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To obtain mechanistic insights into their function, we determined three crystal structures of the conserved stomatin domain of mouse stomatin that assembles into a banana-shaped dimer. We show that dimerization is crucial for the repression of acid-sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3) activity. A hydrophobic pocket at the inside of the concave surface is open in the presence of an internal peptide ligand and closes in the absence of this ligand, and we demonstrate a function of this pocket in the inhibition of ASIC3 activity. In one crystal form, stomatin assembles via two conserved surfaces into a cylindrical oligomer, and these oligomerization surfaces are also essential for the inhibition of ASIC3-mediated currents. 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To obtain mechanistic insights into their function, we determined three crystal structures of the conserved stomatin domain of mouse stomatin that assembles into a banana-shaped dimer. We show that dimerization is crucial for the repression of acid-sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3) activity. A hydrophobic pocket at the inside of the concave surface is open in the presence of an internal peptide ligand and closes in the absence of this ligand, and we demonstrate a function of this pocket in the inhibition of ASIC3 activity. In one crystal form, stomatin assembles via two conserved surfaces into a cylindrical oligomer, and these oligomerization surfaces are also essential for the inhibition of ASIC3-mediated currents. 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[Clin Pharmacokinet. 2010] - PubMed - NCBI", "accessDate": "2011-11-21T12:52:16Z", "url": "zotero://attachment/12/", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "12.html", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z", "dateModified": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z" } }, { "key": "JEUBHVTJ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 60795, "name": "Christiane Behaviour", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/60795/items/JEUBHVTJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour/items/JEUBHVTJ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 283300, "username": "glewin", "name": "Gary Lewin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/glewin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Dworkin et al.", "parsedDate": "2003-11", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JEUBHVTJ", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Advances in neuropathic pain: diagnosis, mechanisms, and treatment recommendations", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert H", "lastName": "Dworkin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Miroslav", "lastName": "Backonja" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael C", "lastName": "Rowbotham" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Robert R", "lastName": "Allen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Charles R", "lastName": "Argoff" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gary J", "lastName": "Bennett" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M Catherine", "lastName": "Bushnell" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John T", "lastName": "Farrar" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bradley S", "lastName": "Galer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jennifer A", "lastName": "Haythornthwaite" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David J", "lastName": "Hewitt" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John D", "lastName": "Loeser" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mitchell B", "lastName": "Max" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mario", "lastName": "Saltarelli" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kenneth E", "lastName": "Schmader" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Christoph", "lastName": "Stein" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Thompson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Dennis C", "lastName": "Turk" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mark S", "lastName": "Wallace" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Linda R", "lastName": "Watkins" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sharon M", "lastName": "Weinstein" } ], "abstractNote": "Chronic neuropathic pain, caused by lesions in the peripheral or central nervous system, comes in many forms. We describe current approaches to the diagnosis and assessment of neuropathic pain and discuss the results of recent research on its pathophysiologic mechanisms. Randomized controlled clinical trials of gabapentin, the 5% lidocaine patch, opioid analgesics, tramadol hydrochloride, and tricyclic antidepressants provide an evidence-based approach to the treatment of neuropathic pain, and specific recommendations are presented for use of these medications. Continued progress in basic and clinical research on the pathophysiologic mechanisms of neuropathic pain may make it possible to predict effective treatments for individual patients by application of a pain mechanism-based approach.", "publicationTitle": "Archives of Neurology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Nov 2003", "volume": "60", "issue": "11", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1524-1534", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Arch. Neurol.", "DOI": "10.1001/archneur.60.11.1524", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14623723", "accessDate": "2011-11-21T12:40:52Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0003-9942", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Advances in neuropathic pain", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 14623723", "tags": [ { "tag": "Analgesics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Chronic Disease", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neuralgia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Physical Examination", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z", "dateModified": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z" } }, { "key": "SAHAP7AK", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 60795, "name": "Christiane Behaviour", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/60795/items/SAHAP7AK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour/items/SAHAP7AK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 283300, "username": "glewin", "name": "Gary Lewin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/glewin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Brecht", "parsedDate": "2007-08", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "SAHAP7AK", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Barrel cortex and whisker-mediated behaviors", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael", "lastName": "Brecht" } ], "abstractNote": "Neural networks of the rodent barrel cortex are particularly tractable for developing a quantitative understanding of response transformations in a cortical column. A column in barrel cortex consists of approximately 10 compartments. Two thalamic input pathways, a sensory lemniscal one and sensorimotor paralemniscal one, are transformed to approximately 7 population outputs, each with distinct spatiotemporal response characteristics. Granular and supragranular layers are sites of segregated processing in lemniscal and paralemniscal pathways, whereas infragranular layers are sites of intracolumnar, lemniscal/paralemniscal integration. Individual thalamocortical connections are relatively weak, and a considerable fraction of thalamocortical afferents contributes to each sensory response. Intracortically, relatively few but strong synaptic connections contribute to sensory responses, and responses are rapidly terminated by inhibition. Overall cortical population activity is very low. Whiskers mediate a wide range of behaviors and many natural tactile behaviors occur very rapidly. Vibrissal object recognition can be size invariant and motion invariant and is based on the tactile 'Gestaltwahrnehmung' of shape.", "publicationTitle": "Current Opinion in Neurobiology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Aug 2007", "volume": "17", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "408-416", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Curr. Opin. Neurobiol.", "DOI": "10.1016/j.conb.2007.07.008", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17702566", "accessDate": "2011-11-21T12:38:29Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0959-4388", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 17702566", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Behavior, Animal", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Models, Neurological", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nerve Net", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neural Pathways", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nonlinear Dynamics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Somatosensory Cortex", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Synaptic Transmission", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Vibrissae", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z", "dateModified": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z" } }, { "key": "X294EPPM", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 60795, "name": "Christiane Behaviour", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/60795/items/X294EPPM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour/items/X294EPPM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 