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"2015-10", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "FSB6BVD3", "version": 41, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Comparisons of Life-History Parameters Between Free-Ranging and Captive Killer Whale ( Orcinus orca) Populations for Application Toward Species Management", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Todd R.", "lastName": "Robeck" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kevin", "lastName": "Willis" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael R.", "lastName": "Scarpuzzi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Justine K.", "lastName": "O'Brien" } ], "abstractNote": "Data collected on life-history parameters of known-age animals from the northern (NR) and southern resident (SR) killer whales ( Orcinus orca) of the eastern North Pacific were compared with life-history traits of killer whales located at SeaWorld (SEA) facilities. For captive-born SEA animals, mean age and body length at 1st estrus was 7.5 years and 483.7 cm, respectively. Estimated mean age at 1st conception was different ( P < 0.001) for the combined data from both northern and southern resident (NSR) free-ranging populations (12.1 years) compared to SEA (9.8 years), as was the estimated mean age at 1st observed calf (SEA: 11.1 years, NSR: 14.2 years, P < 0.001). Average calf survival rate to 2 years of age for SEA animals (0.966) was significantly greater ( P = 0.04) than that for SR (0.799). Annual survival rate (ASR) for SEA increased over approximately 15-year increments with rates in the most recent period (2000-2015 ASR: 0.976) improved ( P < 0.05) over the first 2 periods of captivity (1965-1985: 0.906; 1985-2000: 0.941). The SR (0.966) and NR ASR (0.977) were higher ( P ≤ 0.05) than that of SEA until 2000, after which there were no inter-population differences. Based on ASR, median and average life expectancy were 28.8 and 41.6 years (SEA: 2000-2015), 20.1 and 29.0 years (SR), and 29.3 and 42.3 years (NR), respectively. The ASR for animals born at SEA (0.979) was higher ( P = 0.02) than that of wild-caught SEA animals (0.944) with a median and average life expectancy of 33.1 and 47.7 years, respectively. These data present evidence for similar life-history parameters of free-ranging and captive killer whale populations and the reproductive potential and survivorship patterns established herein have application for use in future research concerning the overall health of both populations.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Mammalogy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 2015", "volume": "96", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1055-1070", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Mammalogy", "DOI": "10.1093/jmammal/gyv113", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://ezproxy.csbsju.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=110203962&site=ehost-live&scope=site", "accessDate": "2017-02-09T17:36:15Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "00222372", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "EBSCOhost", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "FERTILITY", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Killer whale", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mammal reproduction", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mammals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pregnancy in mammals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "REPRODUCTION", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "RESEARCH", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Whales", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "fecundity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "gestation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "longevity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "mortality", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "orca", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "reproductive maturity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "survivorship", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-02-09T17:36:15Z", "dateModified": "2017-02-09T17:36:15Z" } }, { "key": "SHV9DTCE", "version": 39, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 688185, "name": "Frances's Group", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/francess_group", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/688185/items/SHV9DTCE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/francess_group/items/SHV9DTCE", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/688185/items/S9C4M8FU", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 3319947, "username": "fthornton001", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fthornton001", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "SHV9DTCE", "version": 39, "parentItem": "S9C4M8FU", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2017-02-09T17:29:21Z", "url": "http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/351/6280/1372.full.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Science - 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Allen launches a new bioscience research initiative, the U.S. National Science Foundation announces that it has indefinitely suspended a program to support museum biological collections, and more. Also corporate executive and leukemia survivor Greg Simon has been tapped to head Vice President Joe Biden's $1 billion \"moonshot\" to cure cancer. And Egypt's antiquities minister confirms that high-resolution radar scans of the walls of King Tutankhamun's tomb, taken last fall, have identified two hidden chambers.\nA roundup of weekly science policy and related news.\nA roundup of weekly science policy and related news.", "publicationTitle": "Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2016/03/25", "volume": "351", "issue": "6280", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1372-1374", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1126/science.351.6280.1372", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://science.sciencemag.org/content/351/6280/1372", "accessDate": "2017-02-09T17:29:21Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0036-8075, 1095-9203", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "science.sciencemag.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Copyright © 2016, American Association for the Advancement of Science", "extra": "PMID: 27013704", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-02-09T17:29:21Z", "dateModified": "2017-02-09T17:29:21Z" } }, { "key": "M8XVKU2V", "version": 37, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 688185, "name": "Frances's Group", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/francess_group", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/688185/items/M8XVKU2V", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/francess_group/items/M8XVKU2V", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/688185/items/DGWAXWET", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 3319947, "username": "fthornton001", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fthornton001", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "M8XVKU2V", "version": 37, "parentItem": "DGWAXWET", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "49AkronLRev925.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "49AkronLRev925.pdf", "md5": "923dd7c6908b7c9b0903fd893e07444f", "mtime": 1486661218000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-02-09T17:26:58Z", "dateModified": "2017-02-09T17:26:58Z" } }, { "key": "BIJIPDH7", "version": 33, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 688185, "name": "Frances's Group", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/francess_group", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/688185/items/BIJIPDH7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/francess_group/items/BIJIPDH7", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/688185/items/DGWAXWET", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 3319947, "username": "fthornton001", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fthornton001", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "BIJIPDH7", "version": 33, "parentItem": "DGWAXWET", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "EBSCO Record", "accessDate": "2017-02-09T17:21:46Z", "url": "http://ezproxy.csbsju.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=117613197&site=ehost-live&scope=site&scope=cite", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2017-02-09T17:21:46Z", "dateModified": "2017-02-09T17:21:46Z" } }, { "key": "DGWAXWET", "version": 33, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 688185, "name": "Frances's Group", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/francess_group", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/688185/items/DGWAXWET", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/francess_group/items/DGWAXWET", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 3319947, "username": "fthornton001", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/fthornton001", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wise", "parsedDate": "2015-12", "numChildren": 3 }, "data": { "key": "DGWAXWET", "version": 33, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "All Is Whale That Ends Whale? The Deficiencies in National Protection for Orca Whales in Captivity", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hillary T.", "lastName": "Wise" } ], "abstractNote": "The article discusses what the author refers to as the deficiencies in America's national legal protection for Orca (killer) whales in captivity, and it mentions the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 (MMPA) in relation to the killer whale-related death of senior whale trainer Dawn Brancheau at the SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment Inc.'s animal park in Orlando, Florida. America's Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is assessed, along with the documentary film \"Blackfish.\"", "publicationTitle": "Akron Law Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 2015", "volume": "49", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "925-954", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Akron Law Review", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0002371X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "All Is Whale That Ends Whale?", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "EBSCOhost", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals -- Law & legislation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Blackfish (Film)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Brancheau, Dawn", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Captive wild animals -- Law & legislation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Killer whale -- Law & legislation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment Inc. -- Officials & employees", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "United States. Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "United States. 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They display a range of complex behaviors indicative of social intelligence, but these are difficult to study in the open ocean where protective laws may apply, or in captivity, where access is constrained for commercial and safety reasons. From 1979 to 1980, however, we were able to interact with juvenile orcas in an unstructured way at San Diego's SeaWorld facility. We observed in the animals what appeared to be pranks, tests of trust, limited use of tactical deception, emotional self-control, and empathetic behaviors. Our observations were consistent with those of a former Seaworld trainer, and provide important insights into orca cognition, communication, and social intelligence. However, after being trained as performers within Seaworld's commercial entertainment program, a number of orcas began to exhibit aggressive behaviors. 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