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This research focuses on a worldview or cultural orientation whose center is Euro-American. It is assumed that Black heterosexual relationships are based on the same values, lifestyles, and\n beliefs as those of Euro-American heterosexual relationships. To\n support this belief, the research emphasizes Black-White comparisons that are not cross-culturally sensitive to variation (Allen,\n 1978). Any deviation from the Euro-American pattern is considered abnormal.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Black Studies", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1999", "volume": "30", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "62-84", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Black Studies", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.jstor.org/stable/2645893", "accessDate": "2016-11-30", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0021-9347", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The Hip Hop Generation", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-12-13T21:04:22Z", "dateModified": "2016-12-13T21:04:22Z" } }, { "key": "8WX9QKPA", "version": 69, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 648557, "name": "Hip-hop Culture & History AFPRL 29026", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hip-hop_culture__history_afprl_29026", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/648557/items/8WX9QKPA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hip-hop_culture__history_afprl_29026/items/8WX9QKPA", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/648557/items/5UBX84E2", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 3573264, "username": "cnr212", "name": "Corinne Rivera", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cnr212", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "8WX9QKPA", "version": 69, "parentItem": "5UBX84E2", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "0891243202016001007.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "0891243202016001007.pdf", "md5": "c8dadae74080dd2cabe2b50ae70d836d", "mtime": 1481662475942, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-12-13T20:54:37Z", "dateModified": "2016-12-13T20:54:37Z" } }, { "key": "5UBX84E2", "version": 67, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 648557, "name": "Hip-hop Culture & History AFPRL 29026", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hip-hop_culture__history_afprl_29026", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/648557/items/5UBX84E2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hip-hop_culture__history_afprl_29026/items/5UBX84E2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 3573264, "username": "cnr212", "name": "Corinne Rivera", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cnr212", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Emerson", "parsedDate": "2002-02-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "5UBX84E2", "version": 67, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "“Where My Girls At?” Negotiating Black Womanhood in Music Videos", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rana A.", "lastName": "Emerson" } ], "abstractNote": "The literature on Black youth culture, especially hip-hop culture, has focused primarily on the experiences of young men, with the experiences of Black girls being all but ignored. However, the recent appearance of Black women performers, songwriters, and producers in Black popular culture has called attention to the ways in which young Black women use popular culture to negotiate social existence and attempt to express independence, self-reliance, and agency. This article is an exploration of the representations of Black womanhood as expressed in the music videos of Black women performers. The author first identifies themes that reflect controlling images of Black womanhood, then those that exemplify an expression of agency, and finally those appearing ambivalent and contradictory. Overall, the music videos express how young Black women must negotiate sexuality and womanhood in their everyday lives.", "publicationTitle": "Gender & Society", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "02/01/2002", "volume": "16", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "115-135", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1177/0891243202016001007", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://gas.sagepub.com/content/16/1/115", "accessDate": "2016-11-30", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0891-2432, 1552-3977", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "\"Where My Girls At?\"", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "gas.sagepub.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-12-13T20:53:59Z", "dateModified": "2016-12-13T20:53:59Z" } }, { "key": "JQN7RIZN", "version": 66, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 648557, "name": "Hip-hop Culture & History AFPRL 29026", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hip-hop_culture__history_afprl_29026", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/648557/items/JQN7RIZN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hip-hop_culture__history_afprl_29026/items/JQN7RIZN", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/648557/items/VRKGVGQN", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 3573264, "username": "cnr212", "name": "Corinne Rivera", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cnr212", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JQN7RIZN", "version": 66, "parentItem": "VRKGVGQN", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "Gill - 2012 - Media, Empowerment and the ‘Sexualization of Cultu.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Gill - 2012 - Media, Empowerment and the ‘Sexualization of Cultu.pdf", "md5": "1d451553428c256f89fc6014624107a9", "mtime": 1481661858185, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-12-13T20:44:28Z", "dateModified": "2016-12-13T20:44:28Z" } }, { "key": "VRKGVGQN", "version": 64, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 648557, "name": "Hip-hop Culture & History AFPRL 29026", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hip-hop_culture__history_afprl_29026", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/648557/items/VRKGVGQN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hip-hop_culture__history_afprl_29026/items/VRKGVGQN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 3573264, "username": "cnr212", "name": "Corinne Rivera", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cnr212", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Gill", "parsedDate": "2012-06-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "VRKGVGQN", "version": 64, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Media, Empowerment and the ‘Sexualization of Culture’ Debates", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rosalind", "lastName": "Gill" } ], "abstractNote": "Claims about ‘empowerment’ increasingly animate debates about the ‘sexualization of culture’. This article responds to Lamb and Peterson’s (2011) attempts to open up and complicate the notion of ‘sexual empowerment’ as it is used in relation to adolescent girls. Drawing on contemporary research from the UK, New Zealand and elsewhere, the article seeks to promote a dialogue between media and communications research and more psychologically oriented scholarship. The paper makes four arguments. First it points to the need to rethink conceptualizations of the media, and processes of media influence. Secondly it raises critical questions about the notion of ‘media literacy’ which has increasingly taken on the status of panacea in debates about young people and ‘sexualization’. Thirdly it highlights the curious absence of considerations of power in debates about sexual empowerment, and argues for the need to think about sexualization in relation to class, ‘race’, sexuality and other axes of oppression. Finally, it raises