Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Triin Lauri |
Author | Ellu Saar |
URL | https://compasss.org/wpseries/LauriSaar2022.pdf |
Volume | 2022 |
Issue | 98 |
Publication | COMPASSS Working Papers |
Abstract | The aim of the paper is to investigate the patterns of multiple advantages and disadvantages of parental resources measured by educational attainment of both parents as well as parental cultural resources and their impact on the educational attainment of offspring across three cohorts in six European countries – the Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. We separate the examination of combined advantages from that of combined disadvantages to emphasise the asymmetries in these relationships by employing a novel configurational approach, set coincidence analysis introduced by Ragin and Fiss (2017). The analysis based on the International Assessment of Adult Competencies data (PIAAC) revealed substantial country differences in degrees of cumulative advantages and disadvantages of respondents’ parental resources and also in the linkages between these cumulative patterns and respondents’ educational attainment. |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Daisuke Mori |
URL | https://compasss.org/wpseries/Mori2021.pdf |
Volume | 2021 |
Issue | 97 |
Publication | COMPASSS Working Papers |
Date | 2021-11-22 |
Abstract | Correlation coefficients often used in quantitative research, such as survey research, cannot adequately measure certain key aspects within the relation of necessity. In this paper, I focus on Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), enabling the analysis of set relations or relations of necessity and sufficiency, and try to incorporate it into the analysis of survey research. I present the parameters of fit in a fuzzy-set QCA to measure such a relation. I also show the methods used to conduct statistical inferences to understand the properties of a population based on a random sample from that population. For example, I analyzed the survey data on the purpose of tort damages in the case of a defective car accident in Japan. In this survey, respondents were asked about the extent to which they considered five factors in deciding the amount of damages: compensation for monetary loss, punishment, compensation for mental suffering, deterrence, and satisfying the feeling of retribution. I found that compensation for monetary loss is not correlated with punishment, deterrence, and satisfying the feeling of retribution. However, compensation for monetary loss is a necessary condition. The analysis of relations of necessity can highlight relations that have not been detected by conventional statistical analysis based on correlations. |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Alexandre Sukov |
Author | Andrey Abadzhiev |
Author | Mikael Johnson |
URL | http://www.compasss.org/wpseries/SukhovAbadzhievJohnson2021.pdf |
Volume | 2021 |
Issue | 96 |
Publication | COMPASSS Working Papers |
Date | 2021-03-16 |
Abstract | Innovation has been identified as a key element of successful businesses, and previous research has studied the different innovation types that bring success. However, innovation in the construction sector has received scant attention, making it unclear how firms innovate and which successful innovation practices are used. To address this, the present research investigates how firms in a construction value chain innovate in order to implement new and sustainable technology. The data was collected using interviews and questionnaires and analysed using fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA). The findings reveal innovation practices that senior managers in the construction value chain consider to be important for high sustainability and business value outcomes. The results provide an empirical basis that supports the integrative view of innovation in the studied context by showing that different innovation types act in combination and complement each other to accelerate sustainable wood technology in the construction sector. |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Ekaterina Paustyan |
URL | http://compasss.org/wpseries/Paustyan2020.pdf |
Volume | 2020-95 |
Publication | COMPASSS Working Papers |
Date | May 25, 2020 |
Abstract | This paper studies the puzzle related to the tenure of incumbent governors in Russia. It investigates what conditions have accounted for the reappointment of incumbents in the period of 2008-2012. Crisp-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis of 25 cases reveals that, in contrast to expectation, the ability to deliver high voting results at national elections has not guaranteed the reappointment of incumbent governors. On the other hand, the failure to do so has been among sufficient conditions leading to the dismissal of incumbents. The analysis also detects two sufficient combinations of conditions accounting for gubernatorial reappointment. They are in line with the argument that the incumbents stay in office as long as they fulfill the main ”federal priorities” of high voting results and political stability in the regions. |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Chris Wuytens |
