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Southworth's The Hidden Hand and the Emergence of (Racialized) White Tomboyism", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michelle Ann", "lastName": "Abate" } ], "abstractNote": "In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:\n Launching a Gender B(l)acklash: E. D. E. N. Southworth’s The Hidden Hand and the Emergence of (Racialized) White Tomboyism Michele Ann Abate (bio) The antebellum period was one of the most dynamic times in U.S. history. During these years American society witnessed an array of social, cultural, political, and economic innovations. From the rise of industrialization and the growth of cities to the birth of commercialization and the rapid influx of immigrants, the United States underwent profound change. When historians or literary critics discuss new developments in antebellum America, however, they rarely include tomboyism. These men and women may mention that the nation went from one of producers to one of consumers and from one of rural farmers to one of city dwellers, but they seldom discuss how it simultaneously transitioned from one of True Womanhood to one of tomboyhood for adolescent girls and young women.1 Although strong, active, and independent female figures have been part of the United States since its inception,2 it was during the mid-nineteenth century that the concept of tomboyism made its appearance in the nation's literature and culture. In the 1840s and 1850s a constellation of social, economic, and political forces combined to bring about its emergence in the United States. While tomboyism is one of the most consistently overlooked elements in American culture, it is also one of the most important. After its debut the nation's childrearing practices, the gender expression of its young girls, and the lived experiences of many grown women would never be the same. This article addresses the causes, characteristics, and consequences of antebellum American tomboyism by focusing on the adolescent character who can be credited with launching this concept: Capitola Black from the 1859 novel The Hidden Hand, by Emma Dorothy Eliza Nevitte Southworth, or E. D. E. N. Southworth, as she was commonly known. A spunky female figure [End Page 40] who uses slang, spurns patriarchal authority, and even cross-dresses, Cap is the once wildly popular central character of Southworth's novel. The tomboyish actions of this thirteen-year-old figure made The Hidden Hand a bestseller and, by extension, helped make tomboyism a national phenomenon. From the first serial publication of the novel, public interest in and enthusiasm for it was immense. Praised by critics and adored by readers, the narrative was reprinted in Robert Bonner's New York Ledger from 1868 to 1869, and again in 1883, before being released in book form in 1888. In spite of these frequent reprints, public demand for the narrative was never satiated. As Susan Coultrap-McQuinn notes, requests to republish the narrative or make back issues that contained the story more widely available continued to stream into Bonner's office (52). At various points the popularity of The Hidden Hand was so great that the publisher was unable to keep up with it. After Southworth's story had repeatedly exhausted the press runs of both serialized and book formats, the Ledger touted it as the \"best story the author had ever written\" and heralded it as the most popular—and certainly the most lucrative—one that it had ever serialized (Boyle 66). The Hidden Hand was a cultural phenomenon as well as a literary one. Like Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, Southworth's novel was both adapted for the stage and incorporated into the nation's material culture. As Alfred Habegger notes, at least forty dramatic adaptations of the novel were made during Southworth's lifetime (\"A Well Hidden Hand\" 198). While nearly all of these productions enjoyed extended runs in major cities throughout the United States and Great Britain, one of the most (in)famous featured seasoned actor (and future presidential assassin) John Wilkes Booth in the role of the novel's most notorious villain, Black Donald. For the duration of its engagement, this dramatic version of the novel played not simply to a crowded theatrical house but to one that was standing-room only. Adolescent white girls as well as adult women from the middle and upper classes flocked to the production, willingly and often eagerly accompanied by their male companions. Like contemporaneous narratives...", "publicationTitle": "Children's Literature Association Quarterly", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2006/06/01", "volume": "31", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "40-64", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1353/chq.2006.0023", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/198521", "accessDate": "2017-01-16T16:27:45Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1553-1201", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Launching a Gender B(l)acklash", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Project MUSE", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-01-16T16:27:45Z", "dateModified": "2017-01-16T16:27:45Z" } }, { "key": "UADEXDZ6", "version": 111, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 690478, "name": "Story papers and pamphlets", "links": { "alternate": { "href": 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Southworth's The Hidden Hand and the Antebellum Story-Paper", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sari", "lastName": "Edelstein" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Studies in American Fiction", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2010/12/02", "volume": "37", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "29-53", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/404106", "accessDate": "2017-01-12T22:29:33Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2158-415X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "\"Metamorphosis of the Newsboy\"", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Project MUSE", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-01-12T22:29:33Z", "dateModified": "2017-01-12T22:29:33Z" } }, { "key": "BEI4I3TP", "version": 99, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 