283300, "username": "glewin", "name": "Gary Lewin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/glewin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Krupa et al.", "parsedDate": "2001-08-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "X294EPPM", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Behavioral properties of the trigeminal somatosensory system in rats performing whisker-dependent tactile discriminations", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D J", "lastName": "Krupa" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M S", "lastName": "Matell" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A J", "lastName": "Brisben" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L M", "lastName": "Oliveira" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M A", "lastName": "Nicolelis" } ], "abstractNote": "To address several fundamental questions regarding how multiwhisker tactile stimuli are integrated and processed by the trigeminal somatosensory system, a novel behavioral task was developed that required rats to discriminate the width of either a wide or narrow aperture using only their large mystacial vibrissae. Rats quickly acquired this task and could accurately discriminate between apertures of very similar width. Accurate discriminations required a large number of intact facial whiskers. Systematic removal of individual whiskers caused a decrease in performance that was directly proportional to the number of whiskers removed, indicating that tactile information from multiple whiskers is integrated as rats gauge aperture width. In different groups of rats, different sets of whiskers were removed in patterns that preferentially left whisker rows or whisker arcs intact. These different whisker removals caused similar decreases in performance, indicating that individual whiskers within the vibrissal array are functionally equivalent during performance of this task. Lesions of the barrel cortex abolished the ability of rats to discriminate, demonstrating that this region is critically involved in this tactile behavior. Interestingly, sectioning the facial nerve, which abolished whisker movements, did not affect the ability to perform accurate discriminations, indicating that active whisker movements are not necessary for accurate performance of the task. Collectively, these results indicate that the trigeminal somatosensory system forms internal representations of external stimuli (in this case, aperture width) by integrating tactile input from many functionally equivalent facial whiskers and that the vibrissal array can function as a fine-grained distance detector without active whisker movements.", "publicationTitle": "The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Aug 1, 2001", "volume": "21", "issue": "15", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "5752-5763", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J. Neurosci.", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11466447", "accessDate": "2011-11-21T12:43:12Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1529-2401", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 11466447", "tags": [ { "tag": "Afferent Pathways", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Behavior, Animal", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Discrimination Learning", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Electrodes, Implanted", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Facial Nerve", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "GABA Agonists", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "GABA-A Receptor Agonists", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mechanoreceptors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Muscimol", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Physical Stimulation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rats", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rats, Long-Evans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Somatosensory Cortex", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Touch", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Trigeminal Nerve", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Vibrissae", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z", "dateModified": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z" } }, { "key": "GN83IV6V", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 60795, "name": "Christiane Behaviour", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/60795/items/GN83IV6V", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour/items/GN83IV6V", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 283300, "username": "glewin", "name": "Gary Lewin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/glewin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Tegeder and Lötsch", "parsedDate": "2009-08", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "GN83IV6V", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Current evidence for a modulation of low back pain by human genetic variants", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Irmgard", "lastName": "Tegeder" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jörn", "lastName": "Lötsch" } ], "abstractNote": "The manifestation of chronic back pain depends on structural, psychosocial, occupational and genetic influences. Heritability estimates for back pain range from 30% to 45%. Genetic influences are caused by genes affecting intervertebral disc degeneration or the immune response and genes involved in pain perception, signalling and psychological processing. This inter-individual variability which is partly due to genetic differences would require an individualized pain management to prevent the transition from acute to chronic back pain or improve the outcome. The genetic profile may help to define patients at high risk for chronic pain. We summarize genetic factors that (i) impact on intervertebral disc stability, namely Collagen IX, COL9A3, COL11A1, COL11A2, COL1A1, aggrecan (AGAN), cartilage intermediate layer protein, vitamin D receptor, metalloproteinsase-3 (MMP3), MMP9, and thrombospondin-2, (ii) modify inflammation, namely interleukin-1 (IL-1) locus genes and IL-6 and (iii) and pain signalling namely guanine triphosphate (GTP) cyclohydrolase 1, catechol-O-methyltransferase, mu opioid receptor (OPMR1), melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), transient receptor potential channel A1 and fatty acid amide hydrolase and analgesic drug metabolism (cytochrome P450 [CYP]2D6, CYP2C9).", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Aug 2009", "volume": "13", "issue": "8B", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1605-1619", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J. Cell. Mol. Med.", "DOI": "10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00703.x", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19228264", "accessDate": "2011-11-21T12:49:09Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1582-4934", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 19228264", "tags": [ { "tag": "Genetic Variation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Low Back Pain", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z", "dateModified": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z" } }, { "key": "9UGTBS5H", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 60795, "name": "Christiane Behaviour", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/60795/items/9UGTBS5H", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour/items/9UGTBS5H", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 283300, "username": "glewin", "name": "Gary Lewin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/glewin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Leem et al.", "parsedDate": "1993-05", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "9UGTBS5H", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Cutaneous sensory receptors in the rat foot", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J W", "lastName": "Leem" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "W D", "lastName": "Willis" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J M", "lastName": "Chung" } ], "abstractNote": "1. A total of 574 cutaneous afferent units in the sural and plantar nerves supplying the skin of the rat foot was examined: 399 A beta-units, 55 A delta-units, and 120 C-units. Their receptive-field (RF) properties were similar to those described in other mammals. However, the receptor type composition of units was different between the two nerves. 2. The sural A beta-fiber sample (n = 160) consisted of G-hair (41%), field (11%), rapidly adapting (RA; 6%), slowly adapting type I (SA-I; 7%), and type II (SA-II; 35%) mechanoreceptors. The plantar A beta-fiber sample (n = 239) was composed of G-hair (3%), RA (35%), SA-I (30%), SA-II (24%), and Pacinian corpuscle (PC; 8%) mechanoreceptors. 3. The RFs of SA-II units were located on both hairy and glabrous skin overlying the foot joints. Many of the SA-II units responded to movement of the foot joints. The RFs of both SA-I and RA units were small in size and located in high density on the toe tips and footpads. PC units were very sensitive to vibration and had extremely large RFs as in other species, although they were rare and found only in the plantar nerve. Field units were similar to SA-II units in response properties and RF distribution. 4. The sural A delta-fiber sample (n = 44) included nociceptors (68%), D-hair (27%), and cold (5%) receptors. All sampled plantar A delta-fibers (n = 11) were nociceptors. Of A delta-nociceptor units, A delta-mechanical nociceptors (73%) were dominant. 