, and O, C, and Sr isotopes were carried out on these samples. The results clearly distinguish Spanish anasol from the Portuguese anasol-type, and also the Iberian cipollino verde from Greek and Apuan types based on petrographic and geochemical parameters including occurrence of dolomite and other noncarbonate minerals, metamorphic facies, rock texture and structure, insoluble residue contents, d13C vs d18O, and/or d18O vs 87Sr/86Sr.",
            "publicationTitle": "European Journal of Mineralogy",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "2007",
            "volume": "19",
            "issue": "1",
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            "partNumber": "",
            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "125-135",
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        "key": "W87KWK3S",
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            "creatorSummary": "Herrmann, John; Barbin",
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            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "The Exportation of Marble from Thasos in Late Antiquity, The Quarries of Aliki and Cape Fanari",
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                    "firstName": "Vincent; Mentzos Aristotelis",
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            "abstractNote": "Although the quarries at Aliki were apparently in decline in late Antiquity, as Jean-Pierre Sodini, anna Lambraki and Tony Kozelj have shown, crosses inscribed through lare areas of the quarries make ir clear that vast amounts of marble was absorbed on Thasos itself. Identifying exported marble outside the island, however, is difficult: among other reasons, because marble from Aliki is visually similar to marble from many other quarries in northern Greece, the Greek Islands and Asia Minor. Like these other marbles, it is coarse grained, somewhat grey in color, and tends to have dark grey markings. To an experienced eye, however,the soft spots or gentle streaks of Aliki marble seem rather distinctive. Geologists have noted, moreover, that the grain of marble at Aliki is coarser than that of any other major exporting quarry of antiquity. Optical criteria, however, are tricky to use at best. Not only are problems created by the subjectivity of the observer, but there are objective problems as well. Grain size is somewhat variable from block to block in any quarry. Moreover, other less widely-exported and less well-known marbles seem to have grain that is just as coarse as that of Aliki. The marble of Philippi, to cite only one nearby example, appears to have grain that was, if anything, even coarser than that of Aliki.",
            "publicationTitle": "The Exportation of Marble from Thasos in Late Antiquity, The Quarries of Aliki and Cape Fanari",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "1995",
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            "issue": "",
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            "tags": [
                {
                    "tag": "(State)"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "(State);Art"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "(State);Historic"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Chicago."
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Dissertations.;Stone"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "History.;Geology"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "History.;Stone"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "Institute"
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                {
                    "tag": "Mines"
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                {
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                {
                    "tag": "of"
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                    "tag": "preservation.;Quarries"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "quarrying"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "resources"
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                {
                    "tag": "trade"
                },
                {
                    "tag": "–"
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        "version": 1,
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            },
            "creatorSummary": "Galan et al.",
            "parsedDate": "1999",
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            "itemType": "journalArticle",
            "title": "A methodology for locating the original quarries used for constructing historical buildings: application to Malaga Cathedral, Spain",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "E.",
                    "lastName": "Galan"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "M. I.",
                    "lastName": "Carretero"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "E.",
                    "lastName": "Mayoral"
                }
            ],
            "abstractNote": "It is often necessary to locate the original quarry which supplied the stone for a particular historical building. This stones could be used for future restoration work and for testing in the laboratory (artificial aging tests, physical properties determination, control of the efficacy of conservation treatments, etc.). Generally, reviewing historical documentation gives information about the geographical setting of quarries and location of the stones in the monument, but this information needs to be proved by field and laboratory studies. The comparative study of stone from quarries and monuments should basically include the following: (1) mineralogical and petrographical studies; (2) the chemical analysis of major, minor and trace elements; (3)stable isotopes determinations; (4) physical properties of quarry materials and unweathered building stone (water absorption, ultrasound transmission velocity, porosity and porous system, density, bulk density, compressive strength, etc.). This methodology was applied to Málaga Cathedral stones represented in the main façade, towers, and the western zone of the terrace, which, according to historical literature, came from Almayate (MiocenePliocene limestones) and Cerro Coronado (Permotriassic sandstone) in Málaga. The conclusion of the comparative study carried out on quarries and building stones was consistent with the information available from the historical documentation.",
            "publicationTitle": "Engineering Geology",
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            "date": "10 1999",
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            "title": "Unravelling ancient stone quarry landscapes in the Eastern Mediterranean: three Egyptian case studies",
            "creators": [
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "T.",
                    "lastName": "Heldal"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "E.",
                    "lastName": "Bloxam"
                },
                {
                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "P.",
                    "lastName": "Storemyr"
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                {
                    "creatorType": "editor",
                    "firstName": "Bart",
                    "lastName": "Ooghe"
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                    "firstName": "Geert",
                    "lastName": "Verhoeven"
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            "abstractNote": "The cultural heritage of the Eastern Mediterranean is predominantly made from stone, and throughout antiquity thousands of smaller and larger quarries were opened. The archaeological record in the quarries comprises rare evidence of stone extraction sites, roads, harbours, settlements, ceramics and inscriptions, which collectively constitute an ancient quarry landscape. Such landscapes are of crucial importance, not only to our understanding of the lives of the non-elite, but of the political and ideological ambitions of an elite that drove resource exploitation to such heights. Yet, as heritage sites of such enormous historical importance these have largely gone unrecognised, mainly due to poor documentation, which has consequently led to their current indiscriminate destruction from actions such as modern development and quarrying. The QuarryScapes project, which has received grants from the EU 6th Framework Programme for Research and Development, seeks to unravel several such industrial landscapes in the Eastern Mediterranean, and demonstrate how such sites can increase our understanding of the lives of people in Antiquity. Furthermore, the project will develop measures for how such landscapes can be preserved. The paper will discuss various aspects of ancient quarry landscapes, from recognition to management, exemplified through case studies in three important quarry landscapes in Egypt; the Chephren's Quarry landscape, the Aswan quarry landscape and the basalt quarries at Widan el-Faras in the Faiyum.",
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            "date": "2007",
            "publisher": "Cambridge Scholars Press",
            "place": "Newcastle",
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            "pages": "90-112",
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