[ { "key": "UYQQCLCK", "version": 124, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 61535, "name": "hatespin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/61535/items/UYQQCLCK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin/items/UYQQCLCK", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/61535/items/Z4AH9XU6", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 438012, "username": "cherian", "name": "Cherian George", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cherian", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "UYQQCLCK", "version": 124, "parentItem": "Z4AH9XU6", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2020-04-16T03:27:37Z", "url": "https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/article/global-vaccination-badnews/", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "global-vaccination-badnews.html", "md5": "390e9477fe3fefcf4943dcf5832a7180", "mtime": 1587007657000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-04-16T03:27:37Z", "dateModified": "2020-04-16T03:27:37Z" } }, { "key": "267T9C2D", "version": 123, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 61535, "name": "hatespin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/61535/items/267T9C2D", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin/items/267T9C2D", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/61535/items/Z4AH9XU6", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 438012, "username": "cherian", "name": "Cherian George", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cherian", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "267T9C2D", "version": 123, "parentItem": "Z4AH9XU6", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2020-04-16T03:27:34Z", "url": "https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/FORMATTED_globalvaccination_Jan30.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Roozenbeek et al. - 2020 - Prebunking interventions based on “inoculation” th.pdf", "md5": "18cc915ace5b4bee4727e3d71111c2e4", "mtime": 1587007654000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-04-16T03:27:34Z", "dateModified": "2020-04-16T03:27:34Z" } }, { "key": "Z4AH9XU6", "version": 122, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 61535, "name": "hatespin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/61535/items/Z4AH9XU6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin/items/Z4AH9XU6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 438012, "username": "cherian", "name": "Cherian George", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cherian", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Roozenbeek et al.", "parsedDate": "2020-02-03", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "Z4AH9XU6", "version": 122, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Prebunking interventions based on “inoculation” theory can reduce susceptibility to misinformation across cultures", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jon", "lastName": "Roozenbeek" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sander van der", "lastName": "Linden" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas", "lastName": "Nygren" } ], "abstractNote": "This study finds that the online \"fake news\" game, Bad News, can confer psychological resistance against common online misinformation strategies (e.g., conspiracy theories, manipulating emotions, political polarization) across different cultures (Sweden, German, Poland, and Greece). The intervention draws on the theory of psychological inoculation: analogous to the process of medical immunization, we find that \"prebunking\" or preemptively warning and exposing people to weakened doses of misinformation can help cultivate \"mental antibodies\" against fake news. We conclude that social impact games rooted in basic insights from social psychology can boost immunity against misinformation across a variety of cultural, linguistic, and political settings.", "publicationTitle": "Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2020/02/03", "volume": "1", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.37016//mr-2020-008", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/article/global-vaccination-badnews/", "accessDate": "2020-04-16T03:27:33Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en-US", "libraryCatalog": "misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-04-16T03:27:33Z", "dateModified": "2020-04-16T03:27:33Z" } }, { "key": "TNLGK64N", "version": 121, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 61535, "name": "hatespin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/61535/items/TNLGK64N", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin/items/TNLGK64N", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 438012, "username": "cherian", "name": "Cherian George", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cherian", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Samantha Bradshaw and Philip N. Howard", "parsedDate": "2019", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TNLGK64N", "version": 121, "itemType": "report", "title": "The Global Disinformation Order: 2019 Global Inventory of Organised Social Media Manipulation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Samantha Bradshaw" }, { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Philip N. Howard" } ], "abstractNote": "", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "", "institution": "Computational Propaganda Research Project, Oxford University", "place": "", "date": "2019", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/research/cybertroops2019/", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-03-14T05:06:27Z", "dateModified": "2020-03-30T11:28:08Z" } }, { "key": "KGUPEXMR", "version": 120, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 61535, "name": "hatespin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/61535/items/KGUPEXMR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin/items/KGUPEXMR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 438012, "username": "cherian", "name": "Cherian George", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cherian", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Woolley and Howard", "parsedDate": "2016-10-12", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "KGUPEXMR", "version": 120, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Automation, Algorithms, and Politics| Political Communication, Computational Propaganda, and Autonomous Agents — Introduction", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Samuel C.", "lastName": "Woolley" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Philip N.", "lastName": "Howard" } ], "abstractNote": "The Internet certainly disrupted our understanding of what communication can be, who does it, how, and to what effect. What constitutes the Internet has always been an evolving suite of technologies and a dynamic set of social norms, rules, and patterns of use. But the shape and character of digital communications are shifting again—the browser is no longer the primary means by which most people encounter information infrastructure. The bulk of digital communications are no longer between people but between devices, about people, over the Internet of things. Political actors make use of technological proxies in the form of proprietary algorithms and semiautomated social actors—political bots—in subtle attempts to manipulate public opinion. These tools are scaffolding for human control, but the way they work to afford such control over interaction and organization can be unpredictable, even to those who build them. So to understand contemporary political communication—and modern communication broadly—we must now investigate the politics of algorithms and automation.\n\n‘computational propaganda as the assemblage of social media platforms, autonomous agents, and big data tasked with the manipulation of public opinion. Autonomous agents, equipped with big data about our behavior collected from the Internet of things, work over social media to engage with us on political issues and advance ideological projects. Computational propaganda involves software programs that are interactive and ideologically imbued. They are interactive within the context of a platform. They are ideological, first, in that they are programmed to promote a particular perspective in politically charged conversations and, second, in that they are artifactual evidence of the idea that technology can be used to influence politics. These are almost pure examples of politics in code. Computational propaganda is among the latest, and most ubiquitous, technical strategies to be deployed by those who wish to use information technology for social control.’ Woolley 2016, 4886", "publicationTitle": "International Journal of Communication", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2016/10/12", "volume": "10", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "4882–4890", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/6298", "accessDate": "2020-03-14T05:03:33Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1932-8036", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "ijoc.org", "callNumber": "", "rights": "The International Journal of Communication is an academic journal. As such, it is dedicated to the open exchange of information. For this reason, IJoC is freely available to individuals and institutions. Copies of this journal or articles in this journal may be distributed for research or educational purposes free of charge and without permission. However, commercial use of the IJoC website or the articles contained herein is expressly prohibited without the written consent of the editor. Authors who publish in The International Journal of Communication will release their articles under the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd) license . This license allows anyone to copy and distribute the article for non-commercial purposes provided that appropriate attribution is given. For details of the rights authors grants users of their work, see the \"human-readable summary\" of the license , with a link to the full license. (Note that \"you\" refers to a user, not an author, in the summary.) This journal utilizes the LOCKSS system to create a distributed archiving system among participating libraries and permits those libraries to create permanent archives of the journal for purposes of preservation and restoration. The publisher perpetually authorizes participants in the LOCKSS system to archive and restore our publication through the LOCKSS System for the benefit of all LOCKSS System participants. Specifically participating libraries may: Collect and preserve currently accessible materials; Use material consistent with original license terms; Provide copies to other LOCKSS appliances for purposes of audit and repair.   Fair Use The U.S. Copyright Act of 1976 specifies, in Section 107, the terms of the Fair Use exception: Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include: the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; the nature of the copyrighted work; the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; & the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work. The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors. In accord with these provisions, the International Journal of Communication believes in the vigorous assertion and defense of Fair Use by scholars engaged in academic research, teaching and non-commercial publishing. Thus, we view the inclusion of “quotations” from existing print, visual, audio and audio-visual texts to be appropriate examples of Fair Use, as are reproductions of visual images for the purpose of scholarly analysis. We encourage authors to obtain appropriate permissions to use materials originally produced by others, but do not require such permissions as long as the usage of such materials falls within the boundaries of Fair Use. The International Journal of Communication encourages authors to employ fair use in their scholarly publishing wherever appropriate. Fair use is the right to use unlicensed copyrighted material (whether it is text, images, audio-visual, or other) in your own work, in some circumstances. We consult the Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for Scholarly Research in Communication , created by the International Communication Association and endorsed by the National Communication Association, and you should too. If you have any questions about whether fair use applies to your uses of copyrighted material (whether it is text, images, audio-visual, or other) in your scholarship, simply include your rationale, grounded in the Best Practices, as a supplementary document with your submission.", "extra": "Number: 0", "tags": [ { "tag": "Internet of things", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Internet of thingsy