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                    "tag": "hacking"
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        "key": "Q9SC9JG4",
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            "title": "The (im) possibility of ethics in the information age",
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                    "firstName": "L. D",
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            "abstractNote": "This paper is concerned with the possibility that the ethical claim of the other, that sense of being bound to the other, may becoming more and more difficult to experience as information technology increasingly mediates our social being. The paper will support the supposition of Don Caputo that obligation does not emanate from codes, imperatives or moral arguments. Rather it will argue that obligation takes hold of us from within disaster. Obligation, our being bound-to, finds us when we come face to a face in disaster. The paper will argue that electronic mediation is inducing a sense of hyperreality into our world (Baudrillard). It will argue that this hyperreality is making our ethical sensibility nebulous to the point that we are not coming face to face with our obligations. An analysis of the Baring bank disaster will be used to demonstrate the point. The paper will show that Nick Leeson was in a hyperreal world in which he was not able to come face to face with the victims of the disaster. The electronic hyperreal world of financial markets, where traders deal in abstract numbers, movements on the screen, made it possible for him to look over and past the faces and proper names of the victims; their claim became diffused in the numbers on the screen, not real cash only numbers, not real people with faces and proper names, just numbers. If this supposition seems tenable what are we to do? The paper argues that we do not need more codes, imperatives or moral arguments, as such. Rather we need to keep our lives at the resolution, of faces and proper names—if obligation happens this is where it is likely to be.",
            "publicationTitle": "Information and Organization",
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            "date": "2002",
            "volume": "12",
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            "title": "Corporate dynamic transparency: the new ICT-driven ethics?",
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            "abstractNote": "Abstract  The term “corporate transparency” is frequently used in scholarly discussions of business ethics and corporate social responsibility\n(CSR); however, it remains a volatile and imprecise term, often defined incompletely as “information disclosure” accomplished\nthrough standardized reporting. Based on the results of empirical studies of organizational behaviors, this paper identifies\na new set of managerial practices based on the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) and particularly Internet-based\ntools. These practices are resulting in what can be termed “dynamic transparency.” ICT allows for an informational environment\ncharacterized by two-way exchange between corporations and their stakeholders, which fosters a more collaborative marketplace.\nIt is proposed that such dynamic information sharing, conducted by means of ICT, drives organizations to display greater openness\nand accountability, and more transparent operations, which benefit both the corporations and their constituents. One of the\nmost important outcomes that will accrue to consumers and other individuals is the “right to know,” especially about corporate\nstrategies and activities that might directly affect their quality of life. This paper demonstrates that dynamic transparency\nis more desirable and more effective than the more common “static transparency” where firms’ information disclosure is one-way,\nusually in response to government regulation. We present three ethical arguments to justify the implementation by business\nfirms of dynamic transparency and demonstrate that their doing so is related to CSR and to augment and complement stakeholder\nengagement and dialogue. The paper concludes with a summary of the possible limits to and the problems involved in the implementation\nof dynamic transparency for corporations, and suggests some strategies to counter them.",
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            "date": "June 01, 2009",
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            "abstractNote": "Abstract  How should the policies of search engines and other information intermediaries be ethically evaluated? It is argued that Kant’s\nprinciples for the public use of reason are useful starting points for the formulation of criteria for such an evaluation.\nThe suggestion is, furthermore, that a search engine can be seen to provide a testimony to the user concerning what information that is most relevant to her query. This suggestion is used as the basis for the\ndevelopment of a broadly Kantian account of a rational searcher. It is argued that the search engine companies are morally\nrequired to publish their information policies and act in accordance with them but given the threat of search engine spam\nthey can have no obligation to publish the details of their algorithms.",
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            "title": "Ethics for things",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Alison",
                    "lastName": "Adam"
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            "abstractNote": "Abstract  This paper considers the ways that Information Ethics (IE) treats things. A number of critics have focused on IE’s move away\nfrom anthropocentrism to include non-humans on an equal basis in moral thinking. I enlist Actor Network Theory, Dennett’s\nviews on ‹as if’ intentionality and Magnani’s characterization of ‹moral mediators’. Although they demonstrate different philosophical\npedigrees, I argue that these three theories can be pressed into service in defence of IE’s treatment of things. Indeed the\nsupport they lend to the extension of moral status to non-human objects can be seen as part of a trend towards the accommodation\nof non-humans into our moral and social networks. A number of parallels are drawn between philosophical arguments over artificial\nintelligence and information ethics.",
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            "date": "2008",
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            "pages": "149-154",