Author | Bart Cambré |
Author | Ans De Vos |
URL | http://www.compasss.org/wpseries/WuytensCambreDeVos2020.pdf |
Volume | 2020-94 |
Publication | COMPASSS Working Papers |
Date | May 22, 2020 |
Abstract | This paper’s purpose is to offer in-depth insight into the operation of the front line between customers’ employees and suppliers’ employees. We want to better understand the interplay between job demands, job resources, customer resources, and customer demands that enhance the need fulfilment of the front-line employee. This study uses a configurational approach to gain insight into the complexity of these relationships. This paper uses, on one hand, the Job Demands–Resources (JD–R) framework to characterize the job and, on the other hand, Self Determination Theory (SDT) based on need fulfilment, which forms the motivational mechanism of people’s behaviour. To examine a dataset of 143 dyads, we use qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) to identify single necessary and sufficient conditions and sufficient configurations of the four factors for high need fulfilment. We report the impact of the individual customer’s employee on the individual need fulfilment of the supplier’s employee. Need fulfilment of the front-line employee is not only influenced by job demands and resources, but also by customer demands and resources. From our empirical work, we provide evidence for the causal complexity, including three paths leading to the outcome variables. |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Lotte Dalgaard Christensen |
URL | http://www.compasss.org/wpseries/Christensen2019.pdf |
Volume | 2019 |
Issue | 93 |
Publication | COMPASSS Working Papers |
Date | 5 October 2019 |
Abstract | Biomass is becoming a viable substitute for oil and petrochemicals within many industries as concerns over climate change deepen. But does novel biomass utilization enable countries to pursue other important policy objectives simultaneously with climate change mitigation? Theoretical answers to this question vary. Ecological modernization theory assumes that environmental and economic objectives are compatible or even mutually reinforcing, while degrowth theory calls our attention to potential trade-offs and compromises. The purpose of this paper is to probe whether set-theoretic methods offer new insights for this debate. The context of this study is the Nordic bioeconomy. In a sample of 82 cases of biomass utilization within the electricity, fuels, chemicals, and textile fiber industries, eight cases contribute to all core objectives in the Nordic bioeconomy strategy thus supporting ecological modernization theory’s claim about compatibility. However, the analysis of necessity suggests that the policy objectives are not mutually reinforcing. The remaining 74 cases in the sample fail to contribute to either economic, social or environmental objectives. This indicates that degrowth theory’s attention to compromises is also justified, although the analysis of necessity suggests that there are no systematic trade-offs. Thus, while both theoretical frameworks find empirical support, neither is able to fully capture the complexity of the bioeconomy transition. |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Tore Hofstad |
URL | http://www.compasss.org/wpseries/Hofstad2019.pdf |
Volume | 2019-92 |
Publication | COMPASSS Working Papers |
Date | May 19, 2019 |
Abstract | Calibration procedures in Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) rely on evaluation of cases, which necessarily entails a subjective element of interpretation. This questions the reliability of the inferences draw. To what extent are tests of sufficiency contingent on the researchers’ choice of calibration? The concept robustness range is introduced to illuminate this question. Robustness range is tentatively defined as the calibration boundary within which solution terms and cases remain the same. Applying this concept in research practice increases transparency and adds to our methodological repertoire. |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Thorsten Gromes |
URL | http://www.compasss.org/wpseries/Gromes2018.pdf |
Volume | 2018-91 |
Publication | COMPASSS Working Papers |
Date | March 2, 2018 |
Abstract | This paper introduces a tool designed to address three challenges that can occur when using QCA. First, it facilitates comparisons of competing theories by providing a straightforward measurement of their respective explanatory power. For this purpose, it systematically considers configurations that are consistently related to an outcome and that either confirm or reject a particular claim. Second, the tool can ease checks for robustness. It offers a simple parameter for assessing the extent to which the results corroborate one another despite altered specifications. Third, it provides assistance in selecting from among a large number of potetial conditions by ascertaining which conditions, combinations of conditions, or summaries of conditions exhibit the strongest relative explanatory power. Data on the recurrence of civil war is used to demonstrate how this tool functions. |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Sebastian Elischer |
URL | http://www.compasss.org/wpseries/Elischer2017.pdf |
Volume | 2017-90 |
Publication | COMPASSS Working Papers |
Date | December 19, 2017 |
Abstract | Drawing on the literature on autocratic resilience and the logic of fuzzy-set theoretical models, the article examines the political consequences of all post-1989 military coups. It analyses the extent to which juntas remain or withdraw from power in the aftermath of a military coup. While some claim that post-Cold War coups have a higher propensity to usher in democratization, a case-sensitive analysis finds little reason to be enthusiastic about the political outcomes of coups. It finds a high degree of citizens involvement in civil society organizations and the absence of social tensions to be necessary and sufficient conditions for military withdrawal. Results for cases in which the armed forces remain in power indicate that in almost all cases the outcome is a foregone conclusion as the armed forces are not receptive to pressure by outside or domestic actors. |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Marcel Verhoeven |
Author | Ioana-Elana Oana |
URL | http://www.compasss.org/wpseries/VerhoevenOana2017.pdf |
Volume | 2017-89 |
Publication | COMPASSS Working Papers |
Date | December 9, 2017 |
Abstract | In a literature review and an explorative pre-study ten building blocks of audience success of media product brands were distilled, resp. confirmed. The causally remote conditions (building blocks of success) are organizational facets, human resources, leadership, internal processes, environmental orientation, and external evaluation. Causally proximate are the conditions form, content, marketing and distribution. The research questions of this paper are: which conditions are necessary, and which (combinations of) conditions are sufficient for audience success? An online survey of 255 media decision makers in Germany, Austria and Switzerland was executed, in which the respondents assessed a) to which extent the factors (items) belonging to the building blocks of success (concepts) were achieved, and b) to which extent success was achieved by the media product brand the respondents are involved with. A two-step fsQCA with ‘Enhanced Standard Analysis’ was deployed to find necessary and sufficient building blocks of audience success. Four conditions were qualified as necessary for audience success: form, distribution, human resources and environmental orientation. In addition, four sufficient combinations of building blocks for success emerged in the analysis. |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Debora de Block |
Author | Barbara Vis |
URL | http://www.compasss.org/wpseries/deBlockVis2017.pdf |
Volume | 2017-88 |
Publication | COMPASSS Working Papers |
Date | June 2, 2017 |
Abstract | This paper addresses an issue that so far has received relatively little attention in methodological discussions about Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), namely the challenges researchers face when using qualitative data in QCA analyses. Building on a literature review of 22 empirical studies using qualitative data for QCA, we discuss the challenges and ways to address these: (1) Which qualitative data to use? (2) How to determine the thresholds for in- and exclusion of a set? (3) How to establish the degree to which a case is ‘in’ or ‘out’ of a set? (4) How to differentiate between those concepts that are truly absent and those that are not mentioned? (5) Which sensitivity tests to conduct for assessing the robustness of the findings based on qualitative data? (6) How to present the calibration process transparently (and concisely)? By discussing these challenges using especially current practices in QCA-studies that are mostly informed by qualitative data, we aim to contribute to the best practices in QCA research. |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Jonas Buche |
URL | http://www.compasss.org/wpseries/Buche2017.pdf |
Volume | 2017-87 |
Publication | COMPASSS Working Papers |
Date | March 5, 2017 |
Abstract | This article applies Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis to examine the Europeanization of legislative-executive relations at the micro-level. It asks under which conditions members of national parliaments use civil servants from the national ministries as direct information sources both for domestic and Europeanized policies. Using role theory, I state that roles, understood as the combination of position and preference roles, can be used as reliable predictors for individual behavior, i.e. interaction. I examine four conditions of executive-legislative relations presumed to be relevant for the frequency of direct interaction between MPs and bureaucrats: membership in a governing party, strong political expertise, strong role orientation as a policy expert, and strong external role perception of civil servants as policy experts. Empirically, the paper draws on survey data and semi-structured interviews with 22 members of the Swedish Riksdag conducted between 2010 and 2013. Sweden is chosen as the most likely case for frequent direct interaction both in domestic and Europeanized policies. The results indicate differences between interactions on domestic and EU-related issues. While in Swedish policies the membership in a government party is necessary for frequent interaction with civil servants, in European affairs MPs’ political and policy expertise account for frequent interaction. |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Wei Lu |
Author | Ayse Saka-Helmhout |
Author | Rebecca Piekkari |
URL | http://www.compasss.org/wpseries/LuSakaHelmhoutPiekkari2017.pdf |
Volume | 2017 |
Issue | 86 |
Publication | COMPASSS Working Papers |
Date | 02 Feb 2017 |
Abstract | This article poses the question under what conditions do foreign subsidiaries in China locally adapt their compensation practice transferred by MNC headquarters? Earlier work suggests that practice adaptation is primarily due to a decentralized management approach or high institutional pressure. Our configurational Qualitative Comparative Analysis reveals that decentralization needs to be considered in combination with regional regulation for it to explain practice adaptation. Decentralization facilitates adaptation of compensation when it co-exists with lax regional regulatory institutions and low portability of skills in the region. In other words, despite low institutional pressures, subsidiaries still adapt their compensation practice when facilitated by decentralization. On the other hand, subsidiaries also adapt their compensation practice within regional governance systems when faced with tight regional labour regulations and high portability of skills in the region regardless of the management approach. Our findings of Finnish MNCs in China advance the impact of regional institutions on adaptation of compensation practice. |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Gary Goertz |
URL | http://www.compasss.org/wpseries/Goertz2003.pdf |
Volume | 2003 |
Issue | 7 |
Publication | COMPASSS Working Papers |
Date | 11 June 2003 |
Abstract | Assessing the importance of necessary or sufficient conditions in fuzzy-set social science Political scientists of all stripes have proposed numerous necessary or sufficient condition hypotheses. For methodologists a question is then how can we assess the "importance" of these necessary conditions. This paper addresses two central questions about the importance of necessary or sufficient conditions. The first regards their "absolute" importance which is addressed via the concept of the trivialness of necessary or sufficient conditions. The second importance question deals with the relative importance of necessary or sufficient conditions: for example, if X_1 and X_2 are necessary or sufficient conditions, is one more important than the other? The paper develops measures to assess the importance of necessary or sufficient conditions in three related contexts: (1) Venn diagrams, (2) 2x2 tables, and (3) fuzzy logic, with an emphasis on fuzzy logic methods. The empirical analysis uses the measures of absolute and relative importance to extend Ragin's (2000) discussion of the causes of IMF riots. |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Charles C. Ragin |
URL | http://www.compasss.org/wpseries/Ragin2003a.pdf |
Volume | 2003 |
Issue | 9 |
Publication | COMPASSS Working Papers |
Date | 21 August 2003 |
Abstract | Fuzzy sets have many potential applications in the social sciences. The ideas and suggestions presented in Fuzzy-Set Social Science scratch only the bare surface of their potential uses, for there are many ways to integrate fuzzy sets (and set-theoretic thinking more generally) into social research. In this paper, I sketch several recent advances in fuzzy-set methods, illustrating them with examples drawn from policy research. While these new fuzzy-set methods build on arguments presented in Fuzzy-Set Social Science, they also forge a strong link to some of the crisp-set principles presented in The Comparative Method, especially those concerning the issue of limited diversity. Thus, the techniques presented in this paper are generally relevant to both crisp-set and fuzzy-set analysis. The first advance I present is the elaboration and refinement of the concepts of "consistency" and "coverage" in set-theoretic analysis. Specifically, I show how to assess the consistency and coverage of combinations of causal conditions. Consistency concerns the degree to which a combination of causal conditions is consistent with an argument of sufficiency; coverage concerns the relative importance of combinations of sufficient conditions in the effort to explain or "cover" instances of the outcome. In this discussion I emphasize the fuzzy-set analysis of sufficient combinations of causal conditions, but the two principles apply just as well to the fuzzy-set analysis of necessary conditions and to the analysis of necessity and sufficiency as set-theoretic relations using crisp sets. The second advance I discuss is a new algorithm for the incorporation of "simplifying assumptions" into the results of applications of QCA and fs/QCA. This new algorithm allows the direct incorporation of theoretical and substantive knowledge into the evaluation of simplifying assumptions in situations of "limited diversity" (which is the rule in the study of naturally occurring social phenomena). I illustrate this algorithm with crisp sets, and then extend it to fuzzy sets. Along the way, I also introduce a new algorithm for the fuzzy-set analysis of social data. The new algorithm is more amenable to the analysis of limited diversity than the one presented in Fuzzy-Set Social Science. |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Charles C. Ragin |
