[ { "key": "REHPCQXS", "version": 52, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 623164, "name": "syriacbiblio", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/623164/items/REHPCQXS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio/items/REHPCQXS", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4693196, "username": "abscott", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/abscott", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 4260379, "username": "boulosvictor", "name": "Jack Tannous", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/boulosvictor", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Russell J. Dalton et al.", "parsedDate": "2009-09-02", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "REHPCQXS", "version": 52, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Economic Models of Voting", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Russell J. Dalton" }, { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Hans‐Dieter Klingemann" }, { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Michael S. Lewis‐Beck" }, { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Mary Stegmaier" } ], "abstractNote": "This article looks at the economic models of voting and the most studied cases of economic voting. It shows how the studies presented in the article were selected. The next section then identifies the most studied cases in the United States, Great Britain, and France. After discussing single-country studies, the article then turns to studies that examine multiple countries.", "publicationTitle": "", "publisher": "Oxford University Press", "place": "", "date": "2009-09-02", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199270125.003.0027", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199270125.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199270125-e-027", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "9780199270125", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "ITIKHEGA" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-05-15T20:18:01Z", "dateModified": "2020-05-15T20:18:01Z" } }, { "key": "EKEM5HJV", "version": 52, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 623164, "name": "syriacbiblio", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/623164/items/EKEM5HJV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio/items/EKEM5HJV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4693196, "username": "abscott", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/abscott", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 4260379, "username": "boulosvictor", "name": "Jack Tannous", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/boulosvictor", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Russell J. Dalton et al.", "parsedDate": "2009-09-02", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "EKEM5HJV", "version": 52, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Turnout in Elections", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Russell J. Dalton" }, { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Hans‐Dieter Klingemann" }, { "creatorType": "author", "name": "André Blais" } ], "abstractNote": "This article discusses the turnout in elections. It first examines turnout from an aggregate perspective, and then compares the level of turnout across space and eventually, over time. It deals with ‘simple’ descriptive questions and establishes the basic turnout patterns. The article considers those who vote, before concluding with an examination of the factors that shape the decision of individuals to vote or not to vote. The most influential models that have been proposed to explain electoral participation are included.", "publicationTitle": "", "publisher": "Oxford University Press", "place": "", "date": "2009-09-02", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199270125.003.0033", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199270125.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199270125-e-033", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "9780199270125", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "ITIKHEGA" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-05-15T20:18:01Z", "dateModified": "2020-05-15T20:18:01Z" } }, { "key": "46YZC2LV", "version": 52, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 623164, "name": "syriacbiblio", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/623164/items/46YZC2LV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio/items/46YZC2LV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4693196, "username": "abscott", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/abscott", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 4260379, "username": "boulosvictor", "name": "Jack Tannous", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/boulosvictor", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "McDonald", "parsedDate": "2002", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "46YZC2LV", "version": 52, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Turnout Rate among Eligible Voters in the States, 1980-2000", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael P.", "lastName": "McDonald" } ], "abstractNote": "[Aggregate voter turnout rates in the United States have been used in many political science studies, as both a dependent and an independent variable. Most of these studies use the voting-age population as the denominator in their turnout rate measure. However, the voting-age population is not the same as the population of eligible voters. I demonstrate why this distinction matters and outline the steps to construct the voting-eligible population for each of the states from 1980-2000 to provide more accurate measures of state-level voter turnout rates.]", "publicationTitle": "State Politics & Policy Quarterly", "publisher": "Sage Publications, Inc.", "place": "", "date": "2002", "volume": "2", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "199-212", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/40421457", "accessDate": "2020-04-26", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "15324400, 19461607", "archive": "JSTOR", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "2YEFIYQL", "N4JEE99W" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-05-15T20:18:01Z", "dateModified": "2020-05-15T20:18:01Z" } }, { "key": "U2U5N3UU", "version": 52, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 623164, "name": "syriacbiblio", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/623164/items/U2U5N3UU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio/items/U2U5N3UU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4693196, "username": "abscott", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/abscott", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 