[ { "key": "XBU4XQ9G", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 65008, "name": "Gender and Medicines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/65008/items/XBU4XQ9G", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines/items/XBU4XQ9G", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 876271, "username": "joaocarapinha", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/joaocarapinha", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Holtz et al.", "parsedDate": "2003-10", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "XBU4XQ9G", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Care seeking behaviour and treatment of febrile illness in children aged less than five years: a household survey in Blantyre District, Malawi", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Timothy H", "lastName": "Holtz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S Patrick", "lastName": "Kachur" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lawrence H", "lastName": "Marum" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christopher", "lastName": "Mkandala" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nyson", "lastName": "Chizani" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jacquelin M", "lastName": "Roberts" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Allan", "lastName": "Macheso" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Monica E", "lastName": "Parise" } ], "abstractNote": "Malaria is a leading cause of death in children aged < 5 years in Malawi. As part of the Roll Back Malaria initiative, African heads of state have pledged that by 2005, 60% of children will receive an effective antimalarial drug within 24 h of developing fever. In 1993, Malawi switched from chloroquine to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) in its recommendations of home treatment of febrile illness in children. To study care seeking behaviour and home treatment in Blantyre District, and provide valuable follow-up to the chloroquine to SP transition, we performed a 2-stage cluster-sample survey in February 2000. Our sample of 1080 households included 672 households with children aged < 5 years; 292 (32.2%, 95% CI 28.7-35.8%) of the 912 children in these households had completed a febrile episode within the past 14 d. Among recently febrile children, 210 (72.0%, 95% CI 67.0-77.1%) received medication at home during their illness, but only 36 (12.2%, 95% CI 8.4-16.0%) received an appropriate antimalarial drug. Overall, 111 (37.4%, 95% CI 30.9-43.9%) received prompt, appropriate treatment. Only rural location was statistically associated with failure to receive prompt appropriate treatment (risk ratio estimate 1.2, 95% CI 1.01-1.5). A greater effort to improve the quality of malaria home treatment or to expand health facility utilization will be necessary to achieve Roll Back Malaria goals before 2005 in Blantyre District. Current care seeking practices suggest interventions should stress promptness of health facility visits, improved access to appropriate drugs, and accurate dosing for home-based treatments.", "publicationTitle": "Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2003 Sep-Oct", "volume": "97", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "491-497", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15307408", "accessDate": "2010-11-03T01:39:23Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0035-9203", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Care seeking behaviour and treatment of febrile illness in children aged less than five years", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "0016", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 15307408", "tags": [ { "tag": "Ambulatory Care", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Analgesics, Non-Narcotic", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Antimalarials", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "CLUSTER analysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Child, Preschool", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Fever", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Health Services Accessibility", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Home Nursing", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Infant", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Infant, Newborn", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Malaria", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Malawi", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Patient Acceptance of Health Care", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Referral and Consultation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rural Health", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Time Factors", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-13T23:52:30Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-13T23:52:30Z" } }, { "key": "EU4C4RDF", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 65008, "name": "Gender and Medicines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/65008/items/EU4C4RDF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines/items/EU4C4RDF", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 876271, "username": "joaocarapinha", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/joaocarapinha", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zwarenstein et al.", "parsedDate": "1998-10-24", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "EU4C4RDF", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Randomised controlled trial of self-supervised and directly observed treatment of tuberculosis", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M", "lastName": "Zwarenstein" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J H", "lastName": "Schoeman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C", "lastName": "Vundule" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C J", "lastName": "Lombard" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M", "lastName": "Tatley" } ], "abstractNote": "BACKGROUND Tuberculosis is a major public-health problem in South Africa, made worse by poor adherence to and frequent interruption of treatment. Direct observation (DO) of tuberculosis patients taking their drugs is supposed to improve treatment completion and outcome. We compared DO with self-supervision, in which patients on the same drug regimen are not observed taking their pills, to assess the effect of each on the success of tuberculosis treatment. METHODS We undertook an unblinded randomised controlled trial in two communities with large tuberculosis caseloads. The trial included 216 adults who started pulmonary tuberculosis treatment for the first time, or who had a second course of treatment (retreatment patients). No changes to existing treatment delivery were made other than randomisation. Analysis was by intention to treat. Individual patient data from the two communities were combined. FINDINGS Treatment for tuberculosis was more successful among self-supervised patients (60% of patients) than among those on DO (54% of patients, difference between groups 6% [90% CI -5.1 to 17.0]). Retreatment patients had significantly more successful treatment outcomes if self-supervised (74% of patients) than on DO (42% of patients, difference between groups 32% [11%-52%]). INTERPRETATION At high rates of treatment interruption, self-supervision achieved equivalent outcomes to clinic DO at lower cost. Self-supervision achieved better outcomes for retreatment patients. Supportive patient-carer relations, rather than the authoritarian surveillance implicit in DO, may improve treatment outcomes and help to control tuberculosis.", "publicationTitle": "Lancet", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Oct 24, 1998", "volume": "352", "issue": "9137", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1340-1343", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Lancet", "DOI": "10.1016/S0140-6736(98)04022-7", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9802271", "accessDate": "2011-05-19T16:13:26Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0140-6736", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 9802271", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Antitubercular Agents", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Observation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Patient Compliance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Self Administration", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "South Africa", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Treatment Outcome", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Tuberculosis, Pulmonary", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-13T23:49:06Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-13T23:49:06Z" } }, { "key": "P4T89ATB", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 65008, "name": "Gender and Medicines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/65008/items/P4T89ATB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines/items/P4T89ATB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 