From Duplicate 1 ( Protecting our cultural heritage - Mitchell, Ralph ) From Duplicate 1 ( Protecting our cultural heritage - Update, Technology; Guide, Buyer; Calendar, Meeting ) From Duplicate 1 ( Protecting our cultural heritage - Update, Technology; Guide, Buyer; Calendar, Meeting ) From Duplicate 1 ( Protecting our cultural heritage - Update, Technology; Guide, Buyer; Calendar, Meeting ) From Duplicate 2 ( Protecting our cultural heritage - Update, Technology; Guide, Buyer; Calendar, Meeting ) From Duplicate 2 ( Protecting our cultural heritage - Update, Technology; Guide, Buyer; Calendar, Meeting ) From Duplicate 1 ( Protecting our cultural heritage - Update, Technology; Guide, Buyer; Calendar, Meeting ) From Duplicate 1 ( Protecting our cultural heritage - Update, Technology; Guide, Buyer; Calendar, Meeting ) From Duplicate 2 ( Protecting our cultural heritage - Update, Technology; Guide, Buyer; Calendar, Meeting ) From Duplicate 3 ( Protecting our cultural heritage - Mitchell, Ralph ) From Duplicate 2 ( Protecting our cultural heritage. - Mitchell, Ralph ) From Duplicate 1 ( Protecting our cultural heritage - Update, Technology; Guide, Buyer; Calendar, Meeting ) From Duplicate 1 ( Protecting our cultural heritage - Update, Technology; Guide, Buyer; Calendar, Meeting ) From Duplicate 1 ( Protecting our cultural heritage - Update, Technology; Guide, Buyer; Calendar, Meeting ) From Duplicate 2 ( Protecting our cultural heritage - Update, Technology; Guide, Buyer; Calendar, Meeting ) From Duplicate 2 ( Protecting our cultural heritage - Update, Technology; Guide, Buyer; Calendar, Meeting ) From Duplicate 1 ( Protecting our cultural heritage - Update, Technology; Guide, Buyer; Calendar, Meeting ) From Duplicate 1 ( Protecting our cultural heritage - Update, Technology; Guide, Buyer; Calendar, Meeting ) From Duplicate 2 ( Protecting our cultural heritage - Update, Technology; Guide, Buyer; Calendar, Meeting ) From Duplicate 3 ( Protecting our cultural heritage - Mitchell, Ralph )
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Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 2 ( Saving art in situ [reviews work of conservation scientists] - Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 1 ( Saving art in situ [reviews work of conservation scientists] - Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 3 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, G ) From Duplicate 2 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, Giacomo ) And Duplicate 3 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, G ) From Duplicate 2 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 1 ( Saving art in situ: A conservation scientist explains how borrowing gadgets from Mars rovers helps preserve culture on Earth - Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 2 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 1 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 1 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 2 ( Saving art in situ [reviews work of conservation scientists] - Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 1 ( Saving art in situ [reviews work of conservation scientists] - Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 3 ( Saving art in situ - 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Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 3 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, G ) From Duplicate 2 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, Giacomo ) And Duplicate 3 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, G ) From Duplicate 2 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 1 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 2 ( Saving art in situ [reviews work of conservation scientists] - Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 1 ( Saving art in situ [reviews work of conservation scientists] - Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 3 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, G ) From Duplicate 2 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, Giacomo ) And Duplicate 3 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, G ) From Duplicate 3 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 1 ( Saving art in situ: A conservation scientist explains how borrowing gadgets from Mars rovers helps preserve culture on Earth - Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 2 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 1 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 1 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 2 ( Saving art in situ [reviews work of conservation scientists] - Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 1 ( Saving art in situ [reviews work of conservation scientists] - Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 3 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, G ) From Duplicate 2 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, Giacomo ) And Duplicate 3 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, G ) From Duplicate 2 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 1 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 2 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 1 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 2 ( Saving art in situ [reviews work of conservation scientists] - Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 1 ( Saving art in situ [reviews work of conservation scientists] - Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 3 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, G ) From Duplicate 2 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, Giacomo ) And Duplicate 3 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, G ) From Duplicate 2 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 1 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 2 ( Saving art in situ [reviews work of conservation scientists] - Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 1 ( Saving art in situ [reviews work of conservation scientists] - Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 3 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, G ) From Duplicate 2 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, Giacomo ) And Duplicate 3 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, G ) From Duplicate 2 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 1 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 2 ( Saving art in situ [reviews work of conservation scientists] - Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 1 ( Saving art in situ [reviews work of conservation scientists] - Chiari, Giacomo ) From Duplicate 3 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, G ) From Duplicate 2 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, Giacomo ) And Duplicate 3 ( Saving art in situ - Chiari, G )
", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-07-02T22:37:50Z", "dateModified": "2013-07-02T22:37:50Z" } }, { "key": "GENA9ENH", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 68769, "name": "Heritage Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/heritage_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/68769/items/GENA9ENH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/heritage_science/items/GENA9ENH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 847428, "username": "edoehne", "name": "Eric Doehne", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edoehne", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Williams", "parsedDate": "2009", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "GENA9ENH", "version": 2, "itemType": "report", "title": "Understanding capacity in the heritage science sector DATE SEPTEMBER 2009", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J I M", "lastName": "Williams" } ], "abstractNote": "", "reportNumber": "September", "reportType": "", "institution": "", "place": "", "date": "2009", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-07-02T22:37:50Z", "dateModified": "2013-07-02T22:37:50Z" } }, { "key": "6A4463XZ", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 68769, "name": "Heritage Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/heritage_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/68769/items/6A4463XZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/heritage_science/items/6A4463XZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 847428, "username": "edoehne", "name": "Eric Doehne", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edoehne", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Torraca", "parsedDate": "1999", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "6A4463XZ", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Scientist in Conservation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Giorgio", "lastName": "Torraca" } ], "abstractNote": "By Giorgio Torraca A scientist in conservation may get involved in preserving material of historic or artistic value in various branches of the profession and at various levels—working directly with the material itself to doing basic research. A scientist can work in analysis for archaeometry (how was an object made? when? where? was it modified later?) or for conservation (is it deteriorating? why? how fast?). He can work in technology for the restoration of anything from small artifacts to large monuments (e.g., cleaning and consolidation processes, immediate and long-range effects) or in technology for protection (e.g., modification of the environment, protective layers, maintenance procedures). In the past, the choice of the scientist was mainly dictated by chance—a friend asking, \"Would you take a look at our problem?\" Then he might remain trapped for quite a long time in a maze of fascinating riddles. Today, however, a scientist usually enters the game by personal choice, during training, and aims to work in a particular branch. Conservation science is now an established profession, even if its core is not yet well established and its borders fuzzy. Other people involved in the conservation trade—conservators, historians, architects, engineers, amateurs, administrators, politicians, and journalists—seldom realize how specialized science for conservation is, or should be. They frequently consider the conservation scientist to be a jack-of-all-trades to whom they turn for the solution of any awkward problem they feel unable to solve (that means, of course, that the problem must be a most untreatable one, because people in conservation usually feel competent to solve anything). Unfortunately, most scientists, this writer included, are unable to say no—because the postulant is desperate, or there is an exhibition tomorrow, or the object is exposed to a most unfriendly environment and on the point of collapsing. Scientists feel obliged to answer the call, even if the material and the action required are out of their domain of competence. They normally pick up the gauntlet and take a gamble. It may pay off, but sometimes damage is done. Is Conservation Science Really \"Science\"? The fact that conservation scientists occasionally venture out of their field of competence and take risks that can potentially damage precious materials is not the only problem that affects conservation science as a whole. Unfortunately, scientists involved in conservation are gamblers even in their field of competence, because most of the time they offer interpretations and solutions despite insufficient knowledge. Consider an analyst studying a piece of an ancient monument. In the majority of cases, he lacks the information required for a reliable interpretation of the results. One reason for this is that the object probably has been modified or treated several times, and typically the scientist has incomplete information on its history. Many samples should be taken and compared to separate materials belonging to different phases, but frequently this is not possible, either because of cost constraints or because damage would be inflicted by sampling. The 1981 testing in the ICCROM laboratory of a grouting mixture, made of hydraulic lime combined with various admixtures, intended for consolidating surfaces of artistic or architectural importance. The grout is injected into a column of sand to test its injectability. Testing also includes an analysis of soluble salts, and the measurement of the flow of the injected grout and of the porosity of the hardened material after injection. Photo: J. Malliet. Furthermore, several analyses should be made on each sample in order to extract maximum information and to cross-reference the results. This makes the data more reliable, as ancient artistic or architectural materials are normally very complex mixtures that offer no clear-cut result in any single method of analysis. Unfortunately, the application of multiple analyses to the same sample