4260379, "username": "boulosvictor", "name": "Jack Tannous", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/boulosvictor", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Olsen", "parsedDate": "1970", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "U2U5N3UU", "version": 52, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Social and Political Participation of Blacks", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Marvin E.", "lastName": "Olsen" } ], "abstractNote": "[Recent research has suggested that although blacks often participate less actively than whites in voluntary associations and voting, when socioeconomic status is controlled this relationship is reversed, with blacks becoming more active than whites. The present study expands this line of research into a wide variety of social and political activities, and also adds age as a second control variable. The general tendency for blacks to be more active than whites under these controlled conditions is found to occur in every type of activity investigated. Comparison of data collected in 1957 and 1968 indicates that the tendency has become more pronounced in recent years. Myrdal's \"compensation\" interpretation of this trend, which has been accepted by all previous writers on this topic, is challenged as inadequate, since it does not explain black participation in such realms as mass media exposure, community activities, partisan political activities, and contacts with the government. An alternative \"ethnic community\" thesis is proposed, and is partially substantiated by the finding that blacks who identify as members of an ethnic minority tend to be more active than nonidentifiers.]", "publicationTitle": "American Sociological Review", "publisher": "[American Sociological Association, Sage Publications, Inc.]", "place": "", "date": "1970", "volume": "35", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "682-697", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.2307/2093944", "citationKey": "", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/2093944", "accessDate": "2020-03-31", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "00031224", "archive": "JSTOR", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "N4JEE99W" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-05-15T20:18:01Z", "dateModified": "2020-05-15T20:18:01Z" } }, { "key": "XV6ZB5W2", "version": 52, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 623164, "name": "syriacbiblio", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/623164/items/XV6ZB5W2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio/items/XV6ZB5W2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4693196, "username": "abscott", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/abscott", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 4260379, "username": "boulosvictor", "name": "Jack Tannous", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/boulosvictor", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bobo and Gilliam", "parsedDate": "1990", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "XV6ZB5W2", "version": 52, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Race, Sociopolitical Participation, and Black Empowerment", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lawrence", "lastName": "Bobo" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Franklin D.", "lastName": "Gilliam" } ], "abstractNote": "[Using 1987 national sample survey data that included a large black oversample, we reexamine black-white differences in sociopolitical participation. We hypothesized that increases in black empowerment would affect the level of black sociopolitical participation and change the nature of black-white differences in political behavior. The results show that blacks in high-black-empowerment areas--as indicated by control of the mayor's office--are more active than either blacks living in low-empowerment areas or their white counterparts of comparable socioeconomic status. Furthermore, the results show that empowerment influences black participation by contributing to a more trusting and efficacious orientation to politics and by greatly increasing black attentiveness to political affairs. We discuss the results' implications for theoretical interpretations of when and why black sociopolitical behavior differs from that of whites.]", "publicationTitle": "The American Political Science Review", "publisher": "[American Political Science Association, Cambridge University Press]", "place": "", "date": "1990", "volume": "84", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "377-393", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.2307/1963525", "citationKey": "", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/1963525", "accessDate": "2020-03-31", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "00030554, 15375943", "archive": "JSTOR", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "N4JEE99W" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-05-15T20:18:01Z", "dateModified": "2020-05-15T20:18:01Z" } }, { "key": "RSEA3VRX", "version": 52, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 623164, "name": "syriacbiblio", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/623164/items/RSEA3VRX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio/items/RSEA3VRX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4693196, "username": "abscott", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/abscott", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 4260379, "username": "boulosvictor", "name": "Jack Tannous", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/boulosvictor", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Holbrook and Krosnick", "parsedDate": "2010", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "RSEA3VRX", "version": 52, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "SOCIAL DESIRABILITY BIAS IN VOTER TURNOUT REPORTS : TESTS USING THE ITEM COUNT TECHNIQUE", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Allyson L.", "lastName": "Holbrook" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jon A.", "lastName": "Krosnick" } ], "abstractNote": "[Surveys usually yield rates of voting in elections that are higher than official turnout figures, a phenomenon often attributed to intentional misrepresentation by respondents who did not vote and would be embarrassed to admit that. The experiments reported here tested the social desirability response bias hypothesis directly by implementing a technique that allowed respondents to report secretly whether they voted: the \"item count technique.\" The item count technique significantly reduced turnout reports in a national telephone survey relative to direct self-reports, suggesting that social desirability response bias influenced direct self-reports in that survey. But in eight national surveys of American adults conducted via the Internet, the item count technique did not significantly reduce turnout reports. This mode difference is consistent with other evidence that the Internet survey mode may be less susceptible to social desirability response bias because of self-administration.]", "publicationTitle": "The Public Opinion Quarterly", "publisher": "[Oxford University Press, American Association for Public Opinion Research]", "place": "", "date": "2010", "volume": "74", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "37-67", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/40660537", "accessDate": "2020-02-29", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0033362X, 15375331", "archive": "JSTOR", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "ITIKHEGA" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-05-15T20:18:01Z", "dateModified": "2020-05-15T20:18:01Z" } }, { "key": "KXU74C6W", "version": 52, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 623164, "name": "syriacbiblio", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/623164/items/KXU74C6W", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio/items/KXU74C6W", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4693196, "username": "abscott", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/abscott", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 4260379, "username": "boulosvictor", "name": "Jack Tannous", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/boulosvictor", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Matthews and Prothro", "parsedDate": "1963", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "KXU74C6W", "version": 52, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Social and Economic Factors and Negro Voter Registration in the South", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Donald R.", "lastName": "Matthews" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "James W.", "lastName": "Prothro" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "The American Political Science Review", "publisher": "[American Political Science Association, Cambridge University Press]", "place": "", "date": "1963", "volume": "57", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "24-44", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.2307/1952716", "citationKey": "", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/1952716", "accessDate": "2020-02-29", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "00030554, 15375943", "archive": "JSTOR", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "ITIKHEGA" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-05-15T20:18:01Z", "dateModified": "2020-05-15T20:18:01Z" } }, { "key": "CVI5NKAH", "version": 52, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 623164, "name": "syriacbiblio", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/623164/items/CVI5NKAH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio/items/CVI5NKAH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4693196, "username": "abscott", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/abscott", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 4260379, "username": "boulosvictor", "name": "Jack Tannous", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/boulosvictor", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Russell J. Dalton et al.", "parsedDate": "2009-09-02", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "CVI5NKAH", "version": 52, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Race and Political Behavior", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Russell J. Dalton" }, { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Hans‐Dieter Klingemann" }, { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Shamit Saggar" } ], "abstractNote": "This article presents a survey that aims to draw together several central themes found in literature pertaining to race and political behaviour. It attempts to evaluate the broad trends in this volume of research, despite the interests of researchers being clustered around some major topics and approaches. The topics covered in this article are comparative politics, conflict, electoral engagement, the behavioural frameworks of enquiry and understanding, race, and political behaviour.", "publicationTitle": "", "publisher": "Oxford University Press", "place": "", "date": "2009-09-02", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199270125.003.0026", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199270125.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199270125-e-026", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "9780199270125", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "ITIKHEGA" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-05-15T20:18:01Z", "dateModified": "2020-05-15T20:18:01Z" } }, { "key": "ELI43LL2", "version": 52, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 623164, "name": "syriacbiblio", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/623164/items/ELI43LL2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio/items/ELI43LL2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4693196, "username": "abscott", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/abscott", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 4260379, "username": "boulosvictor", "name": "Jack Tannous", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/boulosvictor", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Monroe", "parsedDate": "1977", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "ELI43LL2", "version": 52, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Urbanism and Voter Turnout: A Note on Some Unexpected Findings", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alan D.", "lastName": "Monroe" } ], "abstractNote": "[Past literature has been unclear as to the relationship between urban/rural residence and voting turnout. Aggregate analysis of turnout within Illinois reveals a strong tendency for rural areas to have much higher turnout than urban. Furthermore, these rural areas have lower levels of education, income, and industrialization, so that these variables cannot account for higher turnout levels, nor can the observed patterns be accounted for by the historical pattern of political culture. Several theoretical arguments which might explain the findings are examined.]", "publicationTitle": "American Journal of Political Science", "publisher": "[Midwest Political Science Association, Wiley]", "place": "", "date": "1977", "volume": "21", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "71-78", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.2307/2110448", "citationKey": "", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/2110448", "accessDate": "2020-03-31", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "00925853, 