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The molecular identification of the Kna/Knb polymorphism was sought to develop a genotyping method for use in the study of the Knops blood group and malaria. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: CR1 deletion constructs were used in inhibition studies of anti-Kna. PCR amplification of Exon 29 was followed by DNA sequencing. A PCR-RFLP was developed with NdeI, BsmI, and MfeI for the detection of Kna/Knb, McCa/McCb, and Sl1/Sl2, respectively. Knops phenotypes were determined with standard serologic techniques. RESULTS: A total of 310 Malian persons were phenotyped for Kna with 200 (64%) Kn(a+) and 110 (36%) Kn(a-). Many of the Kn(a-) exhibited the Knops-null phenotype, that is, Helgeson. The Kna/b DNA polymorphism was identified as a V1561M mutation with allele frequencies of Kna (V1561) 0.9 and Knb (M1561) 0.1. CONCLUSION: The high frequency (18%) of Knb in West African persons suggests that it is not solely a Caucasian trait. Furthermore, because of the high incidence of heterozygosity as well as amorphs, accurate Knops typing of donors of African descent is best accomplished by a combination of molecular and serologic techniques.", "publicationTitle": "Transfusion", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Feb 2004", "volume": "44", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "164-169", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Transfusion", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14962306", "accessDate": "2010-02-03T14:57:02Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0041-1132", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 14962306", "tags": [ { "tag": "African Americans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "African Continental Ancestry Group", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Blood Group Antigens", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "European Continental Ancestry Group", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Genotype", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Incidence", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Malaria", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mali", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Phenotype", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Receptors, Complement 3b", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "United States", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "4B55P222" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-02-03T14:57:02Z", "dateModified": "2010-02-03T14:57:02Z" } }, { "key": "HH9VW9C9", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 6123, "name": "Malaria Group University of Rome", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/6123/items/HH9VW9C9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome/items/HH9VW9C9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 59235, "username": "valina", "name": "Valentina Mangano", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/valina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Del Giudice et al.", "parsedDate": "1990-07", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "HH9VW9C9", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A multiple antigen peptide from the repetitive sequence of the Plasmodium malariae circumsporozoite protein induces a specific antibody response in mice of various H-2 haplotypes", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G", "lastName": "Del Giudice" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C", "lastName": "Tougne" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J A", "lastName": "Louis" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P H", "lastName": "Lambert" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E", "lastName": "Bianchi" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "F", "lastName": "Bonelli" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L", "lastName": "Chiappinelli" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A", "lastName": "Pessi" } ], "abstractNote": "The major repetitive epitopes of the surface circumsporozoite (CS) protein of malaria sporozoites represent candidates for the development of subunit vaccines against malaria. However, previous experimental work has shown that repetitive peptides from the CS proteins of Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. yoelii and P. berghei are immunogenic only in mice with the H-2b or H-2k haplotype. This led to the conclusion that strong T helper epitopes from the non-repetitive CS sequences were required in the design of sporozoite vaccines. In the present study, we investigated the immunogenicity in mice of a octa-branched multiple antigen peptide (MAP) containing repeats of the CS protein of the human malaria parasite, P. malariae, [MAP8(NAAG)6], and found that mice with an H-2b, H-2d, H-2k, H-2f, H-2q, and H-2s haplotype produced anti-peptide antibodies after immunization and that only H-2r mice were nonresponsive. This antibody response, not induced in athymic H-2b nu/nu mice, was directed against the (NAAG) sequence, but not against the lysine core of the MAP construct. Finally, when covalently linked to a synthetic polymer of the repetitive (NANP) sequence of the P. falciparum CS protein, [MAP8(NAAG)6] behaved as a carrier molecule for the production of anti-(NANP)n antibodies in H-2d and H-2k mice, genetically nonresponder to the (NANP)n sequence. Should this wide immunogenicity of the P. malariae CS (NAAG) repetitive sequence also apply to humans, it might be considered for the design of multivalent subunit malaria vaccines.", "publicationTitle": "European Journal of Immunology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jul 1990", "volume": "20", "issue": "7", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1619-1622", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Eur. J. Immunol", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2201549", "accessDate": "2010-01-25T16:37:03Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0014-2980", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 2201549", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adjuvants, Immunologic", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Amino Acid Sequence", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Antibodies, Protozoan", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Antibody Specificity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Antigens, Protozoan", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Immunization", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mice", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mice, Inbred BALB C", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mice, Inbred C3H", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mice, Inbred C57BL", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Molecular Sequence Data", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Peptide Fragments", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Plasmodium falciparum", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Plasmodium malariae", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Protozoan Proteins", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "N782XTZF" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-01-25T16:37:03Z", "dateModified": "2010-01-25T16:37:03Z" } }, { "key": "VPQCR46J", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 6123, "name": "Malaria Group University of Rome", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/6123/items/VPQCR46J", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome/items/VPQCR46J", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/6123/items/SGJTNGNF", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 59235, "username": "valina", "name": "Valentina Mangano", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/valina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VPQCR46J", "version": 1, "parentItem": "SGJTNGNF", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "gordon 1991.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "gordon 1991.pdf", "md5": "73c7bdc1d9eece0cecc1a9c2f617159b", "mtime": 1264437236000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-01-25T16:34:07Z", "dateModified": "2010-01-25T16:34:07Z" } }, { "key": "SGJTNGNF", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 6123, "name": "Malaria Group University of Rome", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/6123/items/SGJTNGNF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome/items/SGJTNGNF", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 59235, "username": "valina", "name": "Valentina Mangano", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/valina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Gordon et al.", "parsedDate": "1991-07", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "SGJTNGNF", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Significance of circumsporozoite-specific antibody in the natural transmission of Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium malariae in an aboriginal (Orang Asli) population of central peninsula Malaysia", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D M", "lastName": "Gordon" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D R", "lastName": "Davis" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M", "lastName": "Lee" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C", "lastName": "Lambros" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B A", "lastName": "Harrison" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R", "lastName": "Samuel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G H", "lastName": "Campbell" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M", "lastName": "Jegathesan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K", "lastName": "Selvarajan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G E", "lastName": "Lewis" } ], "abstractNote": "Two hundred and seventy-five Orang Asli volunteers living in nine villages in the Pos Legap Valley of Perak State, peninsular Malaysia, participated in a prospective study designed to characterize the epidemiological, parasitological, and entomological characteristics of Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae malaria transmission. Prevalence rates for the three plasmodial species at initiation of the study ranged from 56% in the 0-4-year-old age group to 0% in individuals over the age of 40. Entomological surveys were conducted, enabling us to determine mosquito salivary gland-positive rates and entomological inoculation rates of 1.2 infectious mosquito bites per person per month for P. falciparum, 2.4 for P. vivax, and 0.3 for P. malariae. Cumulative incidence rates over the 16 weeks of the study, following radical cure of all volunteers, were 22.5% for P. falciparum, 12.7% for P. vivax, and 1.5% for P. malariae. The median baseline antibody titer against the immunodominant repetitive B cell epitope of P. falciparum or P. vivax circumsporozoite protein was significantly higher for volunteers who did not become parasitemic. Volunteers were selected for further study if they had evidence of being challenged with P. falciparum sporozoites during the study, based on a two-fold or greater increase in antibody titer against the immunodominant repetitive B cell epitope of the circumsporozoite protein. Resistance to infection was seen in six of 10 individuals who had high (greater than 25 OD units) baseline ELISA titers, compared with only three of 24 individuals who had low baseline ELISA titers (chi 2 P less than 0.02). A similar analysis for P. vivax did not show a significant correlation.", "publicationTitle": "The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jul 1991", "volume": "45", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "49-56", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1867348", "accessDate": "2010-01-25T16:32:21Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0002-9637", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 1867348", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adolescent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Antigens, Protozoan", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Child", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Child, Preschool", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Continental Population Groups", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Infant", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Malaria", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Malaysia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Oceanic Ancestry Group", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Plasmodium falciparum", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Plasmodium malariae", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Plasmodium vivax", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Protozoan Proteins", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "N782XTZF" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-01-25T16:32:21Z", "dateModified": "2010-01-25T16:32:21Z" } }, { "key": "X3TQDGVP", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 6123, "name": "Malaria Group University of Rome", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/6123/items/X3TQDGVP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome/items/X3TQDGVP", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 59235, "username": "valina", "name": "Valentina Mangano", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/valina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kremsner et al.", "parsedDate": "1992-02", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "X3TQDGVP", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Prevalence and level of antibodies to the circumsporozoite proteins of human malaria parasites, including a variant of Plasmodium vivax, in the population of two epidemiologically distinct areas in the state of Acre, Brazil", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P G", "lastName": "Kremsner" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S", "lastName": "Neifer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G M", "lastName": "Zotter" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "U", "lastName": "Bienzle" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R M", "lastName": "Rocha" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M", "lastName": "Maracic" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P", "lastName": "Clavijo" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R S", "lastName": "Nussenzweig" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A H", "lastName": "Cochrane" } ], "abstractNote": "A seroepidemiological study of the prevalence of antibodies against the repeating epitopes of circumsporozoite (CS) proteins of human malaria parasites was conducted in 2 different areas in the state of Acre, Brazil in 1987 and 1990. In 1987 antibodies against the CS protein of the VK 247 variant Plasmodium vivax as well as antibodies against the CS proteins of P. falciparum and the classic P. vivax were found at relatively high rates in the 2 areas, but significant microepidemiological differences were observed. In 1990, when large scale migration in Amazonia had ceased and control measures were applied in the study areas, the malaria endemicity decreased, as determined by