5. The sural C-fiber sample (n = 85) included nociceptors (44%), C-mechanoreceptors (33%), and cold receptors (21%). The plantar C-fiber sample (n = 35) included nociceptors (77%) and cold receptors (23%). No warm units were found among either the sural or plantar nerve fibers. Of C-nociceptors, C-mechanoheat nociceptors (80%) were dominant. 6. The results indicate that all well-known types of cutaneous receptors, except warm receptors, exist in the foot skin of the rat. On the basis of the fact that RFs of RA and SA-I units are in high density on the toe tips and footpads, it is suggested that those regions may have a spatial discriminating capacity. It is also suggested that SA-II receptors may play a role in proprioception, because they have RFs on the skin over foot joints and respond to joint movement.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Neurophysiology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 1993", "volume": "69", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1684-1699", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J. Neurophysiol.", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8509832", "accessDate": "2011-11-21T12:43:57Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0022-3077", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 8509832", "tags": [ { "tag": "Afferent Pathways", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Foot", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Hair", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mechanoreceptors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nerve Fibers", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nociceptors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pacinian Corpuscles", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Peripheral Nerves", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rats", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sensory Thresholds", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Skin", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Thermoreceptors", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z", "dateModified": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z" } }, { "key": "I4MRIUSR", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 60795, "name": "Christiane Behaviour", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/60795/items/I4MRIUSR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour/items/I4MRIUSR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 283300, "username": "glewin", "name": "Gary Lewin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/glewin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Saito et al.", "parsedDate": "2010-04", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "I4MRIUSR", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Genetic approaches to functional gastrointestinal disorders", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yuri A", "lastName": "Saito" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nandita", "lastName": "Mitra" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Emeran A", "lastName": "Mayer" } ], "abstractNote": "Functional gastrointestinal disorders are complex symptom-based disorders without agreed upon biomarkers or pathophysiology. A better understanding of the genetic architecture of these disorders would help to better identify their complex biology and explain the common comorbidity with other disorders of persistent pain, mood, and affect, as well as possibly make it possible to identify subgroups of patients who respond to customized therapies. In contrast to monogenic diseases, polygenic diseases and traits are characterized by the contribution of common variants in a large number of genes, as well as environmental factors, to the vulnerability of an individual. Family and twin studies have clearly established a genetic component in irritable bowel syndrome. Although candidate gene studies have identified a few gene polymorphisms that may be correlated with the syndrome, small sample size, lack of reproducibility in large data sets, and the unreliability of the clinical phenotype require caution when extrapolating to a major role of any of the reported polymorphisms in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome. Future progress in this area will require better characterization of intermediate phenotypes with large effect size for the clinical phenotype, as well as consideration of gene-gene, environment-gene (epigenetics), and sex-gene interactions, genome-wide association, and whole genome sequencing approaches in large data sets.", "publicationTitle": "Gastroenterology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Apr 2010", "volume": "138", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1276-1285", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Gastroenterology", "DOI": "10.1053/j.gastro.2010.02.037", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20176021", "accessDate": "2011-11-21T12:47:09Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1528-0012", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 20176021", "tags": [ { "tag": "Epistasis, Genetic", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "False Positive Reactions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Genome-Wide Association Study", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Irritable Bowel Syndrome", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Phenotype", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Polymorphism, Genetic", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sequence Analysis, DNA", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Twin Studies as Topic", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z", "dateModified": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z" } }, { "key": "7B5NVHNW", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 60795, "name": "Christiane Behaviour", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/60795/items/7B5NVHNW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour/items/7B5NVHNW", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 283300, "username": "glewin", "name": "Gary Lewin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/glewin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lewin and Moshourab", "parsedDate": "2004-10", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "7B5NVHNW", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Mechanosensation and pain", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gary R", "lastName": "Lewin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rabih", "lastName": "Moshourab" } ], "abstractNote": "The ability of cells to detect and transduce mechanical stimuli impinging on them is a fundamental process that underlies normal cell growth, hearing, balance, touch, and pain. Surprisingly, little research has focused on mechanotransduction as it relates to the sensations of somatic touch and pain. In this article we will review data on the wealth of different mechanosensitive sensory neurons that innervate our main somatic sense organ the skin. The role of different types of mechanosensitive sensory neurons in pain under physiological and pathophysiological conditions (allodynia and hyperalgesia) will also be reviewed. Finally, recent work on the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which mechanoreceptive sensory neurons signal both innocuous and noxious sensation is evaluated in the context of pain.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Neurobiology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Oct 2004", "volume": "61", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "30-44", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J. Neurobiol.", "DOI": "10.1002/neu.20078", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15362151", "accessDate": "2011-11-21T12:44:16Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0022-3034", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 15362151", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mechanoreceptors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pain", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pain Measurement", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z", "dateModified": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z" } }, { "key": "58JTTHXK", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 60795, "name": "Christiane Behaviour", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/60795/items/58JTTHXK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour/items/58JTTHXK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 283300, "username": "glewin", "name": "Gary Lewin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/glewin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sandkühler", "parsedDate": "2009-04", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "58JTTHXK", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Models and mechanisms of hyperalgesia and allodynia", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jürgen", "lastName": "Sandkühler" } ], "abstractNote": "Hyperalgesia and allodynia are frequent symptoms of disease and may be useful adaptations to protect vulnerable tissues. Both may, however, also emerge as diseases in their own right. Considerable progress has been made in developing clinically relevant animal models for identifying the most significant underlying mechanisms. This review deals with experimental models that are currently used to measure (sect. II) or to induce (sect. III) hyperalgesia and allodynia in animals. Induction and expression of hyperalgesia and allodynia are context sensitive. This is discussed in section IV. Neuronal and