15405907", "archive": "JSTOR", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "N4JEE99W" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-05-15T20:18:01Z", "dateModified": "2020-05-15T20:18:01Z" } }, { "key": "K3DD6HZQ", "version": 52, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 623164, "name": "syriacbiblio", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/623164/items/K3DD6HZQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio/items/K3DD6HZQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4693196, "username": "abscott", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/abscott", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 4260379, "username": "boulosvictor", "name": "Jack Tannous", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/boulosvictor", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kaufman", "parsedDate": "2019-05-04", "numChildren": 5 }, "data": { "key": "K3DD6HZQ", "version": 52, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Rural political participation in the United States: alienation or action?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Chelsea N.", "lastName": "Kaufman" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Rural Society", "publisher": "Routledge", "place": "", "date": "May 4, 2019", "volume": "28", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "127-143", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Rural Society", "DOI": "10.1080/10371656.2019.1645429", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/10371656.2019.1645429", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1037-1656", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "N4JEE99W" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-05-15T20:18:01Z", "dateModified": "2020-05-15T20:18:01Z" } }, { "key": "6SYW6CRU", "version": 51, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 623164, "name": "syriacbiblio", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/623164/items/6SYW6CRU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio/items/6SYW6CRU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4693196, "username": "abscott", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/abscott", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 4260379, "username": "boulosvictor", "name": "Jack Tannous", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/boulosvictor", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Godfrey and Cherng", "parsedDate": "2016-11", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "6SYW6CRU", "version": 51, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Kids are All Right? Income Inequality and Civic Engagement among Our Nation's Youth", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Erin B.", "lastName": "Godfrey" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hua-yu Sebastian", "lastName": "Cherng" } ], "abstractNote": "Prior work suggests that income inequality depresses civic participation among adults. However, associations between income inequality and youth civic engagement have not been assessed. This is true despite evidence that other features of communities influence youth civic development. To fill the gap, we examine associations between county-level income inequality and civic engagement among a nationally representative sample of 12,240 15-year-olds (50% female). We find opposite patterns than those suggested by the adult literature. Higher county-level income inequality is associated with slightly more civic engagement (greater importance of helping others, higher rates of volunteering often), and this is particularly true for low-socioeconomic status and racial/ethnic minority youth. Potential developmental and structural explanations for these differences are offered. In addition, practical implications of these findings are drawn, and future research directions for scholars studying youth are proposed.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Youth and Adolescence", "publisher": "Springer Nature B.V.", "place": "", "date": "Nov 2016", "volume": "45", "issue": "11", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "2218-2232", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0557-4", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://search.proquest.com/docview/1826883235/abstract/1A53E6777E4C4FB9PQ/1", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "00472891", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The Kids are All Right?", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "ProQuest", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016", "extra": "Num Pages: 2218-2232\nPlace: New York, Netherlands, New York", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adolescent development", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Children", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Children And Youth - About", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Citizen participation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ethnicity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Income", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Income inequality", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Low income groups", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Minority & ethnic groups", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Minority groups", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Psychology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Racial differences", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Socioeconomic status", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Youth", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Youth participation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Youth volunteers", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "2YEFIYQL" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-05-15T20:18:01Z", "dateModified": "2020-05-15T20:18:01Z" } }, { "key": "NZ53BTX4", "version": 51, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 623164, "name": "syriacbiblio", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/623164/items/NZ53BTX4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio/items/NZ53BTX4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4693196, "username": "abscott", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/abscott", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 4260379, "username": "boulosvictor", "name": "Jack Tannous", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/boulosvictor", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kurian", "parsedDate": "2011", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "NZ53BTX4", "version": 51, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Democracy", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "George", "lastName": "Kurian" } ], "abstractNote": "", "bookTitle": "The Encyclopedia of Political Science", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2011", "publisher": "CQ Press", "place": "Washington", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "387-391", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "10.4135/9781608712434", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://sk.sagepub.com/cqpress/the-encyclopedia-of-political-science/n386.xml", "accessDate": "2020-05-14T15:25:02Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "SAGE Knowledge", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "democracy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "democratic thought", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "hybrid regimes", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "indexing", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "majoritarianism", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "polyarchy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "regime", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "2YEFIYQL" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-05-15T20:18:01Z", "dateModified": "2020-05-15T20:18:01Z" } }, { "key": "FQYFMEAV", "version": 51, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 623164, "name": "syriacbiblio", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/623164/items/FQYFMEAV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio/items/FQYFMEAV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4693196, "username": "abscott", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/abscott", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 4260379, "username": "boulosvictor", "name": "Jack Tannous", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/boulosvictor", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sondheimer and Green", "parsedDate": "2010", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "FQYFMEAV", "version": 51, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Using Experiments to Estimate the Effects of Education on Voter Turnout", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rachel Milstein", "lastName": "Sondheimer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Donald P.", "lastName": "Green" } ], "abstractNote": "[The powerful relationship between education and voter turnout is arguably the most well-documented and robust finding in American survey research. Yet the causal interpretation of this relationship remains controversial, with many authors suggesting that the apparent link between education and turnout is spurious. In contrast to previous work, which has relied on observational data to assess the effect of education on voter turnout, this article analyzes two randomized experiments and one quasi-experiment in which educational attainment was altered exogenously. We track the children in these experiments over the long term, examining their voting rates as adults. In all three studies, we find that exogenously induced changes in high school graduation rates have powerful effects on voter turnout rates. These results imply that the correlation between education and turnout is indeed causal. We discuss some of the pathways by which education may transmit its influence.]", "publicationTitle": "American Journal of Political Science", "publisher": "[Midwest Political Science Association, Wiley]", "place": "", "date": "2010", "volume": "54", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "174-189", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/20647978", "accessDate": "2020-02-29", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "00925853, 15405907", "archive": "JSTOR", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "ITIKHEGA" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-05-15T20:18:01Z", "dateModified": "2020-05-15T20:18:01Z" } }, { "key": "2RJ6DDZ9", "version": 51, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 623164, "name": "syriacbiblio", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/623164/items/2RJ6DDZ9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio/items/2RJ6DDZ9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4693196, "username": "abscott", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/abscott", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 4260379, "username": "boulosvictor", "name": "Jack Tannous", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/boulosvictor", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Silver et al.", "parsedDate": "1986", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "2RJ6DDZ9", "version": 51, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Who Overreports Voting?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Brian D.", "lastName": "Silver" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Barbara A.", "lastName": "Anderson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Paul R.", "lastName": "Abramson" } ], "abstractNote": "[The effects of respondent characteristics with regard to the propensity of nonvoters to report that they voted are examined by analyzing the vote validation studies conducted by the University of Michigan Survey Research Center in 1964, 1976, and 1980. Previous research has suggested that vote overreporting derives from the respondent's wish to appear to engage in socially desirable behavior. This earlier research suggests that the only respondent characteristic that is strongly related to overreporting is race; measures of socioeconomic status and of general political attitudes are said to be at most weakly related to the tendency to exaggerate voting. These earlier conclusions are incorrect. We measure the extent of overreporting for the population \"at risk\" of overreporting voting: those who did not actually vote. Respondents most inclined to overreport their voting are those who are highly educated, those most supportive of the regime norm of voting, and those to whom the norm of voting is most salient--the same characteristics that are related to the probability that a person actually votes. Blacks are only slightly more likely to overreport voting than whites. The pattern of relations between education and vote overreporting is opposite what would be found if those who falsely reported voting fit the typical image of the uneducated, uninvolved, \"acquiescent\" respondent who is concerned primarily with pleasing the interviewer.]", "publicationTitle": "The American Political Science Review", "publisher": "[American Political Science Association, Cambridge University