the declining prevalence of anti-sporozoite antibodies against all Plasmodium species, and the small number of individuals with positive blood smears. Antibodies against sporozoites of the variant P. vivax did not cross-react with the CS proteins of the classic P. vivax, nor with antibodies against sporozoites of P. falciparum and P. malariae. Sera containing antibodies against the CS protein of P. malariae were found at a very low frequency, and only in 1987. The anti-CS protein antibody response to all Plasmodium species was age-related.", "publicationTitle": "Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1992 Jan-Feb", "volume": "86", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "23-27", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1373529", "accessDate": "2010-01-25T16:31:48Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0035-9203", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 1373529", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adolescent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Aged", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Aged, 80 and over", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Antibodies, Protozoan", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Antigens, Protozoan", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Brazil", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Child", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Child, Preschool", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Epitopes", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Malaria", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Middle Aged", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Plasmodium falciparum", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Plasmodium malariae", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Plasmodium vivax", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Prevalence", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Protozoan Proteins", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "N782XTZF" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-01-25T16:31:48Z", "dateModified": "2010-01-25T16:31:48Z" } }, { "key": "2NVIQTJS", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 6123, "name": "Malaria Group University of Rome", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/6123/items/2NVIQTJS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome/items/2NVIQTJS", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/6123/items/SJTU74RC", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 59235, "username": "valina", "name": "Valentina Mangano", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/valina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "2NVIQTJS", "version": 1, "parentItem": "SJTU74RC", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "quari 1994.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "quari 1994.pdf", "md5": "fa5f559b7916eb5ddae0652defbf9234", "mtime": 1264437053000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-01-25T16:31:00Z", "dateModified": "2010-01-25T16:31:00Z" } }, { "key": "SJTU74RC", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 6123, "name": "Malaria Group University of Rome", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/6123/items/SJTU74RC", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome/items/SJTU74RC", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 59235, "username": "valina", "name": "Valentina Mangano", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/valina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Qari et al.", "parsedDate": "1994-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "SJTU74RC", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A study of polymorphism in the circumsporozoite protein of human malaria parasites", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S H", "lastName": "Qari" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "W E", "lastName": "Collins" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H O", "lastName": "Lobel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "F", "lastName": "Taylor" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A A", "lastName": "Lal" } ], "abstractNote": "We have characterized the circumsporozoite (CS) gene sequences of Plasmodium malariae China-1 CDC, isolated recently from a person who was infected 50 years ago in China, and P. vivax Chesson, isolated 48 years ago from a patient who had returned from New Guinea. These protein sequences were compared with the CS protein sequences of recently isolated P. vivax and P. malariae parasites. In a similar manner, we compared the previously characterized CS protein gene of P. falciparum clone 7G8, derived from a Brazilian isolate collected in 1980, with the CS protein genes of recent P. falciparum field isolates. In the case of the P. malariae CS protein gene, with the exception of an additional copy of major (NAAG) and minor (NDAG) repeat sequences and the presence of one copy of NDEG sequence, the China-1 CDC P. malariae parasite is similar to the Uganda-1 CDC isolate of 1982. In the nonrepeat region, changes were noted in two amino acid residues, one of which is also seen in a closely related monkey malaria parasite, P. brasilianum. In the case of P. vivax CS proteins, the nonrepeat region of the protein in Chesson strain shares identity with nearly 71% of the CS clones characterized from field isolates. In the P. falciparum CS proteins, the 7G8 CS protein sequence is identical to 75% of the genes of recent field isolates in the Th1R-N1 region. In the Th2R and Th3R regions, 34% and 55% of the CS clones analyzed, respectively, had changes at two amino acid residues.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)", "publicationTitle": "The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jan 1994", "volume": "50", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "45-51", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8304571", "accessDate": "2010-01-25T16:30:33Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0002-9637", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 8304571", "tags": [ { "tag": "Amino Acid Sequence", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Base Sequence", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Brazil", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cloning, Molecular", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "DNA Primers", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Gambia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Genetic Variation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Molecular Sequence Data", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Papua New Guinea", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Plasmodium malariae", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Plasmodium vivax", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Polymorphism, Genetic", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Protozoan Proteins", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Retrospective Studies", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "N782XTZF" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-01-25T16:30:33Z", "dateModified": "2010-01-25T16:30:33Z" } }, { "key": "9I8XZKUS", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 6123, "name": "Malaria Group University of Rome", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/6123/items/9I8XZKUS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome/items/9I8XZKUS", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/6123/items/3TVWZWFE", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 59235, "username": "valina", "name": "Valentina Mangano", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/valina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "9I8XZKUS", "version": 1, "parentItem": "3TVWZWFE", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "escalante 1995.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "escalante 1995.pdf", "md5": "cd8703f173e5d59344a9cc62d97521d0", "mtime": 1264437014000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-01-25T16:30:23Z", "dateModified": "2010-01-25T16:30:23Z" } }, { "key": "3TVWZWFE", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 6123, "name": "Malaria Group University of Rome", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/6123/items/3TVWZWFE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome/items/3TVWZWFE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 59235, "username": "valina", "name": "Valentina Mangano", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/valina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Escalante et al.", "parsedDate": "1995-07", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "3TVWZWFE", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Evolutionary origin of human and primate malarias: evidence from the circumsporozoite protein gene", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A A", "lastName": "Escalante" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E", "lastName": "Barrio" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "F J", "lastName": "Ayala" } ], "abstractNote": "We have analyzed the conserved regions of the gene coding for the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) in 12 species of Plasmodium, the malaria parasite. The closest evolutionary relative of P. falciparum, the agent of malignant human malaria, is P. reichenowi, a chimpanzee parasite. This is consistent with the hypothesis that P. falciparum is an ancient human parasite, associated with humans since the divergence of the hominids from their closest hominoid relatives. Three other human Plasmodium species are each genetically indistinguishable from species parasitic to nonhuman primates; that is, for the DNA sequences included in our analysis, the differences between species are not greater than the differences between strains of the human species. The human P. malariae is indistinguishable from P. brasilianum, and P. vivax is indistinguishable from P. simium; P. brasilianum and P. simium are parasitic to New World monkeys. The human P. vivax-like is indistinguishable from P. simiovale, a parasite of Old World macaques. We conjecture that P. malariae, P. vivax, and P. vivax-like are evolutionarily recent human parasites, the first two at least acquired only within the last several thousand years, and perhaps within the last few hundred years, after the expansion of human populations in South America following the European colonizations. We estimate the rate of evolution of the conserved regions of the CSP gene as 2.46 x 10(-9) per site per year. The divergence between the P. falciparum and P. reichenowi lineages is accordingly dated 8.9 Myr ago. The divergence between the three lineages leading to the human parasites is very ancient, about 100 Myr old between P. malariae and P. vivax (and P. vivax-like) and about 165 Myr old between P. falciparum and the other two.", "publicationTitle": "Molecular Biology and Evolution", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jul 1995", "volume": "12", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "616-626", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Mol. Biol. Evol", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7659017", "accessDate": "2010-01-25T16:28:56Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0737-4038", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Evolutionary origin of human and primate malarias", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 7659017", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Evolution", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Haplorhini", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Malaria", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Malaria, Falciparum", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Malaria, Vivax", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mice", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Phylogeny", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Protozoan Proteins", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "RNA, Ribosomal", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sequence Alignment", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "N782XTZF" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-01-25T16:28:56Z", "dateModified": "2010-01-25T16:28:56Z" } }, { "key": "SSW4EHSN", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 6123, "name": "Malaria Group University of Rome", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/6123/items/SSW4EHSN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome/items/SSW4EHSN", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/6123/items/DGJS44R9", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 59235, "username": "valina", "name": "Valentina Mangano", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/valina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "SSW4EHSN", "version": 1, "parentItem": "DGJS44R9", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "tahar 1998.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "tahar 1998.pdf", "md5": "f5d82b1d67b40fc4fadf83aa7c258f1f", "mtime": 1264436869000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-01-25T16:27:52Z", "dateModified": "2010-01-25T16:27:52Z" } }, { "key": "Q76ABM3X", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 6123, "name": "Malaria Group University of Rome", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/6123/items/Q76ABM3X", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome/items/Q76ABM3X", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/6123/items/FNCJZ58H", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 59235, "username": "valina", "name": "Valentina Mangano", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/valina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "Q76ABM3X", "version": 1, "parentItem": "FNCJZ58H", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "volney 2002.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "volney 2002.pdf", "md5": "415f64a1b7f8fb2dee21b9df14969f51", "mtime": 1264436367000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-01-25T16:19:38Z", "dateModified": "2010-01-25T16:19:38Z" } }, { "key": "MZTIR42M", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 6123, "name": "Malaria Group University of Rome", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/6123/items/MZTIR42M", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome/items/MZTIR42M", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 59235, "username": "valina", "name": "Valentina Mangano", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/valina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Volney et al.", "parsedDate": "2002-04", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "MZTIR42M", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A sero-epidemiological study of malaria in human and monkey populations in French Guiana", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Béatrice", "lastName": "Volney" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jean-François", "lastName": "Pouliquen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Benoît", "lastName": "De Thoisy" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thierry", "lastName": "Fandeur" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper describes a sero-epidemiological study of malaria prevalence in French Guiana. An immunofluorescence assay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to detect antibodies against blood-stage antigens and synthetic peptides mimicking the repetitive epitope of the sporozoites of Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae/brasilianum, in 218 human sera and 113 non-human primate sera collected in French Guiana. Almost all the monkey sera tested had antibodies against malaria blood-stages (98%) and a large majority (73%) also tested positive with the P. malariae/brasilianum circumsporozoite peptide. A number of primate samples also reacted positively with P. falciparum NANP repeats in a very specific manner, suggesting that monkeys in the rainforest are bitten by mosquitoes infected with human malaria parasites. Seroprevalences were lower in the humans tested but Indian tribes on the borders with Suriname and Brazil were clearly more exposed to malaria than other ethnic groups, with a prevalence of nearly 70% seropositivity. P. vivax infections accounted for much of the observed pattern of reactivity, but there was also a high frequency of positive reactions to the P. brasilianum/malariae peptide. Similarly, a large proportion of the sera obtained from Bush Negro populations tested positive for P. malariae/brasilianum repeats. These data add to the emerging evidence that non-human primates might constitute a natural reservoir, not only for simian, but also for human malaria, and therefore suggest that they might be responsible for the maintenance of foci of P. malariae, and possibly of other malaria species, in isolated areas of the Amazonian rainforest.", "publicationTitle": "Acta Tropica", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Apr 2002", "volume": "82", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "11-23", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Acta Trop", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11904099", "accessDate": "2010-01-25T16:18:41Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0001-706X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 11904099", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Anopheles", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Antibodies, Monoclonal", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Antibodies, Protozoan", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Antigens, Protozoan", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cebidae", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Disease Reservoirs", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Disease Vectors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Epitopes", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "French Guiana", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Malaria", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Monkey Diseases", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Plasmodium", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Prevalence", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Seroepidemiologic Studies", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-01-25T16:18:41Z", "dateModified": "2010-01-25T16:18:41Z" } }, { "key": "8NV9KIMP", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 6123, "name": "Malaria Group University of Rome", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/6123/items/8NV9KIMP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome/items/8NV9KIMP", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 59235, "username": "valina", "name": "Valentina Mangano", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/valina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Collins et al.", "parsedDate": "2004-07", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "8NV9KIMP", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Quantification of Plasmodium malariae infection in mosquito vectors", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K M", "lastName": "Collins" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L P", "lastName": "Hochberg" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "P R", "lastName": "Ryan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "W E", "lastName": "Collins" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R A", "lastName": "Wirtz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J R", "lastName": "Ryan" } ], "abstractNote": "Plasmodium malariae occurs in various tropical regions throughout the world and causes low, yet significant, levels of morbidity in human populations. One means of studying the ecology and frequency of this parasite is by measuring sporozoite loads in the salivary glands of infected mosquitoes. An effective, species-specific test that can be used to detect the presence of sporozoites in mosquitoes is the circumsporozoite ELISA. The aim of the present study was to standardize the circumsporozoite ELISA for P.malariae, by setting quantification parameters using, as antigen, either a synthetic peptide or extracts of whole sporozoites. The standard quantification curves produced indicated that the assay had a lower threshold of sensitivity of 250 sporozoites in a 50-microl sample, equivalent to about 1250 sporozoites in a mosquito.", "publicationTitle": "Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jul 2004", "volume": "98", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "469-472", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Ann Trop Med Parasitol", "DOI": "10.1179/000349804225003479", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15257796", "accessDate": "2010-01-25T16:17:31Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0003-4983", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 15257796", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Anopheles", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Antibodies, Monoclonal", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Antigens, Protozoan", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Insect Vectors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Plasmodium malariae", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Salivary Glands", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sporozoites", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "N782XTZF" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-01-25T16:17:31Z", "dateModified": "2010-01-25T16:17:31Z" } }, { "key": "KWZJVHNR", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 6123, "name": "Malaria Group University of Rome", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/6123/items/KWZJVHNR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome/items/KWZJVHNR", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/6123/items/ZQWW52PK", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 59235, "username": "valina", "name": "Valentina Mangano", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/valina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "KWZJVHNR", "version": 1, "parentItem": "ZQWW52PK", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "duarte 2006.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "duarte 2006.pdf", "md5": "f6e361bc05c90d9cd094d5f42c4c5ae2", "mtime": 1264436127000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-01-25T16:16:12Z", "dateModified": "2010-01-25T16:16:12Z" } }, { "key": "ZQWW52PK", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 6123, "name": "Malaria Group University of Rome", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/6123/items/ZQWW52PK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome/items/ZQWW52PK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 59235, "username": "valina", "name": "Valentina Mangano", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/valina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Duarte et al.", "parsedDate": "2006-04", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "ZQWW52PK", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Widespread occurrence of antibodies against circumsporozoite protein and against blood forms of Plasmodium vivax, P. falciparum and P. malariae in Brazilian wild monkeys", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ana Maria R de C", "lastName": "Duarte" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Maura A L", "lastName": "Porto" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Izilda", "lastName": "Curado" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rosely S", "lastName": "Malafronte" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Erika H E", "lastName": "Hoffmann" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Salma G", "lastName": "de Oliveira" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Adriana M J", "lastName": "da Silva" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Judith K", "lastName": "Kloetzel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Almério de C", "lastName": "Gomes" } ], "abstractNote": "BACKGROUND: A survey of malaria antibodies was carried out over 7 years and a total of 777 serum samples from wild monkeys were collected in three distinct ecological areas of Brazil where autochthonous malaria has been reported: the 'Cerrado' (similar to savanna), the Atlantic Forest and the Atlantic Semideciduous Forest. METHODS: We carried out enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to investigate the presence of IgG antibodies against peptides of the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) repeat region of 'classic'Plasmodium vivax, P. vivax VK247, human P. vivax-like/P. simiovale, P. brasilianum/P. malariae and P. falciparum. We also carried out immunofluorescence assay with asexual forms of P. vivax, P. malariae and P. falciparum. RESULTS: The high prevalence of antibodies against CSP in all areas indicates that the monkeys had intense contact with sporozoites from infected anophelines. The immune response against asexual forms of Plasmodium in the monkeys from the Atlantic Forest indicates the development of the infection. CONCLUSIONS: We discuss the possibility of monkeys being malaria reservoirs in non-endemic areas.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Medical Primatology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Apr 2006", "volume": "35", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "87-96", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J. Med. Primatol", "DOI": "10.1111/j.1600-0684.2006.00148.x", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16556295", "accessDate": "2010-01-25T16:15:58Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0047-2565", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 16556295", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Antibodies, Protozoan", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Brazil", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Disease Reservoirs", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Haplorhini", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Malaria", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Monkey Diseases", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Plasmodium", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Protozoan Proteins", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Seroepidemiologic Studies", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Statistics, Nonparametric", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "N782XTZF" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-01-25T16:15:58Z", "dateModified": "2010-01-25T16:15:58Z" } }, { "key": "UMUFGGF9", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 6123, "name": "Malaria Group University of Rome", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/6123/items/UMUFGGF9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome/items/UMUFGGF9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 59235, "username": "valina", "name": "Valentina Mangano", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/valina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Duarte et al.", "parsedDate": "2006-04", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "UMUFGGF9", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Widespread occurrence of antibodies against circumsporozoite protein and against blood forms of Plasmodium vivax, P. falciparum and P. malariae in Brazilian wild monkeys", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ana Maria R de C", "lastName": "Duarte" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Maura A L", "lastName": "Porto" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Izilda", "lastName": "Curado" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rosely S", "lastName": "Malafronte" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Erika H E", "lastName": "Hoffmann" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Salma G", "lastName": "de Oliveira" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Adriana M J", "lastName": "da Silva" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Judith K", "lastName": "Kloetzel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Almério de C", "lastName": "Gomes" } ], "abstractNote": "BACKGROUND: A survey of malaria antibodies was carried out over 7 years and a total of 777 serum samples from wild monkeys were collected in three distinct ecological areas of Brazil where autochthonous malaria has been reported: the 'Cerrado' (similar to savanna), the Atlantic Forest and the Atlantic Semideciduous Forest. METHODS: We carried out enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to investigate the presence of IgG antibodies against peptides of the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) repeat region of 'classic'Plasmodium vivax, P. vivax VK247, human P. vivax-like/P. simiovale, P. brasilianum/P. malariae and P. falciparum. We also carried out immunofluorescence assay with asexual forms of P. vivax, P. malariae and P. falciparum. RESULTS: The high prevalence of antibodies against CSP in all areas indicates that the monkeys had intense contact with sporozoites from infected anophelines. The immune response against asexual forms of Plasmodium in the monkeys from the Atlantic Forest indicates the development of the infection. CONCLUSIONS: We discuss the possibility of monkeys being malaria reservoirs in non-endemic areas.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Medical Primatology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Apr 2006", "volume": "35", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "87-96", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J. Med. Primatol", "DOI": "10.1111/j.1600-0684.2006.00148.x", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16556295", "accessDate": "2010-01-25T16:13:41Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0047-2565", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 16556295", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Antibodies, Protozoan", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Brazil", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Disease Reservoirs", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Haplorhini", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Malaria", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Monkey Diseases", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Plasmodium", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Protozoan Proteins", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Seroepidemiologic Studies", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Statistics, Nonparametric", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-01-25T16:13:41Z", "dateModified": "2010-01-25T16:13:41Z" } }, { "key": "5HSAB2FR", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 6123, "name": "Malaria Group University of Rome", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/6123/items/5HSAB2FR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome/items/5HSAB2FR", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/6123/items/MHICRMBN", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 59235, "username": "valina", "name": "Valentina Mangano", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/valina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "5HSAB2FR", "version": 1, "parentItem": "MHICRMBN", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "cerutti 2007.