is normally not possible, either because of cost or because of the dimension of the sample. In such conditions, interpretation will be based on insufficient data and be strongly influenced by the analyst's preconceived notion of what the result should be. Nonscientists often don't realize that in routine analysis, the scientist finds only what he seeks—i.e., what the scientist thinks is in the sample. The chance of unforeseen findings increases when the results of different analyses are compared. This explains, for instance, why calcium oxalates, found by Justus von Liebig on the Parthenon marbles in the 19th century, were not detected again on the surface of ancient stones for a long time, while today—after they were identified again in the 1960s by an intensive use of X ray diffraction—they seem to be almost ubiquitous. These photographs document the creation of a new conservation technique, illustrating how conservation science operates on the border of different domains—in this case, chemistry, mechanics, and the empirical knowledge of conservators. Testing the grout on a larger scale in 1982, at the Construction Science Laboratory of the University of Rome. Photo: Giorgio Torraca. Further testing at the University of Rome in 1982. An experimental wall, partially crushed under a press, is consolidated by grout injection. Photo: Giorgio Torraca. When the analyst writes a report interpreting data in terms of the history of the object or its state of conservation, he gambles, relying on general experience to extrapolate from the data a presentable hypothesis (which is necessary if the analysis is to be of any use to those paying for it). Another reason for gambling is that the analyst thinks it unlikely that anyone will read the report in detail; to further reduce that possibility, he uses the most abstruse technical jargon in writing it. The scientist dealing with conservation processes must also gamble. The data at the scientist's disposal for evaluating the cause and rate of deterioration of an object requiring treatment are normally insufficient. The same applies to the evaluation of the future service life of the materials that may be used to consolidate the object under treatment and delay its decay. Conservation today is a production line—the more so in architectural conservation. It no longer proceeds at the leisurely pace of the still-recent past, when conservation was such a quiet and pleasant profession. Problems must be solved within deadlines that do not allow sufficient time for experimentation and analysis. As a consequence, when a scientist proposes a conservation treatment and guarantees its reliability and durability, he is either consciously bluffing—in the best cases—or suffering from delusions because of lack of experience. Actually, all branches of science and technology involve some gambling in the creation of hypotheses or models that are not logically deducible from the available experience. However, science proceeds by experimenting in such a way that a hypothesis may be refuted or supported by the data thus obtained. \"Progress\" in science is achieved by modifying the models, according to the results of experiments, in order to bring them closer to reality; gambling becomes less important as science becomes more mature. In conservation science, however, the importance of gambling (explaining things by unsupported hypotheses) is much greater than in most domains of science. This may mean that conservation science remains in an early state of development, in which imagination still prevails over hard facts. But there are also reasons to suspect that conservation science may not—or may not yet—be a \"science,\" as defined by contemporary thinkers, even if it employs scientific equipment and scientific language. The main reason supporting such a statement is that it is difficult to falsify or support a hypothesis (or model) in conservation. If \"scientific\" research is directed toward understanding the history of an object, it is difficult to prove or disprove any hypothesis about an object's past on the basis of the \"scientific\" data alone. Help may come from other disciplines. There may, for instance, be the discovery of that rare document whose interpretation is univocal. But in the typically uncertain domain of history, positive proof is the exception rather than the rule. If we are dealing with conservation treatment technology instead, any hypothesis that is advanced can lead to the practical consequence of conservation treatment, and the result—for example, the object's decay rate after conservation—might be measured. In such a case, a model could be supported or disproved. However, it takes a great deal of time—probably decades or even centuries—to confirm that long-term conservation has been achieved. While falsification or support for a hypothesis is possible in principle, it can only occur after a lengthy period. Scientific progress is therefore bound to be very slow. Between Two Cultures Conservation scientists might be quite annoyed to be told that their discipline should not be considered \"real\" science. Still, the idea that its nature is to straddle the frontier between two different cultures has positive elements in it. In the first place, this middle position helps explain some facts about science applied to conservation that keep disturbing us. These facts would be viewed more leniently if they were considered to be normal consequences of conservation science's borderline status. An example of such disturbances is the frequent occurrence, in conservation, of inaccurate analyses and unreliable testing of materials. I remember that many years ago Tom Chase of the Smithsonian Institution led the ICOM committee for metals in an experiment of interlaboratory analysis using a homogeneous sample that he had made by grinding an ancient piece of bronze into a fine powder. The scattering of results he obtained from museum laborat", "publicationTitle": "GCI Newsletter", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1999", "volume": "14.3", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-07-02T22:37:50Z", "dateModified": "2013-07-02T22:37:50Z" } }, { "key": "C6ZVVNV7", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 68769, "name": "Heritage Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/heritage_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/68769/items/C6ZVVNV7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/heritage_science/items/C6ZVVNV7", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 847428, "username": "edoehne", "name": "Eric Doehne", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edoehne", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sweevers et al.", "parsedDate": "1998", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "C6ZVVNV7", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Weathering of dolomitic sandstone under ambient conditions", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H", "lastName": "Sweevers" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "F", "lastName": "Delalieux" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Van Grieken" } ], "abstractNote": "The weathering of White Mansfield dolomitic sandstone has been studied under ambient atmospheric conditions. Specially constructed sampling devices, called 'micro-catchment units', were installed to sample the runoff water, i.e. the rain water that flows over the stones. In a first part of the study, the bulk run-off water was studied (some 500 samples), as well as individual particles in the runoff. The second part of the study was focussed on the stone material after three years of exposure. A whole range of modern analytical techniques has been used. An outline of the work and the results is given.", "publicationTitle": "Atmospheric Environment", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1998", "volume": "32", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "733–748", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231097003415", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "dolomitic sandstone" }, { "tag": "index" }, { "tag": "runoff water" }, { "tag": "weathering" }, { "tag": "white mansfield" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-07-02T22:37:50Z", "dateModified": "2013-07-02T22:37:50Z" } }, { "key": "U5NGU46N", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 68769, "name": "Heritage Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/heritage_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/68769/items/U5NGU46N", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/heritage_science/items/U5NGU46N", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 847428, "username": "edoehne", "name": "Eric Doehne", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edoehne", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Montoya et al.", "parsedDate": "2003-03", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "U5NGU46N", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Study of ancient dolomitic mortars of the church of Santa Marı́a de Zamarce in Navarra (Spain): comparison with simulated standards", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C", "lastName": "Montoya" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J", "lastName": "Lanas" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M", "lastName": "Arandigoyen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "I", "lastName": "Navarro" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.J", "lastName": "Garcı́a Casado" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.I", "lastName": "Alvarez" } ], "abstractNote": "Ten ancient mortars from the Church of Santa Mar ́ıa de Zamarce (Navarra, Spain) have been studied by means of chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction and simultaneous thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TGA–DTA). All the studied samples have shown to be dolomitic mortars. Sixteen simulated standards of typically present compounds in dolomitic mortars were prepared and studied. Particularly the occurrence of hydrated magnesium carbonate hydroxide (hydromagnesite (HY), Mg5 (CO3 )4 (OH)2 ·4H2 O) as result of the setting of dolomitic mortars is discussed. No HY has been checked in mortars from Santa Mar ́ıa de Zamarce. However, TGA–DTA studies have clearly shown the thermal decomposition of HY in the prepared mixtures, specially the exothermic peak at 500 ◦ C. The experimental conditions in TGA–DTA, with a high CO2 pressure around the sample, seem to play an important role in the occurrence of this phenomenon. Suitable experimental conditions for thermal studies of these materials have been indicated. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Dolomitic mortars; Thermal analysis; Hydromagnesite; Self-generated atmosphere; X-ray diffraction", "publicationTitle": "Thermochimica Acta", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 2003", "volume": "398", "issue": "1-2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "107–122", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/S0040-6031(02)00321-0", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040603102003210", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "00406031", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "1" }, { "tag": "X-Ray Diffraction" }, { "tag": "artistic" }, { "tag": "chemical composition of the" }, { "tag": "construction of historical" }, { "tag": "dolomitic mortars" }, { "tag": "hydromagnesite" }, { "tag": "introduction and objectives" }, { "tag": "mortars used in the" }, { "tag": "self-generated atmosphere" }, { "tag": "the knowledge of the" }, { "tag": "thermal analysis" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-07-02T22:37:50Z", "dateModified": "2013-07-02T22:37:50Z" } }, { "key": "KF6RXVFH", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 68769, "name": "Heritage Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/heritage_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/68769/items/KF6RXVFH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/heritage_science/items/KF6RXVFH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 847428, "username": "edoehne", "name": "Eric Doehne", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edoehne", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Mitchell", "parsedDate": "2000-03", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "KF6RXVFH", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Protecting our cultural heritage", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ralph", "lastName": "Mitchell" } ], "abstractNote": "During the past quarter century, our society has become acutely aware of the need to conserve our biological resources. Research into the effects of human activity on the biology and chemistry of our rivers, lakes, and