Press]", "place": "", "date": "1986", "volume": "80", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "613-624", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.2307/1958277", "citationKey": "", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/1958277", "accessDate": "2020-02-29", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "00030554, 15375943", "archive": "JSTOR", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "ITIKHEGA" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-05-15T20:18:01Z", "dateModified": "2020-05-15T20:18:01Z" } }, { "key": "VIKCHIKF", "version": 51, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 623164, "name": "syriacbiblio", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/623164/items/VIKCHIKF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio/items/VIKCHIKF", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4693196, "username": "abscott", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/abscott", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 4260379, "username": "boulosvictor", "name": "Jack Tannous", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/boulosvictor", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Verba et al.", "parsedDate": "1993", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VIKCHIKF", "version": 51, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Race, Ethnicity and Political Resources: Participation in the United States", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sidney", "lastName": "Verba" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kay Lehman", "lastName": "Schlozman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Henry", "lastName": "Brady" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Norman H.", "lastName": "Nie" } ], "abstractNote": "[This article uses data from the Citizen Participation Study - a large-scale survey of the voluntary activity of the American public designed to oversample African-Americans and Latinos as well as political activists - to inquire about the extent and sources of differences in levels of political activity among African-Americans, Latinos and Anglo-Whites. Considering a variety of political acts, we find that, in the aggregate, African-Americans are slightly, and Latinos are substantially, less active than Anglo-Whites. However, the resources that facilitate participation - some of which, for example, education, are related to social class and others of which, for example, religious preference and activity are associated with race or ethnicity - are distributed very unevently across the three groups, with Latinos at a particular disadvantage. After accounting for differences in politically relevant resources, there is no significant difference among the three groups in political participation.]", "publicationTitle": "British Journal of Political Science", "publisher": "Cambridge University Press", "place": "", "date": "1993", "volume": "23", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "453-497", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/194213", "accessDate": "2020-02-29", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "00071234, 14692112", "archive": "JSTOR", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "ITIKHEGA" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-05-15T20:18:01Z", "dateModified": "2020-05-15T20:18:01Z" } }, { "key": "ZVQI7I6G", "version": 51, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 623164, "name": "syriacbiblio", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/623164/items/ZVQI7I6G", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio/items/ZVQI7I6G", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4693196, "username": "abscott", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/abscott", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 4260379, "username": "boulosvictor", "name": "Jack Tannous", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/boulosvictor", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "van Deth", "parsedDate": "2016-11-22", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ZVQI7I6G", "version": 51, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "What is Political Participation?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jan W.", "lastName": "van Deth" } ], "abstractNote": "Vibrant democracies are characterized by a continuous expansion of the available forms of participation. This expansion has confronted many researchers with the dilemma of using either a dated conceptualization of participation excluding many new modes of political action or stretching their concept to cover almost everything. Demarcation problems are especially evident for many newer, “creative,” “personalized,” and “individualized” modes of participation such as political consumption, street parties, or guerrilla gardening, which basically concern nonpolitical activities used for political purposes. Moreover, the use of Internet-based technologies for these activities (“connective action”) makes it almost impossible to recognize political participation at first sight. Because social, societal, and political developments in democratic societies have made the search for a single encompassing definition of political participation obsolete, an alternative approach is to integrate the core features of political participation in a conceptual map. Five modes cover the whole range of political participation systematically and efficiently, based on the locus (polity), targeting (government area or community problems), and circumstance (context or motivations) of these activities. While the rise of expressive modes of participation especially requires the inclusion of contextual information or the aims and goals of participants, attention is paid to the (dis)advantages of including these aspects as defining criteria for political participation. In this way, the map offers a comprehensive answer to the question “what is political participation” without excluding future participatory innovations that are the hallmark of a vibrant democracy.", "publicationTitle": "Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics", "publisher": "Oxford University Press", "place": "", "date": "2016-11-22", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.68", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-68", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "2YEFIYQL" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-05-15T20:18:01Z", "dateModified": "2020-05-15T20:18:01Z" } }, { "key": "IRJ4ENEB", "version": 51, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 623164, "name": "syriacbiblio", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/623164/items/IRJ4ENEB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio/items/IRJ4ENEB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4693196, "username": "abscott", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/abscott", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 