690478, "name": "Story papers and pamphlets", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/story_papers_and_pamphlets", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/690478/items/BEI4I3TP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/story_papers_and_pamphlets/items/BEI4I3TP", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/690478/items/E76A7PHA", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1091764, "username": "mshort", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mshort", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "BEI4I3TP", "version": 99, "parentItem": "E76A7PHA", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2017-01-12T22:26:38Z", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/237598/pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Jones - 2008 - I put my fingers around my throat and squeezed it.pdf", "md5": "a707ec8700d72a99c1b9cbc2e2866571", "mtime": 1484259999809, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-01-12T22:26:38Z", "dateModified": "2017-01-12T22:26:39Z" } }, { "key": "E76A7PHA", "version": 98, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 690478, "name": "Story papers and pamphlets", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/story_papers_and_pamphlets", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/690478/items/E76A7PHA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/story_papers_and_pamphlets/items/E76A7PHA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1091764, "username": "mshort", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mshort", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Jones", "parsedDate": "2008-06-13", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "E76A7PHA", "version": 98, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "\"I put my fingers around my throat and squeezed it, to know how it feels\": Antigallows Sentimentalism and E. D. E. N. Southworth's The Hidden Hand", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul Christian", "lastName": "Jones" } ], "abstractNote": "In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:\n “I put my fingers around my throat and squeezed it, to know how it feels”: Antigallows Sentimentalism and E. D. E. N. Southworth’s The Hidden Hand Paul Christian Jones Although it has gone unacknowledged in literary studies, it is quite likely that E. D. E. N. Southworth wrote more about the death penalty than any other American novelist in the nineteenth century. In many of her best-selling works, Southworth offers her readers plots that illustrate the injustice, immorality, and inefficacy of capital punishment and that argue for its abolition through their sentimental depictions of characters—both guilty and innocent— facing the gallows. In this essay, I explore the role that Southworth’s fiction played in this reform effort in order to make two central observations. First, I argue that Southworth’s fiction demonstrates how the common sentimental arguments used by the movement against capital punishment could be incorporated into such popular narratives. For example, Southworth repeatedly depicts characters moving from apathy about or even support of the death penalty to active opposition to it because of a sympathetic experience with a condemned figure, dramatizing many of the arguments made by antigallows reformers and attempting to effect a similar change in her audience. Second, I assert that recognizing Southworth’s serious interest in this subject will provide scholars new insight into her most famous work, The Hidden Hand, which I read here as her most sophisticated foray into the debate over the death penalty, one in which she imagines not just citizens being transformed by sentimentalism, but rather the justice system itself, the State, becoming a sentimentalized subject—a subject, moreover, that, because of its strong emotional identification with the condemned, rejects capital punishment as immoral and unjust. The movement against the death penalty in nineteenth-century America [End Page 41] reached its height in the 1840s, as Southworth was beginning her literary career. Though public opposition to capital punishment existed as early as the eighteenth century, organized opposition to executions (part of the era’s broader reform efforts) did not arise until the 1830s. A national society for the abolition of the death penalty and local societies in each state aggressively pursued change in capital punishment laws by lobbying legislatures, circulating petitions, and publishing pamphlets and books. Antigallows writers and editors, such as John L. O’Sullivan, Charles Spear, and Robert Rantoul, became nationally known for their strident opposition to capital punishment. These reformers were able, in the decade or so of the movement’s heyday, to achieve substantial progress, reducing the number of crimes that were considered capital, ending public executions in most states, and abolishing the death penalty in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Rhode Island. Arguments against the gallows assumed a number of forms, but generally follow one of two forms: logical challenges to the efficacy of the death penalty and sympathetic appeals on behalf of the condemned. Most arguments fall into the first group. Reformers argued that capital punishment was ineffective: It did not deter crime; it provoked additional crime (due to the effect of public executions on observers); and it was responsible for the deaths of innocent people. The arguments that departed from this approach asked citizens to think, instead, about the souls of condemned men and women—to consider whether reforming criminals rather than murdering them should be the object of society and its laws. For example, O’Sullivan, emphasizing “the future state of the soul,” noted that the future happiness or misery of the human spirit depends upon the character it sustains when it leaves the present state of being, which . . . ought to prevent our so punishing the crime of murder, as to produce or risk such irretrievably awful results, since souls are of equal value in the sight of God, and at his disposal only. . . . By what authority do we limit the space ordained by the Almighty, to exemplify the triumphs of divine grace? (31) Similarly, Spear valued the humanity of “the criminal [who], though