critical questions about the utility of the notion of sexual empowerment, given its individualistic framing, the developmentalism implicit in its use, and the difficulties in identifying it in cultures in which ‘empowerment’ is used to sell everything from liquid detergents to breast augmentation surgery.", "publicationTitle": "Sex Roles", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2012/06/01", "volume": "66", "issue": "11-12", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "736-745", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1007/s11199-011-0107-1", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-011-0107-1", "accessDate": "2016-11-30", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0360-0025, 1573-2762", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-12-13T20:43:52Z", "dateModified": "2016-12-13T20:43:52Z" } }, { "key": "RG76U6Z3", "version": 63, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 648557, "name": "Hip-hop Culture & History AFPRL 29026", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hip-hop_culture__history_afprl_29026", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/648557/items/RG76U6Z3", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hip-hop_culture__history_afprl_29026/items/RG76U6Z3", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/648557/items/8XS8KJT6", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 3573264, "username": "cnr212", "name": "Corinne Rivera", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cnr212", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "RG76U6Z3", "version": 63, "parentItem": "8XS8KJT6", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "Stephens and Few - 2007 - The Effects of Images of African American Women in (2).pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Stephens and Few - 2007 - The Effects of Images of African American Women in (2).pdf", "md5": "423c8c1803d4bf64b6a090d0159e1545", "mtime": 1481661394956, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-12-13T20:36:40Z", "dateModified": "2016-12-13T20:36:40Z" } }, { "key": "8XS8KJT6", "version": 61, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 648557, "name": "Hip-hop Culture & History AFPRL 29026", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hip-hop_culture__history_afprl_29026", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/648557/items/8XS8KJT6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hip-hop_culture__history_afprl_29026/items/8XS8KJT6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 3573264, "username": "cnr212", "name": "Corinne Rivera", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cnr212", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Stephens", "parsedDate": "2007-02-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "8XS8KJT6", "version": 61, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Effects of Images of African American Women in Hip Hop on Early Adolescents’ Attitudes Toward Physical Attractiveness and Interpersonal Relationships", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dionne P.", "lastName": "Stephens" } ], "abstractNote": "This qualitative study was designed to identify African American early adolescents’ subjective meanings of African American women’s sexuality through an examination of Stephens & Phillips (2003) sexual images—the Diva, Gold Digger, Freak, Dyke, Gangster Bitch, Sister Savior, Earth Mother, and Baby Mama. These eight sexual images both inform and reflect beliefs about African American women’s physical attractiveness. Interpersonal relationship decision making processes also were influenced by these conceptual frameworks of African American women’s sexuality. Findings from this study are important given the tendency of previous researchers to ignore race and intraethnic variations in studies of beliefs about attitudes toward sexuality.", "publicationTitle": "Sex Roles", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2007/02/01", "volume": "56", "issue": "3-4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "251-264", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Sex Roles", "DOI": "10.1007/s11199-006-9145-5", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-006-9145-5", "accessDate": "2016-11-30", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0360-0025, 1573-2762", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-12-13T20:36:10Z", "dateModified": "2016-12-13T20:36:10Z" } }, { "key": "24KXVW9K", "version": 60, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 648557, "name": "Hip-hop Culture & History AFPRL 29026", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hip-hop_culture__history_afprl_29026", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/648557/items/24KXVW9K", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hip-hop_culture__history_afprl_29026/items/24KXVW9K", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/648557/items/UHQ4RJ3N", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 3573264, "username": "cnr212", "name": "Corinne Rivera", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cnr212", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "24KXVW9K", "version": 60, "parentItem": "UHQ4RJ3N", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "Miller-young - 2008 - Hip-Hop Honeys and Da Hustlaz- Black Sexualities i (1).pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Miller-young - 2008 - Hip-Hop Honeys and Da Hustlaz- Black Sexualities i (1).pdf", "md5": "7a83d311ffec1f16e09ec462e438a18d", "mtime": 1481660537676, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-12-13T20:22:19Z", "dateModified": "2016-12-13T20:22:19Z" } }, { "key": "UHQ4RJ3N", "version": 58, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 648557, "name": "Hip-hop Culture & History AFPRL 29026", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hip-hop_culture__history_afprl_29026", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/648557/items/UHQ4RJ3N", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hip-hop_culture__history_afprl_29026/items/UHQ4RJ3N", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 3573264, "username": "cnr212", "name": "Corinne Rivera", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cnr212", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Miller-Young", "parsedDate": "2008-04-03", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "UHQ4RJ3N", "version": 58, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Hip-Hop Honeys and Da Hustlaz: Black Sexualities in the New Hip-Hop Pornography. Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mireille", "lastName": "Miller-Young" } ], "abstractNote": "Hip-hop pornography propels the conventions of the nearly soft-core hip-hop video to the extreme, the explicit, the hard-core. The convergence of the outlaw cultures of hip-hop and pornography offers a compelling narrative about how black sexual subjects define authority, legitimacy, legibility, and power. Hip-hop porn provides black women and men an arena for labor and accumulation as well as self-presentation, mediation, and mobility. As a space for work, survival, consumption, and identity-formation, the genre proffers an opportunity to explore the gendering of black (post)modern desires, as well as the potential to think through historical echoes of the current controversies and debates around exactly what constitutes \"appropriate\" black sexuality. Even as it offers a venue for acts of self-representation, pleasure, and exchange, hip-hop porn's brand of eroticism raises important questions about contemporary black gender and sexual politics. Within the space of hip-hop porn, these gender and sexual politics are produced within a sexual economy of illicit eroticism. The \"illicit erotic\" challenges ideas that fix the hypersexuality of the black body as always already repugnant, by using fetishized hypersexuality to strategically work with and through modern capitalism. 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