nonneuronal cell populations have been identified that are indispensable for the induction and/or the expression of hyperalgesia and allodynia as summarized in section V. This review focuses on highly topical spinal mechanisms of hyperalgesia and allodynia including intrinsic and synaptic plasticity, the modulation of inhibitory control (sect. VI), and neuroimmune interactions (sect. VII). The scientific use of language improves also in the field of pain research. Refined definitions of some technical terms including the new definitions of hyperalgesia and allodynia by the International Association for the Study of Pain are illustrated and annotated in section I.", "publicationTitle": "Physiological Reviews", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Apr 2009", "volume": "89", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "707-758", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Physiol. Rev.", "DOI": "10.1152/physrev.00025.2008", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19342617", "accessDate": "2011-11-21T12:47:28Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0031-9333", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 19342617", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Disease Models, Animal", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Hyperalgesia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neuronal Plasticity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nociceptors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rats", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Spinal Nerves", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Touch", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z", "dateModified": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z" } }, { "key": "3MZG3WXA", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 60795, "name": "Christiane Behaviour", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/60795/items/3MZG3WXA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour/items/3MZG3WXA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 283300, "username": "glewin", "name": "Gary Lewin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/glewin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Luo et al.", "parsedDate": "2009-12-24", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "3MZG3WXA", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Molecular identification of rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors and their developmental dependence on ret signaling", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Wenqin", "lastName": "Luo" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hideki", "lastName": "Enomoto" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Frank L", "lastName": "Rice" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jeffrey", "lastName": "Milbrandt" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David D", "lastName": "Ginty" } ], "abstractNote": "In mammals, the first step in the perception of form and texture is the activation of trigeminal or dorsal root ganglion (DRG) mechanosensory neurons, which are classified as either rapidly (RA) or slowly adapting (SA) according to their rates of adaptation to sustained stimuli. The molecular identities and mechanisms of development of RA and SA mechanoreceptors are largely unknown. We found that the \"early Ret(+)\" DRG neurons are RA mechanoreceptors, which form Meissner corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, and longitudinal lanceolate endings. The central projections of these RA mechanoreceptors innervate layers III through V of the spinal cord and terminate within discrete subdomains of the dorsal column nuclei. Moreover, mice lacking Ret signaling components are devoid of Pacinian corpuscles and exhibit a dramatic disruption of RA mechanoreceptor projections to both the spinal cord and medulla. Thus, the early Ret(+) neurons are RA mechanoreceptors and Ret signaling is required for the assembly of neural circuits underlying touch perception.", "publicationTitle": "Neuron", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Dec 24, 2009", "volume": "64", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "841-856", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Neuron", "DOI": "10.1016/j.neuron.2009.11.003", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20064391", "accessDate": "2011-11-21T12:45:44Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1097-4199", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 20064391", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adaptation, Physiological", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Afferent Pathways", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Axons", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ganglia, Spinal", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mechanoreceptors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mice", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mice, Transgenic", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pacinian Corpuscles", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Posterior Horn Cells", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sensory Receptor Cells", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Signal Transduction", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Touch", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z", "dateModified": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z" } }, { "key": "NHA967QK", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 60795, "name": "Christiane Behaviour", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/60795/items/NHA967QK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour/items/NHA967QK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 283300, "username": "glewin", "name": "Gary Lewin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/glewin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Campbell et al.", "parsedDate": "1988-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "NHA967QK", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Myelinated afferents signal the hyperalgesia associated with nerve injury", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J N", "lastName": "Campbell" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S N", "lastName": "Raja" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "R A", "lastName": "Meyer" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S E", "lastName": "Mackinnon" } ], "abstractNote": "Pain to light touching of the skin is a hallmark sign of causalgia. The purpose of this study was to determine whether myelinated or unmyelinated afferent fibers signal this hyperalgesia. Sensory testing was performed in 17 patients with long-standing hyperalgesia after nerve injury. The patients underwent a differential ischemic block of nerve function of the involved area. At a time when touch sensation in adjacent normal skin was eliminated, but when sensibility to warming and cooling stimuli was unaffected, the hyperalgesia to mechanical stimuli was abolished in 15 of the subjects. In 2 of these 15 patients, a differential local anesthetic block of the injured nerve was performed proximal to the site of injury. When temperature sensibility was absent, but when touch sensation was intact, hyperalgesia was present. In a third study, latency measurements in response to 400 micron stepped displacement stimuli were made in two patients who had hyperalgesia on the foot. The mean latency for detection of pain in the hyperalgesic region was 414 +/- 18 msec, compared to 458 +/- 16 msec for the detection of touch to the same stimuli applied to the opposite normal foot. These 3 lines of evidence indicate that myelinated primary afferents, perhaps A beta fibers, signal the hyperalgesic pain in causalgia. These fibers may be sensitized A beta nociceptors or low-threshold mechanoreceptors.", "publicationTitle": "Pain", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jan 1988", "volume": "32", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "89-94", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Pain", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3340426", "accessDate": "2011-11-21T12:39:09Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0304-3959", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 3340426", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adult", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Causalgia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Hyperalgesia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Hyperesthesia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nerve Block", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nerve Fibers, Myelinated", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neuralgia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nociceptors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pain", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Peripheral Nerves", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z", "dateModified": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z" } }, { "key": "4EV35GCV", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 60795, "name": "Christiane Behaviour", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/60795/items/4EV35GCV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour/items/4EV35GCV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 283300, "username": "glewin", "name": "Gary Lewin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/glewin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lewin et