debased, yet is a man and a brother; and, as such, deserves human sympathy” (1). He laments that, in the practice of the death penalty, “reformation of the offender is entirely overlooked”; he proposes that “society, instead...", "publicationTitle": "Legacy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2008/06/13", "volume": "25", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "41-61", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1353/leg.0.0008", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/237598", "accessDate": "2017-01-12T22:26:38Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1534-0643", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "\"I put my fingers around my throat and squeezed it, to know how it feels\"", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Project MUSE", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-01-12T22:26:38Z", "dateModified": "2017-01-12T22:26:38Z" } }, { "key": "R2BPAU69", "version": 97, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 690478, "name": "Story papers and pamphlets", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/story_papers_and_pamphlets", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/690478/items/R2BPAU69", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/story_papers_and_pamphlets/items/R2BPAU69", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/690478/items/KDXDURJR", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1091764, "username": "mshort", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mshort", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "R2BPAU69", "version": 97, "parentItem": "KDXDURJR", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2017-01-12T22:25:19Z", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/371953/pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Cohen - 2010 - Making Hero Strong Teenage Ambition, Story-Paper .pdf", "md5": "8b7f8451a2bf4c2b5dcb4cc8381ac920", "mtime": 1484259921280, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-01-12T22:25:19Z", "dateModified": "2017-01-12T22:25:21Z" } }, { "key": "KDXDURJR", "version": 96, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 690478, "name": "Story papers and pamphlets", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/story_papers_and_pamphlets", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/690478/items/KDXDURJR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/story_papers_and_pamphlets/items/KDXDURJR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1091764, "username": "mshort", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mshort", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Cohen", "parsedDate": "2010-02-28", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "KDXDURJR", "version": 96, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Making Hero Strong: Teenage Ambition, Story-Paper Fiction, and the Generational Recasting of American Women's Authorship", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daniel A.", "lastName": "Cohen" } ], "abstractNote": "During the early 1850s, Mary Gibson, a teenage orphan from Vermont, moved to Massachusetts and became, under the pseudonym Winnie Woodfern, a frequent contributor to several Boston \"story papers\" (weekly periodicals that mimicked the format of conventional newspapers but were mostly filled with popular fiction). Amid her varied output, she produced a series of tales depicting teenage girls who display masculine traits, violate conventional gender norms, and struggle to fulfill high literary or artistic ambitions. Gibson's early career, and those stories in particular, shed new light on the transformation of women's authorship in the mid-nineteenth-century United States. During the 1860s and 1870s, other scholars have argued, domestic fiction was eclipsed and a new conception of the American woman author as literary artist emerged under the influence of an elite, male-dominated mode of high-cultural production, centered in such exclusive venues as the Atlantic Monthly. The case of Gibson, however, suggests a different account of the transformation of American women's authorship—pushing the new pattern back into the antebellum period and locating its origins in more popular venues. Far from waiting for the elite imprimatur of the Atlantic, young Yankee women such as Gibson rushed to take advantage of the dramatically expanded publishing opportunities provided by Boston story papers of the early 1850s. In doing so, Gibson and her peers not only abandoned many of the inhibitions of \"literary domesticity\" but also embraced ambitious new models of women's authorship, artistry, and worldly achievement.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of the Early Republic", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2010/02/28", "volume": "30", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "85-136", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1353/jer.0.0136", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/371953", "accessDate": "2017-01-12T22:25:19Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1553-0620", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Making Hero Strong", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Project MUSE", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-01-12T22:25:19Z", "dateModified": "2017-01-12T22:25:19Z" } }, { "key": "WKWDPP2Q", "version": 95, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 690478, "name": "Story papers and pamphlets", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/story_papers_and_pamphlets", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/690478/items/WKWDPP2Q", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/story_papers_and_pamphlets/items/WKWDPP2Q", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/690478/items/J3XFPBMH", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 1091764, "username": "mshort", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/mshort", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "WKWDPP2Q", "version": 95, "parentItem": "J3XFPBMH", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2017-01-12T22:22:58Z", "url": "http://muse.jhu.edu/article/502214/pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Bauer - 2013 - Why Read E. 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