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "cerutti 2007.pdf", "md5": "42076085674937d32c44e73818933ca6", "mtime": 1264435422000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-01-25T16:04:18Z", "dateModified": "2010-01-25T16:04:18Z" } }, { "key": "MHICRMBN", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 6123, "name": "Malaria Group University of Rome", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/6123/items/MHICRMBN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome/items/MHICRMBN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 59235, "username": "valina", "name": "Valentina Mangano", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/valina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Cerutti et al.", "parsedDate": "2007", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "MHICRMBN", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Epidemiologic aspects of the malaria transmission cycle in an area of very low incidence in Brazil", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Crispim", "lastName": "Cerutti" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Marcos", "lastName": "Boulos" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Arnídio F", "lastName": "Coutinho" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Maria do Carmo L D", "lastName": "Hatab" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Aloísio", "lastName": "Falqueto" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Helder R", "lastName": "Rezende" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ana Maria R C", "lastName": "Duarte" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "William", "lastName": "Collins" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rosely S", "lastName": "Malafronte" } ], "abstractNote": "BACKGROUND: Extra-Amazonian autochthonous Plasmodium vivax infections have been reported in mountainous regions surrounded by the Atlantic Forest in Espírito Santo state, Brazil. METHODS: Sixty-five patients and 1,777 residents were surveyed between April 2001 and March 2004. Laboratory methods included thin and thick smears, multiplex-PCR, immunofluorescent assay (IFA) against P. vivax and Plasmodium malariae crude blood-stage antigens and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antibodies against the P. vivax-complex (P. vivax and variants) and P. malariae/Plasmodium brasilianum circumsporozoite-protein (CSP) antigens. RESULTS: Average patient age was 35.1 years. Most (78.5%) were males; 64.6% lived in rural areas; 35.4% were farmers; and 12.3% students. There was no relevant history of travel. Ninety-five per cent of the patients were experiencing their first episode of malaria. Laboratory data from 51 patients were consistent with P. vivax infection, which was determined by thin smear. Of these samples, 48 were assayed by multiplex-PCR. Forty-five were positive for P. vivax, confirming the parasitological results, while P. malariae was detected in one sample and two gave negative results. Fifty percent of the 50 patients tested had IgG antibodies against the P. vivax-complex or P. malariae CSP as determined by ELISA. The percentages of residents with IgM and IgG antibodies detected by IFA for P. malariae, P. vivax and Plasmodium falciparum who did not complain of malaria symptoms at the time blood was collected were 30.1% and 56.5%, 6.2% and 37.7%, and 13.5% and 13%, respectively. The same sera that reacted to P. vivax also reacted to P. malariae. The following numbers of samples were positive in multiplex-PCR: 23 for P. vivax; 15 for P. malariae; 9 for P. falciparum and only one for P. falciparum and P. malariae. All thin and thick smears were negative. ELISA against CSP antigens was positive in 25.4%, 6.3%, 10.7% and 15.1% of the samples tested for \"classical\" P. vivax (VK210), VK247, P. vivax-like and P. malariae, respectively. Anopheline captures in the transmission area revealed only zoophilic and exophilic species. CONCLUSION: The low incidence of malaria cases, the finding of asymptomatic inhabitants and the geographic separation of patients allied to serological and molecular results raise the possibility of the existence of a simian reservoir in these areas.", "publicationTitle": "Malaria Journal", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2007", "volume": "6", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "33", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Malar. J", "DOI": "10.1186/1475-2875-6-33", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17371598", "accessDate": "2010-01-25T16:03:11Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1475-2875", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 17371598", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Anopheles", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Antibodies, Protozoan", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Brazil", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "DNA, Protozoan", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Disease Reservoirs", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Incidence", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Malaria", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Malaria, Falciparum", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Malaria, Vivax", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Plasmodium falciparum", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Plasmodium malariae", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Plasmodium vivax", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Polymerase Chain Reaction", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "N782XTZF" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-01-25T16:03:11Z", "dateModified": "2010-01-25T16:03:11Z" } }, { "key": "FNCJZ58H", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 6123, "name": "Malaria Group University of Rome", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/6123/items/FNCJZ58H", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome/items/FNCJZ58H", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 59235, "username": "valina", "name": "Valentina Mangano", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/valina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Volney et al.", "parsedDate": "2002-04", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "FNCJZ58H", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A sero-epidemiological study of malaria in human and monkey populations in French Guiana", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Béatrice", "lastName": "Volney" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jean-François", "lastName": "Pouliquen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Benoît", "lastName": "De