876271, "username": "joaocarapinha", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/joaocarapinha", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Yu et al.", "parsedDate": "2007-07", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "P4T89ATB", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "True outcomes for patients on antiretroviral therapy who are \"lost to follow-up\" in Malawi", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joseph Kwong-Leung", "lastName": "Yu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Solomon Chih-Cheng", "lastName": "Chen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kuo-Yang", "lastName": "Wang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Chao-Sung", "lastName": "Chang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Simon D", "lastName": "Makombe" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Erik J", "lastName": "Schouten" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Anthony D", "lastName": "Harries" } ], "abstractNote": "PROBLEM In many resource-poor countries that are scaling up antiretroviral therapy (ART), 5-25% of patients are reported as \"lost to follow-up\". This figure is 9% in Malawi. There is no published information about the true outcome status of these patients. APPROACH In four facilities in northern Malawi, ART registers and master cards were used to identify patients who had not attended the facility for 3 months or more and were thus registered as \"lost to follow-up\". Clinic staff attempted to trace these patients and ascertain their true outcome status. LOCAL SETTING Of 253 patients identified as \"lost to follow-up\", 127 (50%) were dead, 58% of these having died within 3 months of their last clinic visit. Of the 58 patients (23%) found to be alive, 21 were still receiving ART and 37 had stopped treatment (high transport costs being the main reason for 13 patients). Sixty-eight patients (27%) could not be traced, most commonly because of an incorrect address in the register. Fewer patients were alive and more patients could not be traced from the central hospital compared with the peripheral hospitals. RELEVANT CHANGES:Better documentation of patients addresses and prompt follow-up of patients who are late for their appointments are required. LESSONS LEARNED ART clinics in resource-poor countries should ensure that patients addresses are correct and comprehensive. Clinics should also undertake contact tracing as soon as possible in the event of non-attendance, consider facilitating access to ART clinics and take loss to follow-up into consideration when assessing death rates.", "publicationTitle": "Bulletin of the World Health Organization", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jul 2007", "volume": "85", "issue": "7", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "550-554", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Bull. World Health Organ", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17768504", "accessDate": "2011-05-31T20:32:45Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0042-9686", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "0083", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 17768504", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adolescent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Anti-HIV Agents", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "HIV Infections", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Health Services Accessibility", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Malawi", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Patient Dropouts", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Poverty Areas", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Treatment Outcome", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-13T23:48:52Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-13T23:48:52Z" } }, { "key": "P24V5EW9", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 65008, "name": "Gender and Medicines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/65008/items/P24V5EW9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines/items/P24V5EW9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 876271, "username": "joaocarapinha", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/joaocarapinha", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Yamasaki-Nakagawa et al.", "parsedDate": "2001-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "P24V5EW9", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Gender difference in delays to diagnosis and health care seeking behaviour in a rural area of Nepal", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M", "lastName": "Yamasaki-Nakagawa" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K", "lastName": "Ozasa" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "N", "lastName": "Yamada" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K", "lastName": "Osuga" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A", "lastName": "Shimouchi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "N", "lastName": "Ishikawa" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D S", "lastName": "Bam" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T", "lastName": "Mori" } ], "abstractNote": "SETTING Directly observed treatment for tuberculosis using a short-course regimen (DOTS) was introduced in a rural area of Nepal. All new patients assigned to DOTS from mid-December 1997 to mid-June 1999 were eligible for the study. OBJECTIVE To examine delays in tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis and compare health care seeking behaviour between men and women. DESIGN A cross-sectional analysis of patient interviews. RESULTS Women were found to have a significantly longer total delay before diagnosis of tuberculosis (median 2.3 months for men, 3.3 months for women). When they visited traditional healers first, women had a significantly longer delay than men from the first visit to health care providers to diagnosis (median 1.5 months for men, 3.0 months for women). More women (35%) visited traditional healers before diagnosis than men (18%), and were more likely to receive more complicated charms from traditional healers. Men tended to visit the government medical establishment first if they knew that free TB treatment was available, but women did not. CONCLUSION Women were more likely to visit and to believe in traditional healers; this might lead to the longer delays experienced before TB diagnosis.", "publicationTitle": "The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease: The Official Journal of the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jan 2001", "volume": "5", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "24-31", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11263512", "accessDate": "2011-03-30T14:42:43Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1027-3719", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 11263512", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adolescent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Aged", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Antitubercular Agents", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Chi-Square Distribution", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cross-Sectional Studies", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Drug Administration Schedule", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Health Services Accessibility", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Interviews as Topic", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Logistic Models", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Medicine, Traditional", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Middle Aged", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nepal", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Patient Acceptance of Health Care", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rural Population", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sex Factors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Statistics, Nonparametric", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Tuberculosis, Pulmonary", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-13T23:48:33Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-13T23:48:33Z" } }, { "key": "WTMDX77H", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 65008, "name": "Gender and Medicines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/65008/items/WTMDX77H", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines/items/WTMDX77H", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 876271, "username": "joaocarapinha", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/joaocarapinha", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Xu et al.", "parsedDate": "2009", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "WTMDX77H", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Adherence to anti-tuberculosis treatment among pulmonary tuberculosis patients: a qualitative and quantitative study", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Weiguo", "lastName": "Xu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Wei", "lastName": "Lu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yang", "lastName": "Zhou" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Limei", "lastName": "Zhu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hongbing", "lastName": "Shen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jianming", "lastName": "Wang" } ], "abstractNote": "BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) patients have difficulty following a long-term treatment regimen. Efforts to improve treatment outcomes require better understanding of adherence as a complex behavioral issue and of the particular barriers to and facilitators of patient adherence. METHODS: This study was carried out in Jiangsu Province of China with both quantitative and qualitative approaches. For the quantitative study, 780 sputum-smear positive TB patients consecutively registered since 2006 in 13 counties (districts) were queried with a structured questionnaire. Patients who had missed 10% of their total prescribed doses of TB drugs were deemed as non-adherent. Risks for non-adherence were estimated by computing odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) using a logistic regression model. We also invited 20 TB patients and 10 local health workers for in-depth interviews. We then used content analysis based on this qualitative study to explore factors associated with non-adherence. RESULTS: The proportion of non-adherence among 670 patients was 12.2%. Univariate analysis showed that patients, who were illiterate, divorced/widowed, lacked health insurance and were migrants, were more likely to be non-adherent. The crude ORs(95%CIs) were 2.38(1.37-4.13), 2.42(1.30-4.52), 1.89(1.07-3.32) and 1.98(1.03-3.83), respectively. The risk of non-adherence was lower among patients whose treatment was given under direct observation by village doctors or regular home visits by health workers, with ORs (95% CIs) of 0.19(0.10-0.36) and 0.23(0.10-0.51), respectively. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with non-adherence included illiteracy (OR: 2.42; 95% CI: 1.25-4.67) and direct observation by village doctors (OR: 0.23; 95% CI: 0.11-0.45). The in-depth interviews indicated that financial burdens and extra medical expenditures, adverse drug reactions, and social stigma were additional potential factors accounted for non-adherence. CONCLUSION: More importance should be given to treatment adherence under the current TB control program. Heavy financial burdens, lack of social support, adverse drug reactions and personal factors are associated with non-adherence. Direct observation and regular home visits by health workers appear to reduce the risk of non-adherence. More patient-centered interventions and greater attention to structural barriers are needed to improve treatment adherence.", "publicationTitle": "BMC Health Services Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2009", "volume": "9", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "169", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "BMC Health Serv Res", "DOI": "10.1186/1472-6963-9-169", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19765290", "accessDate": "2010-11-28T02:47:40Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1472-6963", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Adherence to anti-tuberculosis treatment among pulmonary tuberculosis patients", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 19765290", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-13T23:48:21Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-13T23:48:21Z" } }, { "key": "DVSRU22F", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 65008, "name": "Gender and Medicines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/65008/items/DVSRU22F", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines/items/DVSRU22F", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 876271, "username": "joaocarapinha", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/joaocarapinha", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wools-Kaloustian et al.", "parsedDate": "2006-01-02", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "DVSRU22F", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Viability and effectiveness of large-scale HIV treatment initiatives in sub-Saharan Africa: experience from western Kenya", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kara", "lastName": "Wools-Kaloustian" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Silvester", "lastName": "Kimaiyo" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lameck", "lastName": "Diero" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Abraham", "lastName": "Siika" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John", "lastName": "Sidle" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Constantin T", "lastName": "Yiannoutsos" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Beverly", "lastName": "Musick" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert", "lastName": "Einterz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kenneth H", "lastName": "Fife" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "William M", "lastName": "Tierney" } ], "abstractNote": "OBJECTIVES To determine the clinical and immunological outcomes of a cohort of HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. DESIGN Retrospective study of prospectively collected data from consecutively enrolled adult HIV-infected patients in eight HIV clinics in western Kenya. METHODS CD4 cell counts, weight, mortality, loss to follow-up and adherence to antiretroviral therapy were collected for the 2059 HIV-positive non-pregnant adult patients treated with antiretroviral drugs between November 2001 and February 2005. RESULTS Median duration of follow-up after initiation of antiretroviral therapy was 40 weeks (95% confidence interval, 38-43); 111 patients (5.4%) were documented as deceased and 505 (24.5%) were lost to follow-up. Among 1766 (86%) evaluated for adherence to their antiretroviral regimen, 78% reported perfect adherence at every visit. Although patients with and without perfect adherence gained weight, patients with less than perfect adherence gained 1.04 kg less weight than those reporting perfect adherence (P = 0.059). CD4 cell counts increased by a mean of 109 cells/microl during the first 6 weeks of therapy and increased more slowly thereafter, resulting in overall CD4 cell count increases of 160, 225 and 297 cells/microl at 12, 24, and 36 months respectively. At 1 year, a mean increase of 170 cells/microl was seen among patients reporting perfect adherence compared with 123 cells/microl among those reporting some missed doses (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Antiretroviral treatment of adult Kenyans in this cohort resulted in significant and persistent clinical and immunological benefit. These findings document the viability and effectiveness of large-scale HIV treatment initiatives in resource-limited settings.", "publicationTitle": "AIDS (London, England)", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jan 2, 2006", "volume": "20", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "41-48", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "AIDS", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16327318", "accessDate": "2011-05-31T19:32:18Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0269-9370", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Viability and effectiveness of large-scale HIV treatment initiatives in sub-Saharan Africa", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "0000", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 16327318", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Anti-Retroviral Agents", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Body Weight", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "CD4 Lymphocyte Count", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "HIV Infections", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Kenya", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Middle Aged", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Patient Compliance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Retrospective Studies", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sex Factors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Socioeconomic Factors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Treatment Outcome", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-13T23:48:03Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-13T23:48:03Z" } }, { "key": "JAZTUWAB", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 65008, "name": "Gender and Medicines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/65008/items/JAZTUWAB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines/items/JAZTUWAB", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/65008/items/QCE6XVXQ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 876271, "username": "joaocarapinha", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/joaocarapinha", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JAZTUWAB", "version": 1, "parentItem": "QCE6XVXQ", "itemType": "note", "note": "English\nJournal Article\nResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov't DEP - 20080605", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-13T23:47:30Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-13T23:47:30Z" } }, { "key": "QCE6XVXQ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 65008, "name": "Gender and Medicines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/65008/items/QCE6XVXQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines/items/QCE6XVXQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 876271, "username": "joaocarapinha", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/joaocarapinha", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Wiseman et al.", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "QCE6XVXQ", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Determinants of provider choice for malaria treatment: experiences from The Gambia", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "V.", "lastName": "Wiseman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Scott" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L.", "lastName": "Conteh" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B.", "lastName": "McElroy" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "W.", "lastName": "Stevens" } ], "abstractNote": "Malaria is responsible for an estimated one million deaths per year, the vast majority in sub-Saharan Africa. Many of these deaths are attributed to delays in seeking treatment and poor adherence to drug regimes. While there are a growing number of studies describing the factors influencing treatment seeking for malaria, far less is known about the relative weight given to these factors in different settings. This study estimates two models of demand for malaria treatment in the Farafenni region of The Gambia. The first examines the determinants of seeking malaria treatment outside the home versus no treatment or self-care while the second identifies the determinants of provider choice conditional on having decided to seek malaria treatment outside the home. Providers included hospital; health centre; and 'other' which included pharmacies, kiosks; petty traders; neighbours; and traditional healers. Results show that older people were more likely to opt for self-care, or no treatment. The longer the time spent ill or the more severe the fever, the more likely a treatment was sought outside the home. Time of the year and availability of community infrastructure played a key role in both models. Poorer households and those from the Fula ethnic group were much more likely to visit an 'other' provider than a hospital. The policy and methodological implications of these findings are discussed.", "publicationTitle": "Social Science and Medicine", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2008", "volume": "67", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "487-496", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Soc Sci Med", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0003", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Africa" }, { "tag": "Fever" }, { "tag": "Health" }, { "tag": "London" }, { "tag": "Malaria" }, { "tag": "Pharmacies" }, { "tag": "Pharmacy" }, { "tag": "Research" }, { "tag": "article" }, { "tag": "community" }, { "tag": "death" }, { "tag": "drug" }, { "tag": "economic" }, { "tag": "economics" }, { "tag": "england" }, { "tag": "ethnic group" }, { "tag": "experience" }, { "tag": "financing" }, { "tag": "gambia" }, { "tag": "home" }, { "tag": "hospital" }, { "tag": "household" }, { "tag": "medicine" }, { "tag": "model" }, { "tag": "policy" }, { "tag": "research support" }, { "tag": "role" }, { "tag": "school" }, { "tag": "self care" }, { "tag": "the gambia" }, { "tag": "time" }, { "tag": "traditional" }, { "tag": "tropical medicine" }, { "tag": "united kingdom" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-13T23:47:30Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-13T23:47:30Z" } }, { "key": "P8QFTWJX", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 65008, "name": "Gender and Medicines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/65008/items/P8QFTWJX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines/items/P8QFTWJX", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/65008/items/3THEPKCT", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 876271, "username": "joaocarapinha", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/joaocarapinha", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "P8QFTWJX", "version": 1, "parentItem": "3THEPKCT", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "14600572", "accessDate": "2010-11-28T00:57:12Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14600572", "note": "", "contentType": "", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-13T23:46:55Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-13T23:46:55Z" } }, { "key": "T6ZTBIP8", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 65008, "name": "Gender and Medicines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/65008/items/T6ZTBIP8", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines/items/T6ZTBIP8", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/65008/items/3THEPKCT", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 876271, "username": "joaocarapinha", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/joaocarapinha", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "T6ZTBIP8", "version": 1, "parentItem": "3THEPKCT", "itemType": "note", "note": "DA - 20031105 IS - 1525-4135 (Print) LA - eng PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't PT - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S RN - 0 (Anti-HIV Agents) SB - IM SB - X", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-13T23:46:55Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-13T23:46:55Z" } }, { "key": "3THEPKCT", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 65008, "name": "Gender and Medicines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/65008/items/3THEPKCT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines/items/3THEPKCT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 876271, "username": "joaocarapinha", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/joaocarapinha", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Weiser et al.", "parsedDate": "2003-11-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "3THEPKCT", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Barriers to antiretroviral adherence for patients living with HIV infection and AIDS in Botswana", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Weiser" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "W.", "lastName": "Wolfe" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D.R.", "lastName": "Bangsberg" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "I.", "lastName": "Thior" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Gilbert" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Makhema" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P.", "lastName": "Kebaabetswe" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D.", "lastName": "Dickenson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K.", "lastName": "Mompati" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Essex" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Marlink" } ], "abstractNote": "BACKGROUND: Botswana has the highest rate of HIV infection in the world, estimated at 36% among the population aged 15-49 years. To improve antiretroviral (ARV) treatment delivery, we conducted a cross-sectional study of the social, cultural, and structural determinants of treatment adherence. METHODS: We used both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies, including questionnaires and interviews with patients receiving ARV treatment and their health care providers to elicit principal barriers to adherence. Patient report and provider estimate of adherence (>/=95% doses) were the primary outcomes. RESULTS: One hundred nine patients and 60 health care providers were interviewed between January and July 2000; 54% of patients were adherent by self-report, while 56% were adherent by provider assessment. Observed agreement between patients and providers was 68%. Principal barriers to adherence included financial constraints (44%), stigma (15%), travel/migration (10%), and side effects (9%). On the basis of logistic regression, if cost were removed as a barrier, adherence is predicted to increase from 54% to 74%. CONCLUSIONS: ARV adherence rates in this study were comparable with those seen in developed countries. As elsewhere, health care providers in Botswana were often unable to identify which patients adhere to their ARV regimens. The cost of ARV therapy was the most significant barrier to adherence", "publicationTitle": "JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "November 01, 2003", "volume": "34", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "281-288", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14600572", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome" }, { "tag": "Adult" }, { "tag": "Aged" }, { "tag": "Anti-HIV Agents" }, { "tag": "Botswana" }, { "tag": "Cross-Sectional Studies" }, { "tag": "Developed Countries" }, { "tag": "Drug Therapy,Combination" }, { "tag": "Educational Status" }, { "tag": "Female" }, { "tag": "Health" }, { "tag": "Health Personnel" }, { "tag": "Hiv" }, { "tag": "Hiv-1" }, { "tag": "Humans" }, { "tag": "Infection" }, { "tag": "Interviews as Topic" }, { "tag": "Male" }, { "tag": "Marital Status" }, { "tag": "Middle Aged" }, { "tag": "Occupations" }, { "tag": "Patient Compliance" }, { "tag": "Patients" }, { "tag": "Population" }, { "tag": "Questionnaires" }, { "tag": "Research" }, { "tag": "administration & dosage" }, { "tag": "article" }, { "tag": "cost" }, { "tag": "cultural" }, { "tag": "delivery" }, { "tag": "drug therapy" }, { "tag": "health care" }, { "tag": "hospital" }, { "tag": "interview" }, { "tag": "interviews" }, { "tag": "medicine" }, { "tag": "methodology" }, { "tag": "methods" }, { "tag": "outcomes" }, { "tag": "questionnaire" }, { "tag": "research support" }, { "tag": "san francisco" }, { "tag": "self report" }, { "tag": "therapeutic use" }, { "tag": "therapy" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-13T23:46:55Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-13T23:46:55Z" } }, { "key": "73VTSJ9S", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 65008, "name": "Gender and Medicines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/65008/items/73VTSJ9S", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines/items/73VTSJ9S", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 876271, "username": "joaocarapinha", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/joaocarapinha", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Weidle et al.", "parsedDate": "2002-07-06", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "73VTSJ9S", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Assessment of a pilot antiretroviral drug therapy programme in Uganda: patients' response, survival, and drug resistance", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul J", "lastName": "Weidle" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Samuel", "lastName": "Malamba" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Raymond", "lastName": "Mwebaze" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Catherine", "lastName": "Sozi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gideon", "lastName": "Rukundo" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert", "lastName": "Downing" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Debra", "lastName": "Hanson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dorothy", "lastName": "Ochola" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peter", "lastName": "Mugyenyi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jonathan", "lastName": "Mermin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Badara", "lastName": "Samb" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Eve", "lastName": "Lackritz" } ], "abstractNote": "BACKGROUND Little is known about how to implement antiretroviral treatment programmes in resource-limited countries. We assessed the UNAIDS/Uganda Ministry of Health HIV Drug Access Initiative--one of the first pilot antiretroviral programmes in Africa--in which patients paid for their medications at negotiated reduced prices. METHODS We assessed patients' clinical and laboratory information from August, 1998, to July, 2000, from three of the five accredited treatment centres in Uganda, and tested a subset of specimens for phenotypic drug resistance. FINDINGS 912 patients presented for care at five treatment centres. We assessed the care of 476 patients at three centres, of whom 399 started antiretroviral therapy. 204 (51%) received highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 189 (47%) dual nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (2NRTI), and six (2%) NRTI monotherapy. Median baseline CD4 cell counts were 73 cells/microL (IQR 15-187); viral load was 193817 copies/mL (37013-651 716). The probability of remaining alive and in care was 0.63 (95% CI 0.58-0.67) at 6 months and 0.49 (0.43-0.55) at 1 year. Patients receiving HAART had greater virological responses than those receiving 2NRTI. Cox's proportional hazards models adjusted for viral load and regimen showed that a CD4 cell count of less than 50 cells/microL (vs 50 cells/microL or more) was strongly associated with death (hazard ratio 2.93 [1.51-5.68], p=0.001). Among 82 patients with a viral load of more than 1000 copies/mL more than 90 days into therapy, phenotypic resistance to NRTIs was found for 47 (57%): 29 of 37 (78%) who never received HAART versus 18 of 45 (40%) who received HAART (p=0.0005). INTERPRETATION This pilot programme successfully expanded access to antiretroviral drugs in Uganda. Identification and treatment of patients earlier in the course of their illness and increased use of HAART could improve probability of survival and decrease drug resistance.", "publicationTitle": "Lancet", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jul 6, 2002", "volume": "360", "issue": "9326", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "34-40", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Lancet", "DOI": "10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09330-3", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12114039", "accessDate": "2011-05-16T23:26:10Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0140-6736", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Assessment of a pilot antiretroviral drug therapy programme in Uganda", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "0262", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 12114039", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adolescent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Aged", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Anti-HIV Agents", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "CD4 Lymphocyte Count", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Child", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Child, Preschool", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Drug Resistance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "HIV Infections", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Infant", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Infant, Newborn", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Middle Aged", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pilot Projects", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Survival Analysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Treatment Outcome", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Uganda", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-13T23:46:39Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-13T23:46:39Z" } }, { "key": "BINXECRA", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 65008, "name": "Gender and Medicines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/65008/items/BINXECRA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines/items/BINXECRA", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/65008/items/5K7GAAR6", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 876271, "username": "joaocarapinha", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/joaocarapinha", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "BINXECRA", "version": 1, "parentItem": "5K7GAAR6", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "18769353", "accessDate": "2010-11-28T00:57:12Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18769353", "note": "", "contentType": "", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-13T23:46:14Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-13T23:46:14Z" } }, { "key": "FT2U4GT9", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 65008, "name": "Gender and Medicines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/65008/items/FT2U4GT9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines/items/FT2U4GT9", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/65008/items/5K7GAAR6", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 876271, "username": "joaocarapinha", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/joaocarapinha", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "FT2U4GT9", "version": 1, "parentItem": "5K7GAAR6", "itemType": "note", "note": "DA - 20080929 IS - 1525-4135 (Print) LA - eng PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S RN - 0 (Anti-Retroviral Agents) SB - IM SB - X", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-13T23:46:14Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-13T23:46:14Z" } }, { "key": "5K7GAAR6", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 65008, "name": "Gender and Medicines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/65008/items/5K7GAAR6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines/items/5K7GAAR6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 876271, "username": "joaocarapinha", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/joaocarapinha", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Vreeman et al.", "parsedDate": "2008-10-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "5K7GAAR6", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Association of antiretroviral and clinic adherence with orphan status among HIV-infected children in Western Kenya", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.C.", "lastName": "Vreeman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.E.", "lastName": "Wiehe" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.O.", "lastName": "Ayaya" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B.S.", "lastName": "Musick" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "W.M.", "lastName": "Nyandiko" } ], "abstractNote": "BACKGROUND: Pediatric adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is not well studied in resource-limited settings. Reported ART adherence may be influenced by contextual factors, such as orphan status. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to describe self- and proxy-reported pediatric ART adherence in a resource-limited population and to investigate associated contextual factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study involving pediatric, HIV-infected patients in Western Kenya. We included patients aged 0-14 years, who were on ART and had at least 1 adherence measurement (N = 1516). We performed logistic regression to assess the association between orphan status and odds of imperfect adherence, adjusting for sex, age, clinic site, number of adherence measures, and ART duration, stratified by age and ART duration. RESULTS: Of the 1516 children, only 33% had both parents living when they started ART. Twenty-one percent had only father dead, 28% had only mother dead, and 18% had both parents dead. Twenty-nine percent reported imperfect ART adherence. The odds of ART nonadherence increase for children with both parents dead. Fifty-seven percent of children had imperfect clinic adherence. There was no significant association between orphan status and imperfect clinic adherence. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of pediatric patients in this resource-limited setting maintained perfect ART adherence, though only half kept all scheduled clinic appointments. Understanding contextual factors, such as orphan status, will strengthen adherence interventions", "publicationTitle": "JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 01, 2008", "volume": "49", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "163-170", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18769353", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adolescent" }, { "tag": "Aged" }, { "tag": "Anti-Retroviral Agents" }, { "tag": "Child" }, { "tag": "Child,Orphaned" }, { "tag": "Child,Preschool" }, { "tag": "Female" }, { "tag": "HIV Infections" }, { "tag": "Health" }, { "tag": "Health Services" }, { "tag": "Health Services Research" }, { "tag": "Humans" }, { "tag": "Infant" }, { "tag": "Infant,Newborn" }, { "tag": "Kenya" }, { "tag": "Logistic Models" }, { "tag": "Male" }, { "tag": "Parents" }, { "tag": "Patients" }, { "tag": "Pediatrics" }, { "tag": "Population" }, { "tag": "Research" }, { "tag": "Retrospective Studies" }, { "tag": "Risk Factors" }, { "tag": "Treatment Refusal" }, { "tag": "age" }, { "tag": "article" }, { "tag": "association" }, { "tag": "drug therapy" }, { "tag": "health service" }, { "tag": "medicine" }, { "tag": "methods" }, { "tag": "pediatric" }, { "tag": "psychology" }, { "tag": "research support" }, { "tag": "retrospective" }, { "tag": "school" }, { "tag": "sex" }, { "tag": "statistics & numerical data" }, { "tag": "therapeutic use" }, { "tag": "therapy" }, { "tag": "universities" }, { "tag": "university" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-13T23:46:14Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-13T23:46:14Z" } }, { "key": "VWIIDMBJ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 65008, "name": "Gender and Medicines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/65008/items/VWIIDMBJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines/items/VWIIDMBJ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 876271, "username": "joaocarapinha", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/joaocarapinha", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Vlassoff", "parsedDate": "1994-11", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VWIIDMBJ", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Gender inequalities in health in the Third World: uncharted ground", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C", "lastName": "Vlassoff" } ], "abstractNote": "Gender differences in health in developing countries have, until recently, received little attention from researchers, health programmes and international development efforts. This paper highlights several issues related to gender and health in the Third World on which information, especially of an empirical nature, is inadequate. These include certain health conditions and diseases for which gender differences remain largely uncharted, gender inequalities in the development of health and contraceptive technology, the lack of gender-sensitivity in the provision of health services, and gender inequalities in health policies, focusing mainly on structural adjustment. Questions urgently requiring research are identified and suggestions are made for improving the gender sensitivity of health policies and interventions.", "publicationTitle": "Social Science & Medicine (1982)", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Nov 1994", "volume": "39", "issue": "9", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1249-1259", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Soc Sci Med", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7801162", "accessDate": "2011-05-17T17:08:47Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0277-9536", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Gender inequalities in health in the Third World", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 7801162", "tags": [ { "tag": "Contraception", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Developing Countries", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "HEALTH planning", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Prejudice", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Research", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Technology, Medical", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Women's Health", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-13T23:46:00Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-13T23:46:00Z" } }, { "key": "EZINBIR9", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 65008, "name": "Gender and Medicines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/65008/items/EZINBIR9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines/items/EZINBIR9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 876271, "username": "joaocarapinha", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/joaocarapinha", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "van der Werf et al.", "parsedDate": "1990-12", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "EZINBIR9", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Patient compliance with tuberculosis treatment in Ghana: factors influencing adherence to therapy in a rural service programme", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T S", "lastName": "van der Werf" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G K", "lastName": "Dade" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T W", "lastName": "van der Mark" } ], "abstractNote": "In Agogo Hospital in the hills of Ashanti, Ghana, default and cure rates among 569 consecutive sputum-smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients registered between 1984 and 1987 in a rural ambulatory non-supervised service program were analysed. Female gender, shorter home-to-clinic distances and younger age were significantly associated with higher cure and lower default rates. Within the district where liaison health workers paid home visits to PTB patients, the home-to-clinic distance effect on default was overruled by the effect of follow-up. Data from two surveys held in 1985 and 1987, among 68 and 49 PTB patients respectively, revealed that many patients visited healing churches but few admitted to having consulted traditional healers; that financial expenses for transport outweighed hospital charges; that lower educational levels were not associated with poorer compliance to therapy and that health education had improved significantly over the 2-year-period. It is concluded that intervention with liaison health workers and simple health education results in improved outcome in rural service tuberculosis programme.", "publicationTitle": "Tubercle", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Dec 1990", "volume": "71", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "247-252", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Tubercle", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2267678", "accessDate": "2011-05-24T17:00:56Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0041-3879", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Patient