studies", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "algorithms", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "artificial intelligence", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "automation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "bots", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "political communication", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "research trends", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "science and technology studies", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "social media", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-03-14T05:03:33Z", "dateModified": "2020-03-30T10:59:50Z" } }, { "key": "BMX5X3LH", "version": 118, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 61535, "name": "hatespin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/61535/items/BMX5X3LH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin/items/BMX5X3LH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 438012, "username": "cherian", "name": "Cherian George", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cherian", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Fiss", "parsedDate": "1996", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "BMX5X3LH", "version": 118, "itemType": "book", "title": "The Irony of Free Speech", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Owen M.", "lastName": "Fiss" } ], "abstractNote": "How free is the speech of someone who can't be heard? Not very--and this, Owen Fiss suggests, is where the First Amendment comes in. In this book, a marvel of conciseness and eloquence, Fiss reframes the debate over free speech to reflect the First Amendment's role in ensuring public debate that is, in Justice William Brennan's words, truly \"uninhibited, robust, and wide-open.\"Hate speech, pornography, campaign spending, funding for the arts: the heated, often overheated, struggle over these issues generally pits liberty, as embodied in the First Amendment, against equality, as in the Fourteenth. Fiss presents a democratic view of the First Amendment that transcends this opposition. If equal participation is a precondition of free and open public debate, then the First Amendment encompasses the values of both equality and liberty.By examining the silencing effects of speech--its power to overwhelm and intimidate the underfunded, underrepresented, or disadvantaged voice--Fiss shows how restrictions on political expenditures, hate speech, and pornography can be defended in terms of the First Amendment, not despite it. Similarly, when the state requires the media to air voices of opposition, or funds art that presents controversial or challenging points of view, it is doing its constitutional part to protect democratic self-rule from the aggregations of private power that threaten it.Where most liberal accounts cast the state as the enemy of freedom and the First Amendment as a restraint, this one reminds us that the state can also be the friend of freedom, protecting and fostering speech that might otherwise die unheard, depriving our democracy of the full range and richness of its expression.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "1996", "publisher": "Harvard University Press", "place": "Cambridge, Mass.", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "112", "ISBN": "978-0-674-46661-6", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "English", "libraryCatalog": "Amazon", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-03-30T07:13:42Z", "dateModified": "2020-03-30T07:15:06Z" } }, { "key": "NS7LY4PV", "version": 113, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 61535, "name": "hatespin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/61535/items/NS7LY4PV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin/items/NS7LY4PV", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/61535/items/BMX5X3LH", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 438012, "username": "cherian", "name": "Cherian George", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cherian", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "NS7LY4PV", "version": 113, "parentItem": "BMX5X3LH", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Amazon.com Link", "accessDate": "2020-03-30T07:13:43Z", "url": "https://www.amazon.com/Irony-Free-Speech-Owen-Fiss/dp/0674466616", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-03-30T07:13:43Z", "dateModified": "2020-03-30T07:13:43Z" } }, { "key": "XH35BPY5", "version": 114, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 61535, "name": "hatespin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/61535/items/XH35BPY5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin/items/XH35BPY5", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/61535/items/SYN6UB6T", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 438012, "username": "cherian", "name": "Cherian George", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cherian", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "XH35BPY5", "version": 114, "parentItem": "SYN6UB6T", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2020-03-30T07:13:30Z", "url": "https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674466616", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "catalog.html", "md5": "eb7b79a3cc22541ef5aede639b2188c6", "mtime": 1585552410000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-03-30T07:13:30Z", "dateModified": "2020-03-30T07:13:30Z" } }, { "key": "SYN6UB6T", "version": 113, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 61535, "name": "hatespin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/61535/items/SYN6UB6T", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin/items/SYN6UB6T", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 438012, "username": "cherian", "name": "Cherian George", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cherian", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "SYN6UB6T", "version": 113, "itemType": "webpage", "title": "The Irony of Free Speech — Owen Fiss", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "How free is the speech of someone who can't be heard? Not very -- and this, Owen Fiss suggests in this incisive book, is where the First Amendment comes in. He reframes the debate by showing how restrictions on political expenditures, hate speech, and pornography can be defended in terms of the First Amendment, not despite it.", "websiteTitle": "", "websiteType": "", "date": "", "publisher": "", "place": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674466616", "accessDate": "2020-03-30T07:13:23Z", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "rights": "", "extra": "Library Catalog: www.hup.harvard.edu", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-03-30T07:13:23Z", "dateModified": "2020-03-30T07:13:23Z" } }, { "key": "ME8HCNU6", "version": 111, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 61535, "name": "hatespin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/61535/items/ME8HCNU6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin/items/ME8HCNU6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 438012, "username": "cherian", "name": "Cherian George", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cherian", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Samantha Bradshaw and Philip N. Howard", "parsedDate": "2017", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ME8HCNU6", "version": 111, "itemType": "report", "title": "Troops, Trolls and Troublemakers: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Samantha Bradshaw" }, { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Philip N. Howard" } ], "abstractNote": "‘Cyber troops also censor speech and expression through the mass-reporting of content or accounts. Posts by activists, political dissidents or journalists often get reported by a coordinated network of cyber troop accounts in order to game the automated systems social media companies use to take down inappropriate content.’", "reportNumber": "2017.12", "reportType": "", "institution": "Oxford University", "place": "", "date": "2017", "seriesTitle": "Computational Propaganda Research Project Working Paper", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-03-14T04:13:09Z", "dateModified": "2020-03-30T00:16:58Z" } }, { "key": "NWN5B9XZ", "version": 127, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 61535, "name": "hatespin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/61535/items/NWN5B9XZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin/items/NWN5B9XZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 438012, "username": "cherian", "name": "Cherian George", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cherian", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Phillips", "parsedDate": "2018-05-22", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "NWN5B9XZ", "version": 127, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Oxygen of Amplification: Better Practices for Reporting on Extremists, Antagonists, and Manipulators", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Whitney", "lastName": "Phillips" } ], "abstractNote": "New Data & Society report recommends editorial “better practices” for reporting on online bigots and manipulators; interviews journalists on accidental amplification of extreme agendas\n\nWidening the norms of acceptable public discourse, known as the Overton Window. This is aided by mainstream media amplification, including by progressive and centre left outlets who are trying to call out and shame the right (oppositional intent). Mainstream media coverage helped the alt-right appear more influential and cohesive than it actually was, which could have aided these groups’ recruitment and fundraising (Phillips 2018).", "publicationTitle": "Data & Society", "publisher": "Data & Society Research Institute", "place": "", "date": "22 May 2018", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://datasociety.net/library/oxygen-of-amplification/", "accessDate": "2020-03-14T03:20:36Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en-US", "libraryCatalog": "datasociety.net", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-03-14T03:20:36Z", "dateModified": "2020-03-30T00:12:07Z" } }, { "key": "HW55D7LV", "version": 110, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 61535, "name": "hatespin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/61535/items/HW55D7LV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin/items/HW55D7LV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 438012, "username": "cherian", "name": "Cherian George", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cherian", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Schroeder", "parsedDate": "2019-12-10", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "HW55D7LV", "version": 110, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Digital Media and the Entrenchment of Right-Wing Populist Agendas:", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ralph", "lastName": "Schroeder" } ], "abstractNote": "Since Brexit and the election of President Donald Trump, news media around the world have given extensive coverage to the issue of disinformation and polarizati...\n\n Undermined traditional gatekeepers including public service media in Europe, not by traditional censorship but by ‘flooding’. ‘Digital media have irreversibly changed the media landscape; progressives must in future meet populists on this new terrain to set the agenda—or mobilize to change the party political allegiance of voters.’ Schroeder 2019, 8", "publicationTitle": "Social Media + Society", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 10, 2019", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1177/2056305119885328", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2056305119885328", "accessDate": "2020-03-14T04:48:00Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "Sage UK: London, England", "shortTitle": "Digital Media and the Entrenchment of Right-Wing Populist Agendas", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "journals-sagepub-com.lib-ezproxy.hkbu.edu.hk", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "Publisher: SAGE PublicationsSage UK: London, England", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-03-14T04:48:00Z", "dateModified": "2020-03-30T00:00:40Z" } }, { "key": "DQ2IKYNQ", "version": 108, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 61535, "name": "hatespin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/61535/items/DQ2IKYNQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin/items/DQ2IKYNQ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/61535/items/SH2IBUNN", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 438012, "username": "cherian", "name": "Cherian George", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cherian", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "DQ2IKYNQ", "version": 108, "parentItem": "SH2IBUNN", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2020-03-28T09:32:32Z", "url": "https://global.oup.com/academic/product/hate-speech-and-democratic-citizenship-9780198759027?cc=hk&lang=en&", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "hate-speech-and-democratic-citizenship-9780198759027.html", "md5": "961f7086cbb84dddc026bc25c1bcf2db", "mtime": 1585387952000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-03-28T09:32:32Z", "dateModified": "2020-03-28T09:32:32Z" } }, { "key": "SH2IBUNN", "version": 107, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 61535, "name": "hatespin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/61535/items/SH2IBUNN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin/items/SH2IBUNN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 438012, "username": "cherian", "name": "Cherian George", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cherian", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Heinze", "parsedDate": "2016-02-04", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "SH2IBUNN", "version": 107, "itemType": "book", "title": "Hate Speech and Democratic Citizenship", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Eric", "lastName": "Heinze" } ], "abstractNote": "Most modern democracies punish hate speech. Less freedom for some, they claim, guarantees greater freedom for others. Heinze rejects that approach, arguing that democracies have better ways of combatting violence and discrimination against vulnerable groups without having to censor speakers. Critiquing dominant free speech theories, Heinze explains that free expression must be safeguarded not just as an individual right, but as an essential attribute of democratic citizenship. The book challenges contemporary state regulation of public discourse by promoting a stronger theory of what democracy is and what it demands. Examining US, European and international approaches, Heinze offers a new vision of free speech within Western democracies.", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2016-02-04", "publisher": "Oxford University Press", "place": "Oxford, New York", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "272", "ISBN": "978-0-19-875902-7", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Oxford University Press", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-03-28T09:32:29Z", "dateModified": "2020-03-28T09:32:29Z" } }, { "key": "VNVV6ING", "version": 105, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 61535, "name": "hatespin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/61535/items/VNVV6ING", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin/items/VNVV6ING", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/61535/items/VZZTH8E9", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 438012, "username": "cherian", "name": "Cherian George", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cherian", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VNVV6ING", "version": 105, "parentItem": "VZZTH8E9", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "SAGE PDF Full Text", "accessDate": "2020-03-15T02:27:23Z", "url": "http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1461444819899624", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Nortio et al. - 2020 - ‘The nightmare of multiculturalism’ Interpreting .pdf", "md5": "9ef69fb5a069a78eb3896551a14d3a2b", "mtime": 1584239243000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-03-15T02:27:23Z", "dateModified": "2020-03-15T02:27:23Z" } }, { "key": "VZZTH8E9", "version": 127, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 61535, "name": "hatespin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/61535/items/VZZTH8E9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin/items/VZZTH8E9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 438012, "username": "cherian", "name": "Cherian George", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cherian", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Nortio et al.", "parsedDate": "2020-01-23", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "VZZTH8E9", "version": 127, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "‘The nightmare of multiculturalism’: Interpreting and deploying anti-immigration rhetoric in social media", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Emma", "lastName": "Nortio" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Miira", "lastName": "Niska" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tuuli Anna", "lastName": "Renvik" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Inga", "lastName": "Jasinskaja-Lahti" } ], "abstractNote": "Social media is an important transmitter of anti-immigration political rhetoric. In this study, we examine the discussions posted in a Finnish online forum provoked by an MP’s anti-multiculturalist Facebook post. We draw upon frame analysis and discursive social psychology to analyse the communicative processes that challenge and normalise anti-immigration political rhetoric. Using frame analysis, we study how forum users entered heated societal discussion on multiculturalism by framing the MP’s anti-multiculturalist address as either hate speech or – more dominantly – as normal political conduct. Using discursive social psychology, we examine constructions of multiculturalism in these discussions. We demonstrate how anti-immigration political communication was normalised, multiculturalism was constructed as a threat and the proponents of multiculturalism were discredited. We argue that to understand the rise of anti-immigration political movements, it is important to examine everyday political deliberation online as part of a wider discursive landscape.", "publicationTitle": "New Media & Society", "publisher": "SAGE Publications", "place": "", "date": "January 23, 2020", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1461444819899624", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "New Media & Society", "DOI": "10.1177/1461444819899624", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819899624", "accessDate": "2020-03-15T02:27:22Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1461-4448", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "‘The nightmare of multiculturalism’", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "SAGE