Thoisy" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thierry", "lastName": "Fandeur" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper describes a sero-epidemiological study of malaria prevalence in French Guiana. An immunofluorescence assay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to detect antibodies against blood-stage antigens and synthetic peptides mimicking the repetitive epitope of the sporozoites of Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae/brasilianum, in 218 human sera and 113 non-human primate sera collected in French Guiana. Almost all the monkey sera tested had antibodies against malaria blood-stages (98%) and a large majority (73%) also tested positive with the P. malariae/brasilianum circumsporozoite peptide. A number of primate samples also reacted positively with P. falciparum NANP repeats in a very specific manner, suggesting that monkeys in the rainforest are bitten by mosquitoes infected with human malaria parasites. Seroprevalences were lower in the humans tested but Indian tribes on the borders with Suriname and Brazil were clearly more exposed to malaria than other ethnic groups, with a prevalence of nearly 70% seropositivity. P. vivax infections accounted for much of the observed pattern of reactivity, but there was also a high frequency of positive reactions to the P. brasilianum/malariae peptide. Similarly, a large proportion of the sera obtained from Bush Negro populations tested positive for P. malariae/brasilianum repeats. These data add to the emerging evidence that non-human primates might constitute a natural reservoir, not only for simian, but also for human malaria, and therefore suggest that they might be responsible for the maintenance of foci of P. malariae, and possibly of other malaria species, in isolated areas of the Amazonian rainforest.", "publicationTitle": "Acta Tropica", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Apr 2002", "volume": "82", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "11-23", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Acta Trop", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11904099", "accessDate": "2010-01-25T16:02:17Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0001-706X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 11904099", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Anopheles", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Antibodies, Monoclonal", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Antibodies, Protozoan", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Antigens, Protozoan", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Cebidae", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Disease Reservoirs", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Disease Vectors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Epitopes", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "French Guiana", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Malaria", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Monkey Diseases", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Plasmodium", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Prevalence", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Seroepidemiologic Studies", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "N782XTZF" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-01-25T16:02:17Z", "dateModified": "2010-01-25T16:02:17Z" } }, { "key": "EEE6WUXI", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 6123, "name": "Malaria Group University of Rome", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/6123/items/EEE6WUXI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome/items/EEE6WUXI", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/6123/items/PH4A4MD6", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 59235, "username": "valina", "name": "Valentina Mangano", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/valina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "EEE6WUXI", "version": 1, "parentItem": "PH4A4MD6", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_file", "title": "Mueller 2007.pdf", "accessDate": "", "url": "", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Mueller 2007.pdf", "md5": "ac7be353a09fcb56d27ae0c0a31e3ec1", "mtime": 1263389173000, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-01-13T13:26:26Z", "dateModified": "2010-01-13T13:26:26Z" } }, { "key": "PH4A4MD6", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 6123, "name": "Malaria Group University of Rome", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/6123/items/PH4A4MD6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/malaria_group_university_of_rome/items/PH4A4MD6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 59235, "username": "valina", "name": "Valentina Mangano", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/valina", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Mueller et al.", "parsedDate": "2007-06", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "PH4A4MD6", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale--the \"bashful\" malaria parasites", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ivo", "lastName": "Mueller" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peter A", "lastName": "Zimmerman" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John C", "lastName": "Reeder" } ], "abstractNote": "Although Plasmodium malariae was first described as an infectious disease of humans by Golgi in 1886 and Plasmodium ovale identified by Stevens in 1922, there are still large gaps in our knowledge of the importance of these infections as causes of malaria in different parts of the world. They have traditionally been thought of as mild illnesses that are caused by rare and, in case of P. ovale, short-lived parasites. However, recent advances in sensitive PCR diagnosis are causing a re-evaluation of this assumption. Low-level infection seems to be common across malaria-endemic areas, often as complex mixed infections. The potential interactions of P. malariae and P. ovale with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax might explain some basic questions of malaria epidemiology, and understanding these interactions could have an important influence on the deployment of interventions such as malaria vaccines.", "publicationTitle": "Trends in Parasitology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jun 2007", "volume": "23", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "278-283", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Trends Parasitol", "DOI": "10.1016/j.pt.2007.04.009", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17459775", "accessDate": "2010-01-13T13:25:36Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1471-4922", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 17459775", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adolescent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Child", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Child, Preschool", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Infant", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Infant, Newborn", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Malaria", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Microscopy", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Plasmodium malariae", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Plasmodium ovale", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Polymerase Chain Reaction", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Prevalence", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "N782XTZF" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2010-01-13T13:25:36Z", "dateModified": "2010-01-13T13:25:36Z" } } ]