coastal waters has resulted in an increased understanding of the threats to our natural habitats and in successful efforts to protect our natural resources. We are beginning to understand that our historic manuscripts, buildings, monuments, and archeological sites, all of which are the cultural analogues of the biosphere, are also at risk from human activities and need conservation. Some of our most important national symbols, including the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights, are showing evidence of deterioration. The World Monuments Fund lists five endangered cultural landscape sites in the United States, including the Mesa Verde National Park in Colorado, a complex of 600, 13th century Native American cliff dwellings in an inherently fragile environment. The deterioration of our cultural materials, both indoor and in the external environment, is being accelerated by air pollution. Chemicals and particulates from automobile exhausts and industrial pollutants deposit on the materials. The resultant chemical and microbiological reactions release acids and other detrimental chemicals, which are responsible for the deterioration of a wide range of historic materials. The basic science of conservation of cultural materials is in its infancy. We know very little about the physical, chemical, and biological processes responsible for degradation of the historic artifacts that are essential to the cultural life of our nation. Modern analytic methods need to be applied to provide early diagnosis of deterioration. These include the application of sophisticated chemical and biological methods to detect signs of deleterious changes in the physical and chemical structure of historic materials. For example, evidence of biological deterioration could be determined using molecular techniques. New technologies to protect these materials are urgently needed. Recent developments in sensor technology and polymer chemistry could be used to detect and prevent degradation of buildings and monuments. Environmentally acceptable biocides could be developed to prevent biodeterioration of historic manuscripts and museum artifacts. Interactive databases need to be used, enabling conservation scientists to build on each other's information. Communication between conservation and other scientists should be developed if this essential component of our environment is to be preserved. The integration of new developments in the basic sciences and technology into conservation science would be invaluable in the development of this new branch of environmental research. If these historical materials are destroyed, an essential part of our cultural heritage will be lost. We urgently need to develop the tools for their protection.", "publicationTitle": "Environ Sci Technol", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 2000", "volume": "34", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "105A–105A", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1021/es003148r", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es003148r http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21657685", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0013-936X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Editorial" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-07-02T22:37:50Z", "dateModified": "2013-07-02T22:37:50Z" } }, { "key": "F87W2RCF", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 68769, "name": "Heritage Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/heritage_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/68769/items/F87W2RCF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/heritage_science/items/F87W2RCF", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 847428, "username": "edoehne", "name": "Eric Doehne", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edoehne", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lanas et al.", "parsedDate": "2006-05", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "F87W2RCF", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Mechanical properties of masonry repair dolomitic lime-based mortars", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Lanas" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.L.", "lastName": "Pérez Bernal" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.A.", "lastName": "Bello" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.I.", "lastName": "Alvarez" } ], "abstractNote": "180 different mortars made with a dolomitic lime and different aggregates were prepared in order to be used in restoration works. This paper focuses on the effect of technological variables on pore structure and mechanical properties of magnesian lime-based mortars. Compressive and flexural strengths of the specimens were discussed according to curing time, binder : aggregate ratios, attributes of the aggregates and porosity, at long-term tests. A strong increase in the strength of mortars has been found after 365 curing days as compared to 28 curing days. The strength has been mainly attributed to the portlandite carbonation, because no significant changes have been observed in the brucite. However, higher strengths than similar aerial lime-based mortars led us to think of other mechanism which increases the strength: the calcite formation through a reaction of dedolomitization (alkali carbonate reaction, ACR) and the brucite crystallization were discussed. The pore structure has presented a significant influence on the strength. More binder amounts mean more strength due to the higher values of open porosity, which allows the carbonation process. The aggregate characteristics have been correlated with the strength and porosity. Limestone and angle-shaped aggregates, reducing large pores, cause a strength increment. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.", "publicationTitle": "Cement and Concrete Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 2006", "volume": "36", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "951–960", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.10.004", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.scopus.com/scopus/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33748745946&partnerID=40&rel=R8.0.0 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0008884605002371", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "00088846", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Compressive strength" }, { "tag": "carbonation" }, { "tag": "curing" }, { "tag": "dolomitic lime" }, { "tag": "particle size distribution" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-07-02T22:37:50Z", "dateModified": "2013-07-02T22:37:50Z" } }, { "key": "D9S94QIA", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 68769, "name": "Heritage Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/heritage_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/68769/items/D9S94QIA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/heritage_science/items/D9S94QIA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 847428, "username": "edoehne", "name": "Eric Doehne", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edoehne", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Haynes", "parsedDate": "1986", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "D9S94QIA", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Advances in scientific methodology for preservation of ancient monuments: conservation versus conservatism", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "JM M", "lastName": "Haynes" } ], "abstractNote": "A brief state-of-the-art account is presented of the scientific approach to conservation of ancient stonework. The questions of restoration and conservation are addressed primarily from the point of view of what modern technol. can accomplish, but also having regard to the thornier question of what may be the aesthetic objectives. [on SciFinder (R)]", "publicationTitle": "The Science of The Total Environment", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1986", "volume": "55", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "365–373", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0048969786901932 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V78-49158H8-8X&_user=10&_coverDate=11/01/1986&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=987cdff330a81adb7a5e7fa7fa88c932", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "(Miscellaneous)" }, { "tag": "(ancient" }, { "tag": "Archaeology (ancient stone monuments conservation" }, { "tag": "Buildings (monuments" }, { "tag": "MONUMENTS" }, { "tag": "MSC" }, { "tag": "Preservation (of ancient stone monuments and sculp" }, { "tag": "Restoration" }, { "tag": "Role:" }, { "tag": "Sculpture (statue" }, { "tag": "Stone" }, { "tag": "Stone Role: MSC (Miscellaneous) (ancient monuments" }, { "tag": "ancient stone" }, { "tag": "and" }, { "tag": "conservation" }, { "tag": "conservation ancient stonework" }, { "tag": "conservation and" }, { "tag": "conservation and restoration" }, { "tag": "of" }, { "tag": "of)" }, { "tag": "sculptures" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-07-02T22:37:50Z", "dateModified": "2013-07-02T22:37:50Z" } }, { "key": "SIN48PIV", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 68769, "name": "Heritage Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/heritage_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/68769/items/SIN48PIV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/heritage_science/items/SIN48PIV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 847428, "username": "edoehne", "name": "Eric Doehne", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edoehne", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Haskel and Paul", "parsedDate": "2007", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "SIN48PIV", "version": 2, "itemType": "report", "title": "Science and Heritage : an Update Report with Evidence", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lord", "lastName": "Haskel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lord", "lastName": "Paul" } ], "abstractNote": "", "reportNumber": "October", "reportType": "", "institution": "", "place": "", "date": "2007", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-07-02T22:37:50Z", "dateModified": "2013-07-02T22:37:50Z" } }, { "key": "NUIA866S", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 68769, "name": "Heritage Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/heritage_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/68769/items/NUIA866S", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/heritage_science/items/NUIA866S", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 847428, "username": "edoehne", "name": "Eric Doehne", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edoehne", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Cruz", "parsedDate": "2011", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "NUIA866S", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "On Some Problems of the Relationship between Science and Conservation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A. J.", "lastName": "Cruz" } ], "abstractNote": "It is now common ground that Science (exact and natural sciences) is an important and indispensable support for Conservation. For example, any higher education degree of Conservation contains in its curriculum several courses on Chemistry, Physics, Materials and Biology, which help to understand the materiality of the works to be conserved, and Methods of Examination and Analysis that are fundamental for identification and characterisation of the materials that constitute the works of art. The importance that Science has for Conservation is also observed in many publications authored or co-authored by conservator-restorers where the knowledge of the exact and natural sciences is increasingly used and relied upon, as seen on several manuals [1-4]. However, as testified by any manual on methods of examination and analysis relevant for Conservation or dedicated to conservator-restorers, this relation between Science and Conservation has been developed within the wider context of the application of analytical methods to the resolution of problems in Archaeology, History and Art History and many of these studies have only indirect interest for Conservation (Table I). On this wider context, there are other research areas beyond Conservation Science such as Archaeological Chemistry, Archaeometry and Technical Art History, to cite some disciplines that have become important in the last years or decades. Obviously, all information about the object may be useful and important for its intervention since it is “impossible to treat what is not known” [5] but it should be borne in mind that there is not always a direct relationship between Science and