al.", "parsedDate": "1993-05", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "4EV35GCV", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Nerve growth factor-induced hyperalgesia in the neonatal and adult rat", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G R", "lastName": "Lewin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A M", "lastName": "Ritter" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L M", "lastName": "Mendell" } ], "abstractNote": "Recently, we have shown that the interaction between NGF and sensory neurons in early postnatal periods is restricted to nociceptive afferents (Ritter et al., 1991; Lewin et al., 1992a; Ritter and Mendell, 1992). Here we show that administration of excess NGF to neonatal or mature animals can lead to a profound behavioral hyperalgesia. Neonatal NGF treatment (postnatal day 0-14) resulted in a profound mechanical hyperalgesia that persisted until the animals had reached maturity (6 weeks of age). This hyperalgesia could be explained by an NGF-mediated sensitization of A delta nociceptive afferents to mechanical stimuli. This peripheral sensitization wore off with a time course similar to that of the behavior hyperalgesia. Treatment of animals from the second postnatal week until 5 weeks of age (juveniles) led to a very similar behavioral hyperalgesia; however, there was no corresponding sensitization of A delta nociceptors to mechanical stimuli. Finally, one group of adult animals (5 weeks old) was treated daily with single injections of NGF for between 1 and 4 d. Within 24 hr after the first NGF injection these animals developed a mechanical hyperalgesia of the same magnitude seen after neonatal and juvenile NGF treatments. No sensitization of A delta nociceptive afferents was observed in these animals. In addition to the mechanical hyperalgesia, the animals also developed a heat hyperalgesia after one injection of NGF. The heat hyperalgesia was apparent within 15 min after the injection; however, signs of mechanical hyperalgesia were not seen until 6 hr after the injection. In conclusion, it appears that the NGF-induced mechanical hyperalgesia is brought about by different mechanisms in neonatal and adult rats. Furthermore, in adult animals the NGF-induced mechanical and heat hyperalgesia also appear to be attributable to two different mechanisms. The mechanical hyperalgesia may be due to central changes (see Lewin et al., 1992b), whereas the heat hyperalgesia is likely to result at least in part from the sensitization of peripheral receptors to heat.", "publicationTitle": "The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 1993", "volume": "13", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "2136-2148", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J. Neurosci.", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8478693", "accessDate": "2011-11-21T12:44:42Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0270-6474", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 8478693", "tags": [ { "tag": "Aging", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Animals, Newborn", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Foot", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Hot Temperature", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Hyperalgesia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nerve Growth Factors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neurons, Afferent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nociceptors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Physical Stimulation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rats", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Reflex", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sensory Thresholds", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z", "dateModified": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z" } }, { "key": "3KT4KPJ4", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 60795, "name": "Christiane Behaviour", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/60795/items/3KT4KPJ4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour/items/3KT4KPJ4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 283300, "username": "glewin", "name": "Gary Lewin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/glewin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Johnson and Hsiao", "parsedDate": "1992", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "3KT4KPJ4", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Neural mechanisms of tactual form and texture perception", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K O", "lastName": "Johnson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S S", "lastName": "Hsiao" } ], "abstractNote": "In the last decade or so, there has been rapid movement toward the use of more complex stimuli in the study of perceptual function related to the hand. This review has focused on the neural mechanisms of form and texture perception. Evidence from neurophysiological and psychophysical studies in which static touch, scanning touch, and the Optacon were used indicate that the spatial acuity of the RA system may be as much as three times poorer than the SAI system, evidence that suggests that form perception is dominated by the SAI system. Pattern recognition behavior in a tactual letter recognition task appears to be directly related to the response properties of SAI afferent fibers. Psychophysical studies of roughness perception show that roughness magnitude is related to surface structure in an orderly manner. Because roughness varies along an intensive continuum, mean impulse rate in one or more of the afferent systems is the most obvious coding possibility. No satisfactory relationship between mean impulse rate and roughness has been observed, however. The strongest hypothesis is that tactual roughness perception is based on spatial variation in the SAI population response. The combined evidence from studies reviewed here suggests complementary roles for each of the afferent systems, which are presented as working hypotheses: The SAI system is the primary spatial system and is responsible for tactual form and roughness perception when the fingers contact a surface directly and for the perception of external events through the distribution of forces across the skin surface. The PC system is responsible for the perception of external events that are manifested through transmitted high-frequency vibrations of the kind that are critical in the use of objects as tools. The RA system is responsible for the detection and representation of localized movement between skin and a surface as well as for surface form and texture when surface variation is too small to activate the SAI afferents effectively.", "publicationTitle": "Annual Review of Neuroscience", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1992", "volume": "15", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "227-250", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Annu. Rev. Neurosci.", "DOI": "10.1146/annurev.ne.15.030192.001303", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1575442", "accessDate": "2011-11-21T12:42:35Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0147-006X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 1575442", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Form Perception", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nervous System Physiological Phenomena", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neurons", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pattern Recognition, Visual", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Touch", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z", "dateModified": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z" } }, { "key": "7XG52VTA", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 60795, "name": "Christiane Behaviour", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/60795/items/7XG52VTA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour/items/7XG52VTA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 283300, "username": "glewin", "name": "Gary Lewin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/glewin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Arabzadeh et al.", "parsedDate": "2005-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "7XG52VTA", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Neuronal encoding of texture in the whisker sensory pathway", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ehsan", "lastName": "Arabzadeh" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Erik", "lastName": "Zorzin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mathew E", "lastName": "Diamond" } ], "abstractNote": "A major challenge of sensory systems neuroscience is to quantify brain activity underlying perceptual experiences and to explain this activity as the outcome of elemental neuronal response properties. Rats make extremely fine discriminations of texture by \"whisking\" their vibrissae across an object's surface, yet the neuronal coding underlying texture sensations remains unknown. Measuring whisker vibrations during active whisking across surfaces, we found that each texture results in a unique \"kinetic signature\" defined by the temporal profile of whisker velocity. We presented these texture-induced vibrations as stimuli while recording responses of first-order sensory neurons and neurons in the whisker area of cerebral cortex. Each texture is encoded by a distinctive, temporally precise firing pattern. To look for the neuronal coding properties that give rise to texture-specific firing patterns, we delivered horizontal and vertical whisker movements that varied randomly in time (\"white noise\") and found that the response