4260379, "username": "boulosvictor", "name": "Jack Tannous", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/boulosvictor", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Weber and Miller", "parsedDate": "2017", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "IRJ4ENEB", "version": 51, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Poverty in Rural America Then and Now", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bruce", "lastName": "Weber" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kathleen", "lastName": "Miller" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Ann R.", "lastName": "Tickamyer" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Jennifer", "lastName": "Sherman" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Jennifer", "lastName": "Warlick" } ], "abstractNote": "Poverty is widespread in this country. While it is possible that New York State has more poverty than other states, it is doubtful if its poverty is much greater proportionately than that of most of the industrial states. Twelve years ago I made what was practically a personal canvass of the poor in a small town in Indiana. There were no tenements, but the river banks were lined with small cabins and shanties, inhabited by the poorest and most miserable people I have almost ever seen. About the mills and factories were other wretched little communities of working people. 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What is it about the geography, demography, and history of rural communities that keeps them poor? In a comprehensive analysis that extends from the Civil War to the present,Rural Poverty in the United Stateslooks at access to human and social capital; food security; healthcare and the environment; homelessness; gender roles and relations; racial inequalities; and immigration trends to isolate the underlying causes of persistent rural poverty.Contributors to this volume incorporate approaches from multiple disciplines, including sociology, economics, demography, race and gender studies, public health, education, criminal justice, social welfare, and other social science fields. They take a hard look at current and past programs to alleviate rural poverty and use their failures to suggest alternatives that could improve the well-being of rural Americans for years to come. 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Generations of Americans have debated competing visions of what was happening to national income and how it was divided. Yet they lacked the solid evidence needed to choose between the competing visions. We still know little about the growth and (especially) the inequality of American incomes before the twentieth century. We also need to understand what has caused the dramatic movements in inequality over the last century, and its future prospects. When did America grow fast enough to make it a world leader in average living standards? There is", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2016", "publisher": "Princeton University Press", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "", "ISBN": "978-0-691-17049-7", "DOI": "10.2307/j.ctvc77j93.5", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvc77j93.5", "accessDate": "2020-05-14T15:48:34Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "JSTOR", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "JSTOR", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "2YEFIYQL" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-05-15T20:18:01Z", "dateModified": "2020-05-15T20:18:01Z" } }, { "key": "86IHSJBB", "version": 51, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 623164, "name": "syriacbiblio", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/623164/items/86IHSJBB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/syriacbiblio/items/86IHSJBB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 4693196, "username": "abscott", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/abscott", "type": "text/html" } } }, "lastModifiedByUser": { "id": 4260379, "username": "boulosvictor", "name": "Jack Tannous", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/boulosvictor", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Verba", "parsedDate": "2003", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "86IHSJBB", "version": 51, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Would the Dream of Political Equality Turn out to Be a Nightmare?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sidney", "lastName": "Verba" } ], "abstractNote": "[Studies of citizen participation often assume that widespread and equal participation is beneficial for democracy. This article examines the arguments for and against equal citizen participation: although it may lead to lower-quality participation-less informed, less supportive of democracy-it also leads to a distortion of the needs and preferences of citizens as they are communicated into the political process.]", "publicationTitle": "Perspectives on Politics", "publisher": "[American Political Science Association, Cambridge University Press]", "place": "", "date": "2003", "volume": "1", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "663-679", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "www.jstor.org/stable/3687921", "accessDate": "2020-02-29", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "15375927, 15410986", "archive": "JSTOR", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "ITIKHEGA" ], "relations": {}, 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"lastName": "Kollar" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John", "lastName": "Creamer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Abinash", "lastName": "Mohanty" } ], "abstractNote": "This report presents data on income, earnings, income inequality & poverty in the United States based on information collected in the 2017 and earlier CPS ASEC.", "reportNumber": "P60-266", "reportType": "", "institution": "U.S. Census Bureau", "place": "", "date": "September 2019", "seriesTitle": "Current Population Reports", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2019/demo/p60-266.html", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Income and Poverty in the United States", "language": "EN-US", "libraryCatalog": "www.census.gov", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "Section: Government", "tags": [], "collections": [ "2YEFIYQL" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": 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Page 49

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\"When low-SES and high-SES individuals send the same letters, elected officials are much more dismissive of the low-SES individuals' opinions because they have a lower SES.

