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Now, most states have implemented one or more GDL provision including: extending the time for which a learners permit must be held prior to licensure; passenger restriction; and night driving restriction. Evidence to support each of these provisions existed prior to 1996 and has been largely confirmed with the evaluation of each new state to implement GDL. Nationally, fatal crash involvements of 16 year-old drivers have decreased 23% (1993–1995 vs. 2003–2005). Greater reductions have been seen for crash involvements at night and with passengers. The single most effective GDL provision appears to be the extension of the learners period when this extension has the effect of delaying the time at which unsupervised driving is permitted.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Safety Research", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2007", "volume": "38", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "159-163", "series": "Novice Teen Driving: GDL and Beyond – Research Foundations for Policy and Practice SymposiumNovice Teen Driving: GDL and Beyond – Research Foundations for Policy and Practice Symposium", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Safety Research", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jsr.2007.02.003", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022437507000254", "accessDate": "2016-08-24T16:00:12Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0022-4375", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-08-24T16:00:12Z", "dateModified": "2016-08-24T16:00:12Z" } }, { "key": "8SA6I8JD", "version": 38, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 644697, "name": "permisjeunes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/permisjeunes", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/644697/items/8SA6I8JD", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/permisjeunes/items/8SA6I8JD", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/644697/items/F98AZSFB", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 3275844, "username": "svincentgeslin", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/svincentgeslin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "8SA6I8JD", "version": 38, "parentItem": "F98AZSFB", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "855.pdf", "accessDate": "2016-08-24T15:55:17Z", "url": "http://www.wctrs-society.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/abstracts/rio/selected/855.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "855.pdf", "md5": "b9c90f66fe9e323757392451fb7f2bdf", "mtime": 1472054117000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-08-24T15:55:17Z", "dateModified": "2016-08-24T15:55:18Z" } }, { "key": "F98AZSFB", "version": 37, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 644697, "name": "permisjeunes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/permisjeunes", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/644697/items/F98AZSFB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/permisjeunes/items/F98AZSFB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 3275844, "username": "svincentgeslin", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/svincentgeslin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Raimond and Milthorpe", "parsedDate": "2010", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "F98AZSFB", "version": 37, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "Why are young people driving less? Trends in license-holding and travel behaviour", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tim", "lastName": "Raimond" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Franck", "lastName": "Milthorpe" } ], "abstractNote": "", "proceedingsTitle": "", "conferenceName": "Australasia n Transport Research Forum", "publisher": "", "place": "Canberra, Australia", "date": "2010", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-08-24T15:53:10Z", "dateModified": "2016-08-24T15:55:11Z" } }, { "key": "WFAAEDCK", "version": 31, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 644697, "name": "permisjeunes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/permisjeunes", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/644697/items/WFAAEDCK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/permisjeunes/items/WFAAEDCK", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/644697/items/RQ7T4G7D", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 3275844, "username": "svincentgeslin", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/svincentgeslin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "WFAAEDCK", "version": 31, "parentItem": "RQ7T4G7D", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "wtpp17.4.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "wtpp17.4.pdf", "md5": "1a025d033b26c5d9d38315b12d7c429c", "mtime": 1472053598000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-08-24T15:46:38Z", "dateModified": "2016-08-24T15:46:38Z" } }, { "key": "ZHB4CQ49", "version": 29, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 644697, "name": "permisjeunes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/permisjeunes", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/644697/items/ZHB4CQ49", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/permisjeunes/items/ZHB4CQ49", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/644697/items/4756RJRZ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 3275844, "username": "svincentgeslin", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/svincentgeslin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ZHB4CQ49", "version": 29, "parentItem": "4756RJRZ", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2016-08-24T15:39:24Z", "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/15389588.2011.572100", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Williams - 2011 - Teenagers’ Licensing Decisions and Their Views of .pdf", "md5": "2548257ec5f06541d54bbd30bed7976f", "mtime": 1472053167000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-08-24T15:39:24Z", "dateModified": "2016-08-24T15:39:27Z" } }, { "key": "4756RJRZ", "version": 62, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 644697, "name": "permisjeunes", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/permisjeunes", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/644697/items/4756RJRZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/permisjeunes/items/4756RJRZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 3275844, "username": "svincentgeslin", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/svincentgeslin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 2185663, "username": "prerat", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/prerat", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Williams", "parsedDate": "2011", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "4756RJRZ", "version": 62, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Teenagers’ Licensing Decisions and Their Views of Licensing Policies: A National Survey", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Allan F.", "lastName": "Williams" } ], "abstractNote": "Objective: One objective was to determine teenage licensing rates on a national basis, interest in early licensure, and reasons for delay. A second objective was to learn teenagers’ opinions about licensing policies, important in states considering ways to upgrade their current licensing systems. Methods: One thousand three hundred eighty-three 15- to 18-year-olds completed an online survey in November 2010. They were drawn from a nationally representative panel of US households recruited using probability-based sampling. The panel included cell phone–only households, and Internet access was provided to those without it. Weighting procedures were applied so that the study population represented the national US population of 15- to 18-year-olds. Results: Most teens said that they were interested in getting a license as soon as legally possible, but many had not started the process. At 16, teens were about equally divided among those who had not started, those in the learner stage, and those with a restricted or full license. At 18, 62 percent had full licenses; 22 percent had not started. For those old enough to start, lack of a car, costs, parent availability, ability to get around without a car, and being busy with other activities were leading reasons for delay. The majority of teens were not in favor of higher licensing ages. Forty-six percent thought the minimum learner age should be 16; 30 percent thought the full license age should be 18 or older. The majority approved of night (78%) and passenger (57%) restrictions, and 85 and 93 percent endorsed cell phone and texting bans, respectively. When these policies were packaged together in a single law that included an age 16 start, night, passenger, cell phone and texting bans, and a full license at age 18, 74 percent of teens were in favor. Conclusions: Teenagers are not as supportive of strong licensing policies as parents of teens, but there is evidence that they will support comprehensive policies likely to lead to further reductions in teen crash rates.", "publicationTitle": "Traffic Injury Prevention", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "août 1, 2011", "volume": "12", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "312-319", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1080/15389588.2011.572100", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2011.572100", "accessDate": "2016-08-24T15:39:24Z", "PMID": "21823938", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1538-9588", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Teenagers’ Licensing Decisions and Their Views of Licensing Policies", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Taylor and Francis+NEJM", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, 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