compliance with tuberculosis treatment in Ghana", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "0053", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 2267678", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adolescent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Age Factors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Aged", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Aged, 80 and over", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ambulatory Care", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Antitubercular Agents", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ghana", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Health Services Accessibility", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Middle Aged", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Patient Compliance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Patient Dropouts", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rural Population", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sex Factors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Tuberculosis, Pulmonary", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-13T23:45:23Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-13T23:45:23Z" } }, { "key": "TEP2E55G", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 65008, "name": "Gender and Medicines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/65008/items/TEP2E55G", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines/items/TEP2E55G", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 876271, "username": "joaocarapinha", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/joaocarapinha", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Uzochukwu et al.", "parsedDate": "2009-05", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "TEP2E55G", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Determinants of non-adherence to subsidized anti-retroviral treatment in southeast Nigeria", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B.S.", "lastName": "Uzochukwu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "O.E.", "lastName": "Onwujekwe" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.C.", "lastName": "Onoka" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.", "lastName": "Okoli" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "N.P.", "lastName": "Uguru" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "O.I.", "lastName": "Chukwuogo" } ], "abstractNote": "The anti-retroviral (ARV) treatment programme in Nigeria is delivered through selected teaching and mission hospitals at a free/subsidized rate. The government aims to scale up ARV treatment in the country. However, non-adherence to ARV medication can lead to viral resistance, treatment failure, toxicities and waste of financial resources. This study examined the factors responsible for non-adherence to free/subsidized ARV treatment in south-east Nigeria. The study was cross-sectional and descriptive. Information was collected from 174 patients selected by simple random sampling from the register of all patients who had been on anti-retroviral therapy (ART) for at least 12 months at the beginning of the study period. Patients were identified during their clinic visits. Information on their socio-demographic profile, ARV treatment and determinants of non-adherence to ARV treatment was obtained from those who gave consent, using pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaires. All patients clearly understood the need to take ARV drugs throughout their lives, and what the costs entailed. They understood the need for periodic testing, the probability that complications would develop, cost of transportation to treatment site and the daily treatment regimen. Seventy-five per cent of respondents were not adhering fully to their drug regimen; the mean number of days that respondents had been off drugs was 3.57 days the preceding month. Reasons for non-adherence included: physical discomfort (side effects); non-availability of drugs at treatment site; forgetting to carry drugs during the day; fear of social rejection; treatment being a reminder of HIV status; and selling of own drugs to those unable to enrol in the projects. Being female, under 35 years, single, and having higher educational status were significantly associated with non-adherence. It is important that policy makers and programme managers address the factors responsible for non-adherence when scaling up subsidized ARV treatment in Nigeria and other parts of sub-Saharan Africa", "publicationTitle": "Health Policy and Planning", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 2009", "volume": "24", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "189-196", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Health Policy Plan", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19276155", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Africa" }, { "tag": "Community Medicine" }, { "tag": "Educational Status" }, { "tag": "Fear" }, { "tag": "Female" }, { "tag": "Government" }, { "tag": "Hiv" }, { "tag": "Hospitals" }, { "tag": "Nigeria" }, { "tag": "Patients" }, { "tag": "Probability" }, { "tag": "Questionnaires" }, { "tag": "Transportation" }, { "tag": "Treatment Failure" }, { "tag": "article" }, { "tag": "community" }, { "tag": "complications" }, { "tag": "cost" }, { "tag": "costs" }, { "tag": "drug" }, { "tag": "hospital" }, { "tag": "information" }, { "tag": "medicine" }, { "tag": "policy" }, { "tag": "questionnaire" }, { "tag": "register" }, { "tag": "sampling" }, { "tag": "scale up" }, { "tag": "teaching" }, { "tag": "therapy" }, { "tag": "toxicity" }, { "tag": "universities" }, { "tag": "university" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-13T23:44:51Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-13T23:44:51Z" } }, { "key": "D5PH22CV", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 65008, "name": "Gender and Medicines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/65008/items/D5PH22CV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines/items/D5PH22CV", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/65008/items/TEP2E55G", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 876271, "username": "joaocarapinha", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/joaocarapinha", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "D5PH22CV", "version": 1, "parentItem": "TEP2E55G", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "19276155", "accessDate": "2010-11-28T00:57:12Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19276155", "note": "", "contentType": "", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-13T23:44:51Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-13T23:44:51Z" } }, { "key": "ESKTXTGJ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 65008, "name": "Gender and Medicines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/65008/items/ESKTXTGJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines/items/ESKTXTGJ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/65008/items/TEP2E55G", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 876271, "username": "joaocarapinha", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/joaocarapinha", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ESKTXTGJ", "version": 1, "parentItem": "TEP2E55G", "itemType": "note", "note": "DA - 20090422 IS - 0268-1080 (Print) LA - eng PT - Journal Article SB - H", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-13T23:44:51Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-13T23:44:51Z" } }, { "key": "TR74KFVA", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 65008, "name": "Gender and Medicines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/65008/items/TR74KFVA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines/items/TR74KFVA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 876271, "username": "joaocarapinha", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/joaocarapinha", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Tungdim and Kapoor", "parsedDate": "2010", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TR74KFVA", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Gender Differentials in Tuberculosis: Impact of Socio-Economic and Cultural Factors Among the Tribals of Northeast India", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "MG", "lastName": "Tungdim" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S", "lastName": "Kapoor" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Open Social Science Journal", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2010", "volume": "3", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "68-74", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://benthamscience.com/open/openaccess.php?tosscij/articles/V003/68TOSSCIJ.htm", "accessDate": "2011-05-18", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1874-9453", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-13T23:44:30Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-13T23:44:30Z" } }, { "key": "68XDJVX4", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 