probabilities of first-order neurons and cortical neurons vary systematically according to whisker speed and direction. We applied the velocity-tuned spike probabilities derived from white noise to the sequence of velocity features in the texture to construct a simulated texture response. The close match between the simulated and real responses indicates that texture coding originates in the selectivity of neurons to elemental kinetic events.", "publicationTitle": "PLoS Biology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jan 2005", "volume": "3", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "e17", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "PLoS Biol.", "DOI": "10.1371/journal.pbio.0030017", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15660157", "accessDate": "2011-11-21T12:35:31Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1545-7885", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 15660157", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Kinetics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Motor Activity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neural Pathways", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neurons", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neurons, Afferent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rats", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rats, Wistar", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Somatosensory Cortex", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Vibrissae", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z", "dateModified": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z" } }, { "key": "5AWHMF2E", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 60795, "name": "Christiane Behaviour", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/60795/items/5AWHMF2E", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour/items/5AWHMF2E", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 283300, "username": "glewin", "name": "Gary Lewin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/glewin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Costigan et al.", "parsedDate": "2009", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "5AWHMF2E", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Neuropathic pain: a maladaptive response of the nervous system to damage", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael", "lastName": "Costigan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joachim", "lastName": "Scholz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Clifford J", "lastName": "Woolf" } ], "abstractNote": "Neuropathic pain is triggered by lesions to the somatosensory nervous system that alter its structure and function so that pain occurs spontaneously and responses to noxious and innocuous stimuli are pathologically amplified. The pain is an expression of maladaptive plasticity within the nociceptive system, a series of changes that constitute a neural disease state. Multiple alterations distributed widely across the nervous system contribute to complex pain phenotypes. These alterations include ectopic generation of action potentials, facilitation and disinhibition of synaptic transmission, loss of synaptic connectivity and formation of new synaptic circuits, and neuroimmune interactions. Although neural lesions are necessary, they are not sufficient to generate neuropathic pain; genetic polymorphisms, gender, and age all influence the risk of developing persistent pain. Treatment needs to move from merely suppressing symptoms to a disease-modifying strategy aimed at both preventing maladaptive plasticity and reducing intrinsic risk.", "publicationTitle": "Annual Review of Neuroscience", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2009", "volume": "32", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1-32", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Annu. Rev. Neurosci.", "DOI": "10.1146/annurev.neuro.051508.135531", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19400724", "accessDate": "2011-11-21T12:40:03Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1545-4126", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Neuropathic pain", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 19400724", "tags": [ { "tag": "Adaptation, Physiological", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Afferent Pathways", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nervous System", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neuralgia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neuronal Plasticity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nociceptors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pain Threshold", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Peripheral Nervous System Diseases", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sensory Receptor Cells", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Signal Transduction", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Spinal Nerve Roots", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z", "dateModified": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z" } }, { "key": "5PFAWKTN", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 60795, "name": "Christiane Behaviour", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/60795/items/5PFAWKTN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour/items/5PFAWKTN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 283300, "username": "glewin", "name": "Gary Lewin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/glewin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lewin et al.", "parsedDate": "1994-12-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "5PFAWKTN", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Peripheral and central mechanisms of NGF-induced hyperalgesia", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G R", "lastName": "Lewin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A", "lastName": "Rueff" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "L M", "lastName": "Mendell" } ], "abstractNote": "Mechanisms underlying the hyperalgesia induced by a single systemic injection of nerve growth factor (NGF) in adult rats were studied in vivo. A single dose of NGF initiated a prolonged thermal hyperalgesia to a radiant heat source within minutes that lasted for days. Animals which had been pretreated with the mast cell degranulating compound 48/80 or either one of two specific 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonists (ICS 205-930 and methiothepin) also developed an NGF-induced thermal hyperalgesia, but onset was delayed by more than 3 h. In the presence of ICS 205-930 or methiothepin the early component NGF-induced hyperalgesia was reversed and the animals responded with an initial hypoalgesia to the thermal stimuli. Whereas these results indicate a peripheral mechanism for the initial thermal hyperalgesia, the later phase (7 h-4 days after NGF) appeared to be centrally maintained, since it could be selectively blocked by the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801. In contrast to the almost immediate thermal hyperalgesia following a single injection of NGF, a significant mechanical hyperalgesia began only after a 7 h latency. This NGF-induced mechanical hyperalgesia was not blocked by any of the treatments that attenuated the thermal hyperalgesia, indicating that a separate mechanism may be involved. Additional electrophysiological experiments showed that NGF-induced hyperalgesia was not maintained by an increased amount of spontaneous activity in C-fibres. A final result showed that endogenous release of NGF in a model of acute inflammation (complete Freund's adjuvant-induced inflammation) may be involved in the development of thermal hyperalgesia, since it could be blocked by concomitant treatment with anti-NGF antisera. These data indicate that NGF-induced thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia are mediated by different mechanisms. The rapid onset component of thermal hyperalgesia is due to a peripheral mechanism involving the degranulation of mast cells, whereas the late component involves central NMDA receptors. In contrast, the NGF-induced mechanical hyperalgesia seems to be independent of mast cell degranulation or central NMDA receptor sites.", "publicationTitle": "The European Journal of Neuroscience", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Dec 1, 1994", "volume": "6", "issue": "12", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1903-1912", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Eur. J. Neurosci.", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7704300", "accessDate": "2011-11-21T12:45:01Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0953-816X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 7704300", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Central Nervous System", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Electrophysiology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Hyperalgesia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Inflammation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mast Cells", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nerve Fibers", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nerve Growth Factors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pain Measurement", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pain Threshold", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Peripheral Nervous System", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Physical Stimulation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rats", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rats, Inbred