Journals", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-03-15T02:27:22Z", "dateModified": "2020-03-15T02:27:22Z" } }, { "key": "5YIQ57GU", "version": 127, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 61535, "name": "hatespin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/61535/items/5YIQ57GU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin/items/5YIQ57GU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 438012, "username": "cherian", "name": "Cherian George", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cherian", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lee", "parsedDate": "2020", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "5YIQ57GU", "version": 127, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "‘Neo-Nazis Have Stolen Our Memes’: Making Sense of Extreme Memes", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Benjamin", "lastName": "Lee" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Mark", "lastName": "Littler" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Benjamin", "lastName": "Lee" } ], "abstractNote": "In addition to using new modes of communication made possible by the internet, extreme political groups are also adopting innovative styles common to internet culture. Internet memes are texts that are easily shared—funny and laced with dense symbolism. However, what we are currently used to thinking of as internet memes are a partial departure from the original description of a meme as a cultural replicator. This chapter charts the development of memes, beginning with their use in evolutionary biology and proceeding to their appropriation to describe content traded on social networks by extreme political activists. The primary aim of this chapter is to serve as something of a guide to policy-makers and practitioners who are required to make sense of memes, either in tracking developments within extremist circles or as part of investigations. This chapter also makes the case that extremist memes as we currently understand them are potentially poor cultural replicators, relying too much on insider humour and prior knowledge to replicate ideas in the uninitiated. Rather than acting as persuasive tools for reprogramming cultural norms as suggested by some activists, memes are better suited to deepening involvement among already committed activists and, in some situations, raising awareness of the existence of a movement as was the case recently with the extreme right alt-right network.", "bookTitle": "Digital Extremisms: Readings in Violence, Radicalisation and Extremism in the Online Space", "series": "Palgrave Studies in Cybercrime and Cybersecurity", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2020", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "place": "Cham", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "91-108", "ISBN": "978-3-030-30138-5", "DOI": "10.1007/978-3-030-30138-5_5", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30138-5_5", "accessDate": "2020-03-15T02:16:29Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "‘Neo-Nazis Have Stolen Our Memes’", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Springer Link", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Extreme-right", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Far-right", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Internet", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Memes", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Online", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-03-15T02:16:29Z", "dateModified": "2020-03-15T02:16:29Z" } }, { "key": "HKECYSA9", "version": 127, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 61535, "name": "hatespin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/61535/items/HKECYSA9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin/items/HKECYSA9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 438012, "username": "cherian", "name": "Cherian George", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cherian", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Carter and Kondor", "parsedDate": "2020", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "HKECYSA9", "version": 127, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Researching the Radical Right: Making Use of the Digital Space and Its Challenges", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Pelham", "lastName": "Carter" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Katherine", "lastName": "Kondor" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Mark", "lastName": "Littler" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Benjamin", "lastName": "Lee" } ], "abstractNote": "Radical right organisations like many other extremist communities have an increasingly prominent and active online presence, to the extent that some communities may have a more active online presence than offline (Bartlett and Littler, Inside the EDL: Populist Politics in a Digital Age. London: Demos, 2011; Morrow and Meadowcroft, Political Studies, 2018). This digital space is arguably both an extension of the offline and a unique space in its own right, and these digital spaces can function for the radical right as a platform for communication, recruitment and as an echo chamber with the potential to increase polarisation of views (Awan, Society, 54(2), 138–149, 2017). Research focusing on the online spaces and the use of them by the radical right has the potential to offer great insight but raises challenges in relation to the practical issues of collecting data, the analysis and importantly unique ethical issues. In this chapter we consider first how traditional quantitative and qualitative measures can be applied and extended to the online, and used to access hard-to-reach participants and communities. We then consider unique approaches to online research in reference to radical right organisations such as Big Data methods and the use of Corpus Linguistics, Corpus Assisted Discourse Analysis and Sentiment Analysis. These approaches can utilise the vast volume of online data available from such spaces and communities in ways that traditional methods cannot. Such online research raises very specific ethical questions regarding the ability to consent, what is considered public domain and what is considered private. As research in this area is increasing, interdisciplinary approaches to these ethical issues are also considered from multiple positions.", "bookTitle": "Digital Extremisms: Readings in Violence, Radicalisation and Extremism in the Online Space", "series": "Palgrave Studies in Cybercrime and Cybersecurity", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2020", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "place": "Cham", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "223-252", "ISBN": "978-3-030-30138-5", "DOI": "10.1007/978-3-030-30138-5_11", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30138-5_11", "accessDate": "2020-03-15T02:13:59Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Researching the Radical Right", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Springer Link", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Anonymisation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Big Data", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Consent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Corpus Assisted", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Corpus Linguistics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Discourse Analysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Document analysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Focus groups", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Interdisciplinary ethics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Interviews", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Linguistics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Online ethics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Privacy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Qualitative", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Quantitative", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sentiment Analysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Software", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Surveys", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Topic modelling", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-03-15T02:13:59Z", "dateModified": "2020-03-15T02:13:59Z" } }, { "key": "IHANZZ25", "version": 127, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 61535, "name": "hatespin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/61535/items/IHANZZ25", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin/items/IHANZZ25", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 438012, "username": "cherian", "name": "Cherian George", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cherian", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Di Nicola et al.", "parsedDate": "2020", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "IHANZZ25", "version": 127, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Hatemeter: Hate speech tool for monitoring, analysing and tackling Anti-Muslim hatred online. eCrime", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Andrea", "lastName": "Di Nicola" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daniela", "lastName": "Andreatta" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Elisa", "lastName": "Martini" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G. 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"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/8948470/08963960.pdf?tp=&arnumber=8963960&isnumber=8948470&ref=aHR0cHM6Ly9pZWVleHBsb3JlLmllZWUub3JnL2Fic3RyYWN0L2RvY3VtZW50Lzg5NjM5NjA=", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Oriola and Kotzé - 2020 - Evaluating Machine Learning Techniques for Detecti.pdf", "md5": "2eb7160014bdf2e31809dda5e028d32c", "mtime": 1584235238000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-03-15T01:20:38Z", "dateModified": "2020-03-15T01:20:38Z" } }, { "key": "TLRR4UC5", "version": 92, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 61535, "name": "hatespin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/61535/items/TLRR4UC5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin/items/TLRR4UC5", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 438012, "username": "cherian", "name": "Cherian George", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cherian", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Oriola and Kotzé", "parsedDate": "2020", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "TLRR4UC5", "version": 92, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Evaluating Machine Learning Techniques for Detecting Offensive and Hate Speech in South African Tweets", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Oluwafemi", "lastName": "Oriola" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Eduan", "lastName": "Kotzé" } ], "abstractNote": "In recent times, South Africa has been witnessing insurgence of offensive and hate speech along racial and ethnic dispositions on Twitter. Popular among the South African languages used is English. Although, machine learning has been successfully used to detect offensive and hate speech in several English contexts, the distinctiveness of South African tweets and the similarities among offensive, hate and free speeches require domain-specific English corpus and techniques to detect the offensive and hate speech. Thus, we developed an English corpus from South African tweets and evaluated different machine learning techniques to detect offensive and hate speech. Character n-gram, word n-gram, negative sentiment, syntactic-based features and their hybrid were extracted and analyzed using hyper-parameter optimization, ensemble and multi-tier meta-learning models of support vector machine, logistic regression, random forest, gradient boosting algorithms. The results showed that optimized support vector machine with character n-gram performed best in detection of hate speech with true positive rate of 0.894, while optimized gradient boosting with word n-gram performed best in detection of hate speech with true positive rate of 0.867. However, their performances in detection of other threatening classes were poor. Multi-tier meta-learning models achieved the most consistent and balanced classification performance with true positive rates of 0.858 and 0.887 for hate speech and offensive speech, respectively as well as true positive rate of 0.646 for free speech and overall accuracy of 0.671. The error analysis showed that multi-tier meta-learning model could reduce the misclassification error rate of the optimized models by 34.26%.", "publicationTitle": "IEEE Access", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2020", "volume": "8", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "21496-21509", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2968173", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2169-3536", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "IEEE Xplore", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "Conference Name: IEEE Access", "tags": [ { "tag": "Machine learning", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "South Africa", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "South African tweets", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Twitter", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "character n-gram", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "computational linguistics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "gradient boosting algorithm", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "hate speech", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "hate speech detection", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "logistic regression", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "machine learning techniques", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "multitier meta-learning model", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "negative sentiment", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "offensive speech", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "offensive speech detection", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "pattern classification", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "random forest", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "random forests", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "regression analysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "sentiment analysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "social networking (online)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "support vector machine", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "support vector machines", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "syntactic-based features", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "word n-gram", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-03-15T01:20:04Z", "dateModified": "2020-03-15T01:20:04Z" } }, { "key": "HZSTADGI", "version": 90, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 61535, "name": "hatespin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/61535/items/HZSTADGI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin/items/HZSTADGI", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/61535/items/KTXR2NEF", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 438012, "username": "cherian", "name": "Cherian George", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cherian", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "HZSTADGI", "version": 90, "parentItem": "KTXR2NEF", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Springer Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2020-03-15T01:15:10Z", "url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-030-29053-5_11.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Miller - 2020 - Freedom of Political Communication, Propaganda and.pdf", "md5": "205957942cad2856cd9367fdab6c4056", "mtime": 1584234910000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-03-15T01:15:10Z", "dateModified": "2020-03-15T01:15:10Z" } }, { "key": "KTXR2NEF", "version": 127, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 61535, "name": "hatespin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/61535/items/KTXR2NEF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/hatespin/items/KTXR2NEF", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 438012, "username": "cherian", "name": "Cherian George", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/cherian", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Miller", "parsedDate": "2020", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "KTXR2NEF", "version": 127, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Freedom of Political Communication, Propaganda and the Role of Epistemic Institutions in Cyberspace", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Seumas", "lastName": "Miller" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Markus", "lastName": "Christen" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Bert", "lastName": "Gordijn" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Michele", "lastName": "Loi" } ], "abstractNote": "This article provides definitions of fake news, hate speech and propaganda, respectively. These phenomenon are corruptive of the epistemic norms, e.g. to tell the truth. It also elaborates on the right to freedom of communication and its relation both to censoring propaganda and to the role of epistemic institutions, such as a free and independent press and universities. Finally, it discusses the general problem of countering political propaganda in cyberspace and argues, firstly, that there is an important role for epistemic institutions in this regard and secondly, that social media platforms need to be redesigned since, as they stand and notwithstanding the benefits which they provide, they are a large part of the problem.", "bookTitle": "The Ethics of Cybersecurity", "series": "The International Library of Ethics, Law and Technology", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2020", "publisher": "Springer International Publishing", "place": "Cham", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "227-243", "ISBN": "978-3-030-29053-5", "DOI": "10.1007/978-3-030-29053-5_11", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29053-5_11", "accessDate": "2020-03-15T01:15:08Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Springer Link", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Applied ethics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Epistemic institutions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Epistemic norms", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Fake news", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Hate speech", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Knowledge", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Objectivity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Propaganda", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Social media", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2020-03-15T01:15:08Z", "dateModified": "2020-03-15T01:15:08Z" } } ]