Conservation.", "publicationTitle": "e-conservation magazine", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2011", "volume": "8-13", "issue": "22", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "8–13", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-07-02T22:37:50Z", "dateModified": "2013-07-02T22:37:50Z" } }, { "key": "Q67JIZTB", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 68769, "name": "Heritage Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/heritage_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/68769/items/Q67JIZTB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/heritage_science/items/Q67JIZTB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 847428, "username": "edoehne", "name": "Eric Doehne", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edoehne", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bell and McPhail", "parsedDate": "2007-04", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "Q67JIZTB", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Managing change : preserving history", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nancy", "lastName": "Bell" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "McPhail" } ], "abstractNote": "The paintings, books, documents, and other riches found in our museums, libraries, and archives appear for the most part to be relatively inert and statically fixed in time and place. In reality, this is an illusion: slowly over time the many materials used to make these artifacts inevitably change and degrade, leading in some cases to considerable loss of information and value. The changes in materials in such collections can take tens, hundreds, or even thousands of years and in some cases can be imperceptible to the naked eye. These changes also affect modern digital storage materials such as CDs and DVDs and in some modern materials, such as plastics or synthetics, the changes can be very rapid and the associated irreparable loss of information and value rapidly becomes significant. Unfortunately, for example, many important 20th century works of art made from polymer-based materials have already shown significant signs of decay. It is essential in all cases that we understand the degradation processes at play and take steps to minimize them. Here we will explore how science and technology are helping us manage the changes in the materials that make up our cultural heritage.", "publicationTitle": "Materials Today", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "April 2007", "volume": "10", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "50–56", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/S1369-7021(07)70050-0", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369702107700500 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1369702107700500", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "13697021", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Archives" }, { "tag": "National" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-07-02T22:37:50Z", "dateModified": "2013-07-02T22:37:50Z" } }, { "key": "MTXHSFVA", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 68769, "name": "Heritage Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/heritage_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/68769/items/MTXHSFVA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/heritage_science/items/MTXHSFVA", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/68769/items/C6ZVVNV7", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 847428, "username": "edoehne", "name": "Eric Doehne", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edoehne", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "MTXHSFVA", "version": 2, "parentItem": "C6ZVVNV7", "itemType": "note", "note": "From Duplicate 1 ( Weathering of dolomitic sandstone under ambient conditions - Sweevers, H; Delalieux, F; Van Grieken, R. ) From Duplicate 1 ( Weathering of dolomitic sandstone under ambient conditions - Sweevers, H; Delalieux, F; Van Grieken, R. ) From Duplicate 1 ( Weathering of dolomitic sandstone under ambient conditions - Sweevers, H; Delalieux, F; Van Grieken, R. ) From Duplicate 2 ( Weathering of dolomitic sandstone under ambient conditions - Sweevers, H; Delalieux, F; Van Grieken, R. ) From Duplicate 1 ( Weathering of dolomitic sandstone under ambient conditions - Sweevers, H; Delalieux, F; Van Grieken, R. ) From Duplicate 1 ( Weathering of dolomitic sandstone under ambient conditions - Sweevers, H; Delalieux, F; Van Grieken, R ) (0) United Kingdom English Journal Article From Duplicate 2 ( Weathering of dolomitic sandstone under ambient conditions - Sweevers, H; Delalieux, F; Van Grieken, R. ) From Duplicate 1 ( Weathering of dolomitic sandstone under ambient conditions - Sweevers, H; Delalieux, F; Van Grieken, R. ) From Duplicate 2 ( Weathering of dolomitic sandstone under ambient conditions - Sweevers, H; Delalieux, F; Van Grieken, R. ) From Duplicate 3 ( Weathering of dolomitic sandstone under ambient conditions - Sweevers, H; Delalieux, F; Van Grieken, R ) (0) United Kingdom English Journal Article From Duplicate 2 ( Weathering of dolomitic sandstone under ambient conditions - Sweevers, H; Delalieux, F; Van Grieken, R ) (0) United Kingdom English Journal Article From Duplicate 2 ( Weathering of dolomitic sandstone under ambient conditions - Sweevers, H; Delalieux, F; Van Grieken, R. ) And Duplicate 3 ( Weathering of dolomitic sandstone under ambient conditions - Sweevers, H; Delalieux, F; Van Grieken, R. ) From Duplicate 2 ( Weathering of dolomitic sandstone under ambient conditions - Sweevers, H; Delalieux, F; Van Grieken, R ) And Duplicate 3 ( Weathering of dolomitic sandstone under ambient conditions - Sweevers, H; Delalieux, F; Van Grieken, R ) And Duplicate 4 ( Weathering of dolomitic sandstone under ambient conditions - Sweevers, H; Delalieux, F; Van Grieken, R ) And Duplicate 5 ( Weathering of dolomitic sandstone under ambient conditions - Sweevers, H; Delalieux, F; Van Grieken, R )