URL | http://www.compasss.org/wpseries/Ragin2003b.pdf |
Volume | 2003 |
Issue | 10 |
Publication | COMPASSS Working Papers |
Date | 10 September 2003 |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Patrick Dumont |
Author | Hanna Bäck |
Volume | 2003 |
Issue | 11 |
Publication | COMPASSS Working Papers |
Date | 23 September 2003 |
Abstract | Green parties have been represented in the parliaments of European Union countries since 1981 but only a few have entered national governments, and this has not happened until recently. Using a data-set comprising 44 government formation opportunities where Greens were represented in parliament, we show that parties involved in these bargaining situations were more office-oriented than earlier studies argued. As Green parties are less office-seeking than other parties, this general tendency for office-seeking behaviour in government formation may partly account for the scarcity of Greens in government. Further, we test a number of hypotheses derived from theories that account for the specific nature of Green parties in terms of their office-, policy- and vote-seeking orientations. We find that Greens participate in government when they have lost at least one election, when they are identified as a clear electoral threat by the main party of the left and when the policy-distance between the Greens and the main left party is small. As these simultaneous conditions only materialized recently, and in a few countries, we argue that our analysis, which is the first comparative and multivariate test on this question, helps explaining the scarcity and the delay of Green governmental participation. |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Catherine Moury |
URL | http://www.compasss.org/wpseries/Moury2003.pdf |
Volume | 2003 |
Issue | 12 |
Publication | COMPASSS Working Papers |
Date | 23 Septermber 2003 |
Abstract | This research aims to understand why the complete and precise character of the coalition agreement varies. I assume that the fuzzy set is the appropriate method in such an explanatory phase of the research, because it allows the "necessary dialogue between ideas and evidence". The results suggest to consider the redaction of the agreement as a two level game, between the parties and between the government and the parties which support it. |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Tsutomu Watanabe |
URL | http://www.compasss.org/wpseries/Watanabe2003.pdf |
Volume | 2003 |
Issue | 13 |
Publication | COMPASSS Working Papers |
Date | 23 September 2003 |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Jon Kvist |
URL | http://www.compasss.org/wpseries/Kvist2003.pdf |
Volume | 2003 |
Issue | 15 |
Publication | COMPASSS Working Papers |
Date | 24 September 2003 |
Abstract | This paper advances a new method for studying ideal types, fuzzy-set theory, which is a framework that allows a precise operationalisation of theoretical concepts, the configuration of concepts into analytical constructs, and the categorisation of cases. In a Weberian sense ideal types are analytical constructs used as yardsticks to measure the similarity and difference between concrete phenomena. Ideal type analysis involves differentiation of categories and degrees of membership of such categories. In social science jargon, this means analysis involving the evaluation of qualitative and quantitative differences or, in brief, of diversity. Fuzzy set theory provides a calculus of compatibility. It can measure and compute theoretical concepts and analytical constructs in a manner that is true to their formulation and meaning. This paper sets out elements and principles of fuzzy set theory that are useful for ideal type analysis and presents two illustrative examples of how it can be used in comparative studies. The examples concern changing Nordic welfare policies in the 1990s, unemployment and child family policies, and relate to their conformity to predefined ideal typical models. |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | David Levi-Faur |
URL | http://www.compasss.org/wpseries/LeviFaur2003.pdf |
Volume | 2003 |
Issue | 16 |
Publication | COMPASSS Working Papers |
Date | 24 September 2003 |
