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            "abstractNote": "This study reports a detailed analysis of artificial modifications observed on a collection of human bone artifacts from Carl Lumholtz's nineteenth-century excavations at El Palacio, Michoacán. The data obtained confirm that they were used as musical rasps called omichicahuaztli in Nahuatl and also provide new interpretations of their acquisition, manufacture, and abandonment processes. Cut marks indicate that the bones were taken from fresh cadavers of at least eight individuals, possibly sacrificial victims. Regarding manufacture and use of these instruments, important variations are observed and suggest that different persons could have manipulated them. Finally, it is possible to demonstrate that most of the instruments were broken intentionally prior to being buried with numerous individuals. Regarding the context in which the omichicahuaztli were used, it is interesting to point out some characteristics of the associated skeletons. Among male skulls, the high incidence of traumatic lesions that may have occurred in warlike context strongly suggests that many of the buried individuals were warriors. This association may indicate that Tarascan omichicahuaztli, similar to those of the Aztec, were used in funerary ceremonies dedicated to dead warriors. /// El presente estudio se basa en un análisis detallado de las modificaciones artificiales observadas en una serie de artefactos confeccionados en hueso humano procedente de las excavaciones de finales del siglo XIX de Carl Lumholtz en el sitio de El Palacio, Michoacán. Los resultados obtenidos confirman que fueron empleados como instrumentos musicales, llamados \"omichicahuaztli\" en nahuatl; y aportan además nuevos datos acerca de sus procesos de adquisición, fabricación y abandono. Las huellas de corte muestran que los huesos fueron obtenidos de ocho individuos recién fallecidos, posiblemente de sacrificios o víctimas rituales. Las importantes variaciones registradas en la manufactura y uso de los instrumentos sugieren que fueron confeccionados por diferentes personas. Finalmente, es posible demostrar que la mayoría de los instrumentos fueron quebrados intencionalmente antes de ser enterrados conjuntamente con numerosos individuos. En cuanto al contexto en cual los omichicahuaztli fueron utilizados, es interesante señalar algunas características de los esqueletos con ellos asociados. Entre los cráneos masculinos, la alta incidencia de lesiones traumáticas, semejantes a las que ocurren en contextos bélicos, sugiere que muchos de los esqueletos pudieron ser de guerreros. Eso indicaría que, al igual que sus rivales aztecas, los tarascos empleaban el omichicahuaztli en ceremonias funerarias dedicadas a los guerreros fallecidos.",
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            "title": "Embodying borders: human body modification and diversity in Tiwanaku society",
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            "abstractNote": "Building upon recent studies of settlement patterns and material cultural, this paper focuses on human body modification preserved in human bone as a complementary means of studying diversity in ancient societies. A review of ethnohistorical sources in conjunction with a human osteological study of cranial shape modification offers original data regarding diversity in Tiwanaku society, which was situated in the southern Andes from ca. AD 500–1100. The study sample includes 412 individuals from the site of Tiwanaku, surrounding sites in the Tiwanaku and Katari valleys, and Tiwanaku-affiliated sites in the Moquegua valley of southern Peru. A distinct regional pattern is clear in the ways in which head form was modified. In the Moquegua valley, solely fronto-occipital modification was employed, while in the Katari valley a distinctly different, annular modification was practiced. In contrast, individuals interred in the capital city of Tiwanaku displayed both head form styles. These results suggest that diverse groups of people from neighboring areas were drawn to the Tiwanaku capital in the highlands, and cranial shape modification was involved in symbolic boundary maintenance at the juncture of two distinct environmental niches, the precise location of the capital site of Tiwanaku.",
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            "note": "\"Social bioarchaeology introduces the exciting and growingbiosocial approach in archaeology that challenges the traditional methods of analyzing and interpreting human skeletal remains. Agarwal, Glencross, and the experts assembled in this volume outline the essential components of this research, focusing on the dynamic interactions between humans and their larger social, cultural, and physical environments, and how these analyses increase ourunderstanding of human adaptation. The authors draw upon studies from the Americas, Europe, and the Middle East examining the central themes, theoretical issues, and methodological innovations in the field. Each chapter offers significant new research that integrates elements from biological, behavioural, ecological and social research. This new volume will be a valuable resource for archaeologists, biological anthropologists, paleopathologists, and all researchers with an interest inunderstanding our social and biological adaptations in a constantly changing global environment\"--Provided by publisher",
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