\n

\"Public officials' dismissive attitude toward low-SES individuals means that previous studies have underestimated the bias these constituents face. Previous results have focused on the advantages that high-SES individuals enjoy in terms of greater resources and the kind of connections that make it easier to politically participate at a higher rate (Verba, Schlozman, and Brady, 1995; Verba 2003). These results show that the differences in resources for political participation can only be part of the story. Even when low-SES individuals participate at the same rate as high-SES individuals do, officials take the input from high-SES individuals more seriously.

\n

\"Low-SES individuals may in fact choose to participate less because they expect to see little payoff from becoming involved. Previous studies have shown that low-SES individuals feel that government officials are less likely to listen to people like them (e.g., Verba, Schlozman, and Brady, 1995, 349), and this political afficacy deficit is cited as one reason that low-SES individuals participate less in politics. I have shown that these expectations may be rational. Elected officials assume that low-SES individuals are less likely to understand an issue's complexity and less likely to base their opinions on facts.\"

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Pages 59-60

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\"Socioeconomic status is a key predictor of turnout. People who are better educated, wealthier, and in more professional occupations consistently turn out to vote at a higher rate than those from a lower socioeconomic status. When respondents were asked in the American National Election Studies (ANES) | surveys from 1972 to 2012 if they voted in the presidential election, slightly over 85 percent of those with a college education or postgraduate degree said they voted compared to only about 56 percent of those with a high school education or less. In 2016, a similar patter emerges, with 92 percent of the college educated saying they had voted compared to only 66 percent of the high school educated. Granted, self-reported turnout in face-to-face and telephone surveys is always higher than actual turnout numbers, largely due to the social desirability problem of people not wanting to admit they did not vote when they know they should have.(6) And research suggests that the better educated seem to be more affected by the social desirability bias than the less educated and therefore are more likely to claim to have voted when they did not. Even taking into account exaggerated turnout numbers, education is highly related to voting for a variety of reasons, including having a better understanding of the voter registration process, having greater interest in and knowledge about politics, and being part of a ore politically active social network (see chapter 5).(7) Not surprisingly, family income plays out in much the same way. In the past forty years, ANES data show that just under 90 percent of those in the top third of family income say they voted in teh previous presidential election compared to just over 65 percent of those in the bottom third. The most recent presidential election was no different. Clearly, socioeconomic status matters in American elections.\"

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6: Allyson L. Hollbrook and Jon A. Krosnick, \"Social Desirability in Voter Turnout Reports,\" Public Opinion Quarterly 74 (Spring 2010): 37-67.

\n

7: Brian D. Silver, Barbara A. Anderson, and Paul. R. Abramson, \"Who Overreports Voting?\" American Political Science Review 80 (June 1986): 613-624; Rachel Milstein Sondheimer and Donald P. Green, \"Using Experiments to Estimate the effects of Education on Voter Turnout,\" American Journal of Political Science 54 (January 2010): 174-189.

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