Abstract | The aim of this chapter is to explore the role of variations and similarities in Medium-N comparative analysis and to suggest a technique that could maximize their explanatory power in designs that combine two or more comparative approaches to the study of regulatory change. The chapter identifies four popular comparative approaches to the study of politics and policy in general and regulation in particular. These four might best be titled the National Patterns Approach (NPA), the Policy Sector Approach (PSA), the International Regime Approach (IRA), and the Temporal Patterns Approach (TPA). While these approaches are not necessarily contradictory they represent different assumptions as to the determinants of political and regulatory change. Each of these approaches omits some important sources of variations and similarities in the regulation of the economy and society. To overcome these omissions it is suggested that combinations of these approaches - through complex research designs - might prove a sounder and more effective method for the study of regulation. |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Alain Gottcheiner |
URL | http://www.compasss.org/wpseries/Gottcheiner2003.pdf |
Volume | 2003 |
Issue | 17 |
Publication | COMPASSS Working Papers |
Date | 29 September 2003 |
Abstract | Linguists searching about laws of phonetic changes make use of the entire corpus at their disposal. By so doing, they find laws that correctly describe observed changes, especially "splits", but can't be checked. Such a law may always be found if using enough parameters, but doesn't guarantee a fair description. In a Popperian perspective, we'd like to suggest working on a partial corpus, trying to establish laws that correctly account for all matching multiplets considered, then applying these assumed laws to the rest of the corpus ; if no counterexample is found, the set of laws gains in credibility. In this approach, QCA may be very useful, because it allows us to : 1) consider all possible influences (position in the word, preceding and following phoneme, umlaut/ablaut, position relative to stress,...) as conditions ; 2) use contradictions as guides to the detection of influences we forgot to use ; 3) modify the corpus and set of conditions at will ; 4) produce several laws, among which we may choose the most plausible ; 5) find implications that aren't seen at first glance. |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | James Mahoney |
Author | Gary Goertz |
URL | http://www.compasss.org/wpseries/MahoneyGoertz2004.pdf |
Volume | 2004 |
Issue | 18 |
Publication | COMPASSS Working Papers |
Date | 30 January 2004 |
Abstract | A central challenge in qualitative research involves selecting the "negative" cases (e.g., nonrevolutions, nonwars) to be included in analyses that seek to explain positive outcomes of interest (e.g., revolutions, wars). Although it is widely recognized that the selection of negative cases is consequential for theory testing, methodologists have yet to formulate specific rules to inform this selection process. In this paper, we propose a principle - the Possibility Principle - that provides explicit, rigorous, and theoretically-informed guidelines for choosing a set of negative cases. The Possibility Principle advice researchers to select only negative cases where the outcome of interest is possible. Our discussion elaborates this principle and its implications for current debates about case selection and strategies of theory testing. Major points are illustrated with substantive examples from studies of revolution, economic growth, welfare states, and war. |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Gary Goertz |
Author | James Mahoney |
URL | http://www.compasss.org/wpseries/GoertzMahoney2004.pdf |
Volume | 2004 |
Issue | 19 |
Publication | COMPASSS Working Papers |
Date | 30 January 2004 |
Abstract | Two-level theories explain outcomes with causal variables at two levels of analysis that are systematically related to one another. Although many prominent scholars in the field of comparative analysis have developed two-level theories, the empirical and methodological issues that these theories raise have yet to be investigated. In this article, we explore different structures of two-level theories and consider the issues involved in testing these theories with fuzzy-set methods. We show that grasping the overall structure of two-level theories requires both specifying the particular type of relationship (i.e., causal, ontological, or substitutable) that exists between and within levels of analysis and specifying the logical linkages between levels in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions. We argue that for the purposes of testing these theories fuzzy-set analysis provides a powerful set of tools. However, to realize this potential, investigators using fuzzy-set methods must be clear about the two-level structure of their theories from the onset. We illustrate these points through an empirical, fuzzy-set test of Skocpol's States and Social Revolutions. |
Item Type | Journal Article |
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Author | Lasse Cronqvist |
URL | http://www.compasss.org/wpseries/Cronqvist2004.pdf |
Volume | 2004 |
Issue | 20 |
Publication | COMPASSS Working Papers |
Date | 15 April 2004 |
Abstract | In this presentation the TOSMANA (Tool for Small-N Analysis) software is described. TOSMANA is a tool for case-based comparative analysis, implementing existing techniques as Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) as well as new approaches for macro-qualitative comparative analysis. The different parts of TOSMANA are explained and some ideas on further development are introduced. |