65008, "name": "Gender and Medicines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/65008/items/68XDJVX4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines/items/68XDJVX4", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/65008/items/45HDNEG4", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 876271, "username": "joaocarapinha", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/joaocarapinha", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "68XDJVX4", "version": 1, "parentItem": "45HDNEG4", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "19283464", "accessDate": "2010-11-28T00:57:12Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19283464", "note": "", "contentType": "", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-13T23:44:13Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-13T23:44:13Z" } }, { "key": "45HDNEG4", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 65008, "name": "Gender and Medicines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/65008/items/45HDNEG4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines/items/45HDNEG4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 876271, "username": "joaocarapinha", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/joaocarapinha", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Tuller et al.", "parsedDate": "2009-03-13", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "45HDNEG4", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Transportation Costs Impede Sustained Adherence and Access to HAART in a Clinic Population in Southwestern Uganda: A Qualitative Study", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D.M.", "lastName": "Tuller" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D.R.", "lastName": "Bangsberg" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Senkungu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "N.C.", "lastName": "Ware" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "N.", "lastName": "Emenyonu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.D.", "lastName": "Weiser" } ], "abstractNote": "The cost of transportation for monthly clinic visits has been identified as a potential barrier to antiretroviral (ARV) adherence in sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere, although there is limited data on this issue. We conducted open-ended interviews with 41 individuals living with HIV/AIDS and attending a clinic in Mbarara, Uganda, to understand structural barriers to ARV adherence and clinical care. Almost all respondents cited the need to locate funds for the monthly clinic visit as a constant source of stress and anxiety, and lack of money for transportation was a key factor in cases of missed doses and missed medical appointments. Participants struggled with competing demands between transport costs and other necessities such as food, housing and school fees. Our findings suggest that transportation costs can compromise both ARV adherence and access to care. Interventions that address this barrier will be important to ensure the success of ARV programs in sub-Saharan Africa", "publicationTitle": "AIDS and Behavior", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 13, 2009", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "AIDS and Behavior", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19283464", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Africa" }, { "tag": "Anxiety" }, { "tag": "Health" }, { "tag": "Housing" }, { "tag": "Population" }, { "tag": "Public Health" }, { "tag": "Transportation" }, { "tag": "Uganda" }, { "tag": "article" }, { "tag": "california" }, { "tag": "cost" }, { "tag": "costs" }, { "tag": "food" }, { "tag": "interview" }, { "tag": "interviews" }, { "tag": "money" }, { "tag": "program" }, { "tag": "school" }, { "tag": "universities" }, { "tag": "university" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-13T23:44:13Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-13T23:44:13Z" } }, { "key": "VJTPF3PQ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 65008, "name": "Gender and Medicines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/65008/items/VJTPF3PQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines/items/VJTPF3PQ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/65008/items/45HDNEG4", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 876271, "username": "joaocarapinha", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/joaocarapinha", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VJTPF3PQ", "version": 1, "parentItem": "45HDNEG4", "itemType": "note", "note": "DA - 20090313 IS - 1573-3254 (Electronic) LA - ENG PT - JOURNAL ARTICLE", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-13T23:44:13Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-13T23:44:13Z" } }, { "key": "35P8U6VZ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 65008, "name": "Gender and Medicines", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/65008/items/35P8U6VZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/gender_and_medicines/items/35P8U6VZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 876271, "username": "joaocarapinha", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/joaocarapinha", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Thorson and Johansson", "parsedDate": "2004-04", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "35P8U6VZ", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Equality or equity in health care access: a qualitative study of doctors' explanations to a longer doctor's delay among female TB patients in Vietnam", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A", "lastName": "Thorson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E", "lastName": "Johansson" } ], "abstractNote": "Earlier studies from Vietnam have highlighted the importance of studying gender aspects of health-seeking and diagnosis of potential tuberculosis patients. A longer doctor's delay to diagnosis among female TB patients has been shown. The objective of the present study was to explore doctors' views about and explanations for the longer doctor's delay. Five focus group discussions and three in-depth interviews were performed in a rural province in Vietnam. Thematic content analysis was used to interpret the data. The doctors suggest that women are lost or delayed within the health care-seeking chain, mainly because of barriers associated with the female gender. These barriers are identified, but yet the patient-doctor encounter seems to be steered by an equality principle. This results in gender blindness since equal treatment is suggested despite needs being different. We argue that gender equity should be the guiding principle for the tuberculosis patient-doctor encounter. An equity principle emphasises that needs vary with factors like gender or context. We suggest more research into the health care-seeking chain in order to identify the specific steps where TB diagnosis of men and women may be delayed. Interventions are needed in order to reduce delay to TB diagnosis especially for women and the current TB control strategy, (DOTS), needs to be examined from an equity perspective.", "publicationTitle": "Health Policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands)", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Apr 2004", "volume": "68", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "37-46", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Health Policy", "DOI": "10.1016/j.healthpol.2003.07.010", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15033551", "accessDate": "2011-06-02T15:28:46Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0168-8510", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Equality or equity in health care access", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "0027", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 15033551", "tags": [ { "tag": "Attitude of Health Personnel", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Focus Groups", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Gender Identity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Health Services Accessibility", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Patient Acceptance of Health Care", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Physician-Patient Relations", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Qualitative Research", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rural Health", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sex Factors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Socioeconomic Factors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Stereotyping", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Time Factors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Tuberculosis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Vietnam", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Women's Health", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-13T23:43:53Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-13T23:43:53Z" } } ]