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", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-07-02T22:37:50Z", "dateModified": "2013-07-02T22:37:50Z" } }, { "key": "F5KSSIP6", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 68769, "name": "Heritage Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/heritage_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/68769/items/F5KSSIP6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/heritage_science/items/F5KSSIP6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 847428, "username": "edoehne", "name": "Eric Doehne", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edoehne", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Williams", "parsedDate": "2009", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "F5KSSIP6", "version": 2, "itemType": "report", "title": "The use of science to enhance our understanding of the past", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J I M", "lastName": "Williams" } ], "abstractNote": "", "reportNumber": "July", "reportType": "", "institution": "", "place": "", "date": "2009", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-07-02T22:37:50Z", "dateModified": "2013-07-02T22:37:50Z" } }, { "key": "JSUQESXQ", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 68769, "name": "Heritage Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/heritage_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/68769/items/JSUQESXQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/heritage_science/items/JSUQESXQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 847428, "username": "edoehne", "name": "Eric Doehne", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edoehne", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Williams", "parsedDate": "2009", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JSUQESXQ", "version": 2, "itemType": "report", "title": "The role of science in the management of the UK’s heritage", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J I M", "lastName": "Williams" } ], "abstractNote": "", "reportNumber": "April", "reportType": "", "institution": "", "place": "", "date": "2009", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "1–40", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-07-02T22:37:50Z", "dateModified": "2013-07-02T22:37:50Z" } }, { "key": "PN2CH6HZ", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 68769, "name": "Heritage Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/heritage_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/68769/items/PN2CH6HZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/heritage_science/items/PN2CH6HZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 847428, "username": "edoehne", "name": "Eric Doehne", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edoehne", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Smith and Clark", "parsedDate": "2004-08", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "PN2CH6HZ", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Raman microscopy in archaeological science", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gregory D", "lastName": "Smith" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robin J.H H", "lastName": "Clark" } ], "abstractNote": "Improvements in the instrumentation for dispersive and interferometric Fourier transform (FT) Raman microscopy have overcome many of the earlier limitations of these techniques, thus opening the way for their widespread and routine utilisation in archaeometry laboratories. The use of Raman spectroscopy for identifying and studying archaeological materials has flourished in recent years, but the resulting articles have seldom been published in the archaeology literature, thus limiting their impact on the field. Therefore, this article covers concisely the theory and instrumentation of Raman microscopy and then comprehensively reviews the many applications of this technique in archaeometric research. The significant advances made in archaeological science through the use of Raman microscopy are highlighted, but many areas requiring further research, such as the generation of more extensive and reliable spectral libraries and the surmounting of obstacles in the analysis of certain classes of historical materials, are also revealed.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Archaeological Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "August 2004", "volume": "31", "issue": "8", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1137–1160", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jas.2004.02.008", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0305440304000238", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0305-4403", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-07-02T22:37:50Z", "dateModified": "2013-07-02T22:37:50Z" } }, { "key": "TE5QPSJ2", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 68769, "name": "Heritage Science", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/heritage_science", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/68769/items/TE5QPSJ2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/heritage_science/items/TE5QPSJ2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 847428, "username": "edoehne", "name": "Eric Doehne", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/edoehne", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Siedel and Snethlage", "parsedDate": "1994", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "TE5QPSJ2", "version": 2, "itemType": "book", "title": "Dolomitische Kalkmoertel als Quelle für steinschädigende Salze an der Tulpenkanzel im Dom zu Freiberg/Sachsen = Dolomitic lime mortars as a source of stone damaging salts on the tulip pulpit of Freiberg Cathedral in Saxony", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Heiner", "lastName": "Siedel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rolf", "lastName": "Snethlage" } ], "abstractNote": "Dolomite lime mortars were found to be a source for the formation of magnesium sulfates which are damaging the stone of the Tulpenkanzel pulpit at Freiberg Cathedral. The magnesium component of such mortars is relatively accessible to solution and chemical reaction. Stone damages on historic buildings caused by magnesium sulfate efflorescences are often found in regions where dolomitic limestones have been used as building materials. AATA No.: 34-1577 B.N. and A.A.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "1994", "publisher": "", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "173–180", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Epsomit" }, { "tag": "Hexahydrit" }, { "tag": "Hydromagnesit" }, { "tag": "MgSO4" }, { "tag": "Moertel /Dolomitkalk" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2013-07-02T22:37:50Z", "dateModified": "2013-07-02T22:37:50Z" } } ]