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                    "tag": "actants"
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                    "tag": "actor-network theory"
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                    "tag": "artificial intelligence"
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        "key": "PT6AERK6",
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            "abstractNote": "This paper contributes to a rethinking of the ethical sensibilities of geographical research in the context of an emerging interest amongst geographers in non-representational registers of thinking and moving. Rather than undermining geographical engagements with questions of the ethical, the paper argues that this emerging interest in questions of the non-representational actually extends the range and repertoire of empirical contexts and conceptual vehicles within and with which such an engagement can take place. The paper argues that attending to and through the relation between affect and ethics is particularly important to this effort. The importance of affect in this regard is illustrated through a series of examples drawn from an 18-month participatory encounter with a specific therapeutic practice, Dance Movement Therapy. Drawing upon such examples, the paper offers some lines of ethical potential that might provide orientation to further geographical research. In doing this, the paper concentrates in particular on the necessity of cultivating a fidelity to the affective event of geographical ethics as much as remaining faithful to the subject or object of an ethical code.",
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            "title": "Disclosive Ethics and Information Technology: Disclosing Facial Recognition Systems",
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            "abstractNote": "This paper is an attempt to present disclosive ethics as a framework for computer and information ethics – in line with the suggestions by Brey, but also in quite a different manner. The potential of such an approach is demonstrated through a disclosive analysis of facial recognition systems. The paper argues that the politics of information technology is a particularly powerful politics since information technology is an opaque technology – i.e. relatively closed to scrutiny. It presents the design of technology as a process of closure in which design and use decisions become black-boxed and progressively enclosed in increasingly complex socio-technical networks. It further argues for a disclosive ethics that aims to disclose the nondisclosure of politics by claiming a place for ethics in every actual operation of power – as manifested in actual design and use decisions and practices. It also proposes that disclosive ethics would aim to trace and disclose the intentional and emerging enclosure of politics from the very minute technical detail through to social practices and complex social-technical networks. The paper then proceeds to do a disclosive analysis of facial recognition systems. This analysis discloses that seemingly trivial biases in recognition rates of FRSs can emerge as very significant political acts when these systems become used in practice.",
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            "title": "War Crimes from Cyber-weapons",
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                    "firstName": "N. C.",
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            "abstractNote": "As information warfare capabilities have grown in recent years, the possibilities of war crimes with cyber-attacks have increased. The main ethical problems of cyber-weapons in regard to ruses, secrecy, and collateral damage are examined, and analogies drawn to biological weapons. It argues that most cyber-attacks are instances of perfidy, and spread so easily that they can approach biological weapons in their uncontrollability. Then mitigation techniques for cyber-weapons in the form of more precise targeting, reversibility, and self- attribution are considered. The paper concludes with a survey of some methods for prosecution and punishment of cyber-war crimes including forensics, interventions, cyber- blockades, and reparations, and proposes a new kind of pacifism called 'cyber-pacifism'.",
            "publicationTitle": "Journal of Information Warfare",
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            "date": "2007",
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            "pages": "15–25",
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            "creatorSummary": "Turilli and Floridi",
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            "title": "The ethics of information transparency",
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                    "creatorType": "author",
                    "firstName": "Luciano",
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            "abstractNote": "Abstract  The paper investigates the ethics of information transparency (henceforth transparency). It argues that transparency is not\nan ethical principle in itself but a pro-ethical condition for enabling or impairing other ethical practices or principles.\nA new definition of transparency is offered in order to take into account the dynamics of information production and the differences\nbetween data and information. It is then argued that the proposed definition provides a better understanding of what sort\nof information should be disclosed and what sort of information should be used in order to implement and make effective the\nethical practices and principles to which an organisation is committed. The concepts of “heterogeneous organisation” and “autonomous\ncomputational artefact” are further defined in order to clarify the ethical implications of the technology used in implementing\ninformation transparency. It is argued that explicit ethical designs, which describe how ethical principles are embedded into\nthe practice of software design, would represent valuable information that could be disclosed by organisations in order to\nsupport their ethical standing.",
            "publicationTitle": "Ethics and Information Technology",
            "publisher": "",
            "place": "",
            "date": "June 01, 2009",
            "volume": "11",
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            "partTitle": "",
            "pages": "105-112",
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            "DOI": "10.1007/s10676-009-9187-9",
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