WKY", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Serotonin Receptor Agonists", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z", "dateModified": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z" } }, { "key": "ZIUTJKIT", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 60795, "name": "Christiane Behaviour", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/60795/items/ZIUTJKIT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour/items/ZIUTJKIT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 283300, "username": "glewin", "name": "Gary Lewin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/glewin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Chaplan et al.", "parsedDate": "1994-07", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ZIUTJKIT", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Quantitative assessment of tactile allodynia in the rat paw", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S R", "lastName": "Chaplan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "F W", "lastName": "Bach" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J W", "lastName": "Pogrel" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J M", "lastName": "Chung" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T L", "lastName": "Yaksh" } ], "abstractNote": "We applied and validated a quantitative allodynia assessment technique, using a recently developed rat surgical neuropathy model wherein nocifensive behaviors are evoked by light touch to the paw. Employing von Frey hairs from 0.41 to 15.1 g, we first characterized the percent response at each stimulus intensity. A smooth log-linear relationship was observed, with a median 50% threshold at 1.97 g (95% confidence limits, 1.12-3.57 g). Subsequently, we applied a paradigm using stimulus oscillation around the response threshold, which allowed more rapid, efficient measurements. Median 50% threshold by this up-down method was 2.4 g (1.81-2.76). Correlation coefficient between the two methods was 0.91. In neuropathic rats, good intra- and inter-observer reproducibility was found for the up-down paradigm; some variability was seen in normal rats, attributable to extensive testing. Thresholds in a sizable group of neuropathic rats showed insignificant variability over 20 days. After 50 days, 61% still met strict neuropathy criteria, using survival analysis. Threshold measurement using the up-down paradigm, in combination with the neuropathic pain model, represents a powerful tool for analyzing the effects of manipulations of the neuropathic pain state.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Neuroscience Methods", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Jul 1994", "volume": "53", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "55-63", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J. Neurosci. Methods", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7990513", "accessDate": "2011-11-21T12:39:41Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0165-0270", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 7990513", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Hyperesthesia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ligation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Observer Variation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Pain Measurement", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rats", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Reproducibility of Results", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sensory Thresholds", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Spinal Nerves", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Touch", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z", "dateModified": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z" } }, { "key": "4Z3AGGD6", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 60795, "name": "Christiane Behaviour", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/60795/items/4Z3AGGD6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour/items/4Z3AGGD6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 283300, "username": "glewin", "name": "Gary Lewin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/glewin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Koltzenburg et al.", "parsedDate": "1997-10", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "4Z3AGGD6", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Receptive properties of mouse sensory neurons innervating hairy skin", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M", "lastName": "Koltzenburg" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C L", "lastName": "Stucky" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G R", "lastName": "Lewin" } ], "abstractNote": "Using an in vitro nerve skin preparation and controlled mechanical or thermal stimuli, we analyzed the receptive properties of 277 mechanosensitive single primary afferents with myelinated (n = 251) or unmyelinated (n = 26) axons innervating the hairy skin in adult or 2-wk-old mice. Afferents were recorded from small filaments of either sural or saphenous nerves in an outbred mice strain or in the inbred Balb/c strain. On the basis of their receptive properties and conduction velocity, several receptor types could be distinguished. In adult animals (>6 wk old), 54% of the large myelinated fibers (Abeta, n = 83) showed rapidly adapting (RA) discharges to constant force stimuli and probably innervated hair follicles, whereas 46% displayed a slowly adapting (SA) response and probably innervated Merkel cells in touch domes. Among thin myelinated fibers (Adelta, n = 91), 34% were sensitive D hair receptors and 66% were high-threshold mechanoreceptors (AM fibers). Unmyelinated fibers had high mechanical thresholds and nociceptive functions. All receptor types had characteristic stimulus-response functions to suprathreshold force stimuli. Noxious heat stimuli (15-s ramp from 32 to 47 degrees C measured at the corium side of the skin) excited 26% (5 of 19) of AM fibers with a threshold of 42.5 +/- 1.4 degrees C (mean +/- SE) and an average discharge of 15.8 +/- 9.7 action potentials and 41% (7 of 17) C fibers with a mean threshold of 37.6 +/- 1.9 degrees C and an average discharge of 22.0 +/- 6.0 action potentials. Noxious cold stimuli activated 1 of 10 AM fibers and 3 of 10 C fibers. One of 10 C units responded to both heat and cold stimuli. All types of afferent fibers present in adult mice could readily be recognized in mice at postnatal day 14. However, fibers had reduced conduction velocities and the stimulus-response function to mechanical stimuli was more shallow in all fibers except for the D hairs. In juvenile mice, 22% of RA units also displayed an SA response at high stimulus intensities; these units were termed RA/SA units. We conclude that all types of cutaneous afferent fibers are already committed to their phenotype 2 wk after birth but undergo some maturation over the following weeks. This preparation has great potential for the study of transgenic mice with targeted mutations of genes that code factors that are involved in the specification of sensory neuron phenotypes.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Neurophysiology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Oct 1997", "volume": "78", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1841-1850", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J. Neurophysiol.", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9325353", "accessDate": "2011-11-21T12:42:52Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0022-3077", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 9325353", "tags": [ { "tag": "Afferent Pathways", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Male", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mechanoreceptors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mice", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mice, Inbred BALB C", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nerve Fibers", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neurons, Afferent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Nociceptors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Skin Physiological Phenomena", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z", "dateModified": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z" } }, { "key": "AI33I8HX", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 60795, "name": "Christiane Behaviour", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/60795/items/AI33I8HX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour/items/AI33I8HX", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 283300, "username": "glewin", "name": "Gary Lewin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/glewin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bensmaïa et al.", "parsedDate": "2006-03", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "AI33I8HX", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "SA1 and RA afferent responses to static and vibrating gratings", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "S J", "lastName": "Bensmaïa" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J C", "lastName": "Craig" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "T", "lastName": "Yoshioka" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K O", "lastName": "Johnson" } ], "abstractNote": "SA1 and RA afferent fibers differ both in their ability to convey information about the fine spatial structure of tactile stimuli and in their frequency sensitivity profiles. In the present study, we investigated the extent to which the spatial resolution of the signal conveyed by SA1 and RA fibers depends on the temporal properties of the stimulus. To that end, we recorded the responses evoked in SA1 and RA fibers of macaques by static and vibrating gratings that varied in spatial period, vibratory frequency, and amplitude. Gratings were oriented either parallel to the long axis of the finger (vertical) or perpendicular to it (horizontal). We examined the degree to which afferent responses were dependent on the spatial period, vibratory frequency, amplitude, and orientation of the gratings. We found that the spatial modulation of the afferent responses increased as the spatial period of the gratings increased; the spatial modulation was the same for static and vibrating gratings, despite large differences in evoked spike rates; the spatial modulation in SA1 responses was independent of stimulus amplitude over the range of amplitudes tested, whereas RA modulation decreased slightly as the stimulus amplitude increased; vertical gratings evoked stronger and more highly modulated responses than horizontal gratings; the modulation in SA1 responses was higher than that in RA responses at all frequencies and amplitudes. The behavioral consequences of these neurophysiological findings are examined in a companion paper.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Neurophysiology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Mar 2006", "volume": "95", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1771-1782", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J. Neurophysiol.", "DOI": "10.1152/jn.00877.2005", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16236779", "accessDate": "2011-11-21T12:37:46Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0022-3077", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 16236779", "tags": [ { "tag": "Action Potentials", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Afferent Pathways", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Macaca mulatta", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mechanoreceptors", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Median Nerve", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Physical Stimulation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Reproducibility of Results", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sensitivity and Specificity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Sensory Thresholds", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Skin", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Skin Physiological Phenomena", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Touch", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ulnar Nerve", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Vibration", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z", "dateModified": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z" } }, { "key": "7RI5ZN2X", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 60795, "name": "Christiane Behaviour", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/60795/items/7RI5ZN2X", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour/items/7RI5ZN2X", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 283300, "username": "glewin", "name": "Gary Lewin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/glewin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Prigg et al.", "parsedDate": "2002-12", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "7RI5ZN2X", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Texture discrimination and unit recordings in the rat whisker/barrel system", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas", "lastName": "Prigg" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daniel", "lastName": "Goldreich" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "George E", "lastName": "Carvell" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daniel J", "lastName": "Simons" } ], "abstractNote": "We have developed a semi-automated technique for acquiring neurophysiological data during whisker-based tactile discriminative behavior. Water-deprived, blindfolded rats are tethered by means of a harness vest that permits them to contact a rough (250 micrometer grooves) or smooth discriminandum with only their vibrissae. Discriminanda are mounted on a motor-driven carousel, and the rat indicates its choice (rough, smooth) by licking either a right or left water port located near the carousel. A narrow light beam detects general proximity of the animal's nose to the discriminandum, although actual whisker contact is monitored by a SuperVHS camera and measured offline using field-by-field videographic analysis. Rats can be trained within 3-6 weeks at which time they perform 100-150 trials/day at a level of 80% correct. Unit recording from the somatosensory cortex reveals that neurons increase their firing upon whisker contact of a discriminandum and that firing remains elevated during several hundred milliseconds of ongoing contact, even with the smooth surface. Nevertheless, despite the animal's ability to distinguish the rough and smooth surfaces, overall neuronal firing rates were indistinguishable for the two surfaces. In some cases, temporal firing patterns differed, although not in a consistent way across recording sites.", "publicationTitle": "Physiology & Behavior", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Dec 2002", "volume": "77", "issue": "4-5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "671-675", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Physiol. Behav.", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12527017", "accessDate": "2011-11-21T12:46:50Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0031-9384", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 12527017", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Discrimination (Psychology)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Electrophysiology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Evoked Potentials", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Female", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neurons, Afferent", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rats", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Rats, Sprague-Dawley", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Somatosensory Cortex", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Touch", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Vibrissae", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z", "dateModified": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z" } }, { "key": "EHKHWW7E", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 60795, "name": "Christiane Behaviour", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/60795/items/EHKHWW7E", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/christiane_behaviour/items/EHKHWW7E", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 283300, "username": "glewin", "name": "Gary Lewin", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/glewin", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Scholz and Woolf", "parsedDate": "2007-11", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "EHKHWW7E", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The neuropathic pain triad: neurons, immune cells and glia", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Joachim", "lastName": "Scholz" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Clifford J", "lastName": "Woolf" } ], "abstractNote": "Nociceptive pain results from the detection of intense or noxious stimuli by specialized high-threshold sensory neurons (nociceptors), a transfer of action potentials to the spinal cord, and onward transmission of the warning signal to the brain. In contrast, clinical pain such as pain after nerve injury (neuropathic pain) is characterized by pain in the absence of a stimulus and reduced nociceptive thresholds so that normally innocuous stimuli produce pain. The development of neuropathic pain involves not only neuronal pathways, but also Schwann cells, satellite cells in the dorsal root ganglia, components of the peripheral immune system, spinal microglia and astrocytes. As we increasingly appreciate that neuropathic pain has many features of a neuroimmune disorder, immunosuppression and blockade of the reciprocal signaling pathways between neuronal and non-neuronal cells offer new opportunities for disease modification and more successful management of pain.", "publicationTitle": "Nature Neuroscience", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "Nov 2007", "volume": "10", "issue": "11", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1361-1368", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Nat. Neurosci.", "DOI": "10.1038/nn1992", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17965656", "accessDate": "2011-11-21T12:47:43Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1097-6256", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The neuropathic pain triad", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "NCBI PubMed", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "PMID: 17965656", "tags": [ { "tag": "Animals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Humans", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Immune System", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Models, Biological", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neuralgia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neuroglia", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Neurons", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Peripheral Nervous System", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z", "dateModified": "2011-11-21T13:52:00Z" } } ]