[ { "key": "IHEUPENS", "version": 33, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 607185, "name": "rare_earth_elements_recycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/607185/items/IHEUPENS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling/items/IHEUPENS", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bian et al.", "parsedDate": "2016-03-07", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "IHEUPENS", "version": 33, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from NdFeB Magnet by VIM-HMS Method", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yuyang", "lastName": "Bian" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Shuqiang", "lastName": "Guo" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Lan", "lastName": "Jiang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jie", "lastName": "Liu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kai", "lastName": "Tang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Weizhong", "lastName": "Ding" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2016-03-07", "volume": "4", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "810-818", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b00852", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b00852", "accessDate": "2016-07-21T20:52:07Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2168-0485, 2168-0485", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "CrossRef", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-07-21T20:52:07Z", "dateModified": "2016-07-21T20:52:07Z" } }, { "key": "UHX3EARS", "version": 33, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 607185, "name": "rare_earth_elements_recycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/607185/items/UHX3EARS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling/items/UHX3EARS", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Baba et al.", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "UHX3EARS", "version": 33, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Rare-earth Magnet Recycling", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kenji", "lastName": "Baba" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yuzo", "lastName": "Hiroshige" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Takeshi", "lastName": "Nemoto" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Hitachi Review", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "", "volume": "62", "issue": "8", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "452-455", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.hitachi.com/rev/pdf/2013/r2013_08_105.pdf", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-07-21T20:47:20Z", "dateModified": "2016-07-21T20:51:38Z" } }, { "key": "VIA5NS65", "version": 31, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 607185, "name": "rare_earth_elements_recycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/607185/items/VIA5NS65", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling/items/VIA5NS65", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Dai et al.", "parsedDate": "2016-04-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VIA5NS65", "version": 31, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Recycling of Neodymium and Dysprosium from Permanent Magnets", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alan", "lastName": "Dai" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Connor", "lastName": "Lippincott" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael", "lastName": "Nissan" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Richard", "lastName": "Shim" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Senior Design Reports (CBE)", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2016-04-01", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://repository.upenn.edu/cbe_sdr/81", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-07-21T20:43:52Z", "dateModified": "2016-07-21T20:43:52Z" } }, { "key": "DAW4NNDJ", "version": 30, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 607185, "name": "rare_earth_elements_recycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/607185/items/DAW4NNDJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling/items/DAW4NNDJ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Cong et al.", "parsedDate": "2015", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "DAW4NNDJ", "version": 30, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Modeling the Value Recovery of Rare Earth Permanent Magnets at End-of-Life", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Liang", "lastName": "Cong" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hongyue", "lastName": "Jin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Pete", "lastName": "Fitsos" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Timothy", "lastName": "McIntyre" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yuehwern", "lastName": "Yih" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Fu", "lastName": "Zhao" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John W.", "lastName": "Sutherland" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Procedia CIRP", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2015", "volume": "29", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "680-685", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/j.procir.2015.02.015", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2212827115000542", "accessDate": "2016-07-21T20:41:09Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "22128271", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "CrossRef", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-07-21T20:41:09Z", "dateModified": "2016-07-21T20:41:09Z" } }, { "key": "2A2QSQS4", "version": 29, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 607185, "name": "rare_earth_elements_recycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/607185/items/2A2QSQS4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling/items/2A2QSQS4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Xu et al.", "parsedDate": "2016-03-30", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "2A2QSQS4", "version": 29, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Scenario analysis for recovery of rare earth elements from end-of-life vehicles", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Guochang", "lastName": "Xu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Junya", "lastName": "Yano" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Shin-ichi", "lastName": "Sakai" } ], "abstractNote": "End-of-life vehicles (ELVs) are increasingly being recognized as a possible future resource pool for rare earth elements (REEs). This study provides the amount of REEs that can be recovered from ELVs in Japan based on dismantling survey, chemical identification and substance flow analysis. The REEs were quantified from common passenger vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. We targeted 17 REEs in estimation of REE contents in ELVs. