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For example, a teacher might write a grading spreadsheet to save time grading, or an interaction designer might use an interface builder to test some user interface design ideas. Although these end-user programmers may not have the same goals as professional developers, they do face many of the same software engineering challenges, including understanding their requirements, as well as making decisions about design, reuse, integration, testing, and debugging. This article summarizes and classifies research on these activities, defining the area of End-User Software Engineering (EUSE) and related terminology. The article then discusses empirical research about end-user software engineering activities and the technologies designed to support them. The article also addresses several crosscutting issues in the design of EUSE tools, including the roles of risk, reward, and domain complexity, and self-efficacy in the design of EUSE tools and the potential of educating users about software engineering principles.", "publicationTitle": "ACM Comput. Surv.", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "April 2011", "volume": "43", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "21:1–21:44", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1145/1922649.1922658", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1922649.1922658", "accessDate": "2012-04-05T19:30:21Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0360-0300", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ACM Digital Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "End-user development", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "end-user programming", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "end-user software engineering", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "human-computer interaction", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "visual programming", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-04-05T19:30:21Z", "dateModified": "2012-04-05T19:30:21Z" } }, { "key": "NBNZ4PME", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 63440, "name": "Forms/3", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/forms3", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/63440/items/NBNZ4PME", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/forms3/items/NBNZ4PME", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/63440/items/TVPKMECN", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 800810, "username": "irwinkwan", "name": "Irwin Kwan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/irwinkwan", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "NBNZ4PME", "version": 1, "parentItem": "TVPKMECN", "itemType": "note", "note": "Complete PDF document was either not available or accessible. 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Still, because this line of investigation is new, knowing exactly what to look for is difficult and important information could escape our notice. We therefore decided to bring data mining techniques to bear on our data, with two aims: primarily, to expand what is known about how males versus females make use of end-user debugging features, and secondarily, to find out whether data mining could bring new understanding to this research, given that we had already studied the data manually using qualitative and quantitative methods. The results suggested several new hypotheses in how males versus females go about end-user debugging tasks, the factors that play into their choices, and how their choices are associated with success.", "proceedingsTitle": "Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing, IEEE Symposium on", "conferenceName": "", "publisher": "IEEE Computer Society", "place": "Los Alamitos, CA, USA", "date": "2006", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "19-26", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/VLHCC.2006.24", "ISBN": "0-7695-2586-5", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Gender Differences in End-User Debugging, Revisited", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "IEEE Computer Society", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-04-04T20:11:38Z", "dateModified": "2012-04-04T20:11:38Z" } }, { "key": "IQ6MPPWX", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 63440, "name": "Forms/3", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/forms3", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/63440/items/IQ6MPPWX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/forms3/items/IQ6MPPWX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 800810, "username": "irwinkwan", "name": "Irwin Kwan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/irwinkwan", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Cao et al.", "parsedDate": "2011-09", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "IQ6MPPWX", "version": 1, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "An exploration of design opportunities for \"gardening\" end-user programmers' ideas", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jill", "lastName": "Cao" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Scott D.", "lastName": "Fleming" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Margaret", "lastName": "Burnett" } ], "abstractNote": "", "proceedingsTitle": "Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing, IEEE Symposium on", "conferenceName": "", "publisher": "IEEE", "place": "", "date": "2011-09", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "35-42", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "10.1109/VLHCC.2011.6070375", "ISBN": "978-1-4577-1247-0, 978-1-4577-1246-3, 978-1-4577-1244-9", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy.library.uvic.ca/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6070375&tag=1", "accessDate": "2012-03-09T18:25:34Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "CrossRef", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/65407/items/NRGH7B6Z" }, "dateAdded": "2012-03-09T18:25:34Z", "dateModified": "2012-03-09T18:26:48Z" } }, { "key": "E9AW8AVR", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 63440, "name": "Forms/3", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/forms3", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/63440/items/E9AW8AVR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/forms3/items/E9AW8AVR", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/63440/items/IQ6MPPWX", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 800810, "username": "irwinkwan", "name": "Irwin Kwan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/irwinkwan", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "E9AW8AVR", "version": 1, "parentItem": "IQ6MPPWX", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "IEEE Xplore - An exploration of design opportunities for “gardening” end-user programmers' ideas", "accessDate": "2012-03-09T18:25:34Z", "url": "http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.ezproxy.library.uvic.ca/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6070375&tag=1", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/65407/items/SUEW492H" }, "dateAdded": "2012-03-09T18:25:34Z", "dateModified": "2012-03-09T18:25:34Z" } }, { "key": "GKCQGQDS", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 63440, "name": "Forms/3", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/forms3", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/63440/items/GKCQGQDS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/forms3/items/GKCQGQDS", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 800810, "username": "irwinkwan", "name": "Irwin Kwan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/irwinkwan", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Robertson et al.", "parsedDate": "2004", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "GKCQGQDS", "version": 1, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "Impact of interruption style on end-user debugging", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T. J.", "lastName": "Robertson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Shrinu", "lastName": "Prabhakararao" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Margaret", "lastName": "Burnett" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Curtis", "lastName": "Cook" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joseph R.", "lastName": "Ruthruff" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Laura", "lastName": "Beckwith" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Amit", "lastName": "Phalgune" } ], "abstractNote": "", "proceedingsTitle": "Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems", "conferenceName": "", "publisher": "ACM", "place": "New York, NY, USA", "date": "2004", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "287–294", "series": "CHI '04", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "10.1145/985692.985729", "ISBN": "1-58113-702-8", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/985692.985729", "accessDate": "2012-02-18T01:13:55Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ACM Digital Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Debugging", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Interruptions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "end-user programming", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "end-user software engineering", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "surprise-explain-reward", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/65407/items/SPXPFGV8" }, "dateAdded": "2012-02-18T01:13:55Z", "dateModified": "2012-02-18T01:13:55Z" } }, { "key": "MAGE9ASB", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 63440, "name": "Forms/3", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/forms3", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/63440/items/MAGE9ASB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/forms3/items/MAGE9ASB", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { 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"note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/65407/items/549XTND5" }, "dateAdded": "2012-02-18T01:13:22Z", "dateModified": "2012-02-18T01:13:22Z" } }, { "key": "2FTAET27", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 63440, "name": "Forms/3", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/forms3", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/63440/items/2FTAET27", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/forms3/items/2FTAET27", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 800810, "username": "irwinkwan", "name": "Irwin Kwan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/irwinkwan", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Robertson et al.", "parsedDate": "2006-04", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "2FTAET27", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Impact of high-intensity negotiated-style interruptions on end-user debugging", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T.J.", "lastName": "Robertson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joseph", "lastName": "Lawrance" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Margaret", "lastName": "Burnett" } ], "abstractNote": "Extending our previous work [T. Robertson, S. Prabhakararao, M. Burnett, C. Cook, J. Ruthruff, L. Beckwith, A. Phalgune, Impact of interruption style on end-user debugging, ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (2004)], we delve deeper into the question of which interruption style best supports end-user debugging. Previously, we found no advantages of immediate-style interruptions (which force the user to divert attention to the interruption at hand) over negotiated-style interruptions (which notify users without actually preventing them from working) in supporting end-user debugging. In this study, we altered our negotiated-style interruptions [A. Wilson, M. Burnett, L. Beckwith, O. Granatir, L. Casburn, C. Cook, M. Durham, G. Rothermel, Harnessing curiosity to increase correctness in end-user programming, Proceedings of the CHI 2003 (2003), 305–312] (which were shown to help end-user debuggers learn about and use debugging features of our programming language) such that they were more intense (larger, blinking, and/or accompanied by text).", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Visual Languages & Computing", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "April 2006", "volume": "17", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "187-202", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jvlc.2005.09.002", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1045926X05000480", "accessDate": "2012-02-18T01:13:22Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1045-926X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { 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"conferencePaper", "title": "End-user programming in the wild: A field study of CoScripter scripts", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.", "lastName": "Bogart" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Burnett" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Cypher" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.", "lastName": "Scaffidi" } ], "abstractNote": "Although a new class of languages has emerged to enable end users to create their own Web applications, little is known about how end-user programmers actually use such languages in the real world. In this paper, we report a field study on over 1400 scripts collected from the Internet which were created by early adopters of CoScripter, a Web macro programming-by-demonstration language. We contrast these Internet scripts with those written by users inside IBM, and describe script usage and re-usage patterns, features used, and users' clever workarounds for features not present in the language. The results show how users grapple with such programming notions as repetition, generalization, and reuse, sometimes inventing their own devices for these. Finally, we discuss the many scripts we found with social implications, whose purposes were to circumvent intended rules, regulations, and usage norm assumptions of a number of Web sites.", "proceedingsTitle": "IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing, 2008. VL/HCC 2008", "conferenceName": "IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing, 2008. VL/HCC 2008", "publisher": "IEEE", "place": "", "date": "15-19 Sept. 2008", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "39-46", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "10.1109/VLHCC.2008.4639056", "ISBN": "978-1-4244-2528-0", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "End-user programming in the wild", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "IEEE Xplore", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "CoScripter scripts", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Credit cards", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Internet", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Internet scripts", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Navigation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Programming environments", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Programming profession", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Web applications", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Web macro programming-by-demonstration language", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Web sites", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "automatic programming", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "end-user programming", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "programming notions", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-06T19:40:45Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-06T19:40:45Z" } }, { "key": "TNREFCAI", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 63440, "name": "Forms/3", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/forms3", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/63440/items/TNREFCAI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/forms3/items/TNREFCAI", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 800810, "username": "irwinkwan", "name": "Irwin Kwan", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/irwinkwan", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lawrance et al.", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TNREFCAI", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "How Programmers Debug, Revisited: An Information Foraging Theory Perspective", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Lawrance" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.", "lastName": "Bogart" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Burnett" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R.", "lastName": "Bellamy" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K.", "lastName": "Rector" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S.", "lastName": "Fleming" } ], "abstractNote": "Many theories of human debugging rely on complex mental constructs that offer little practical advice to builders of software engineering tools. Although hypotheses are important in debugging, a theory of navigation adds more practical value to our understanding of how programmers debug. Therefore, in this paper, we reconsider how people go about debugging in large collections of source code using a modern programming environment. We present an information foraging theory of debugging that treats programmer navigation during debugging as being analogous to a predator following scent to find prey in the wild. The theory proposes that constructs of scent and topology provide enough information to describe and predict programmer navigation during debugging, without reference to mental states such as hypotheses. We investigate the scope of our theory through an empirical study of ten professional programmers debugging a real-world open source program. We found that the programmers' verbalizations far more often concerned scent-following than hypotheses. 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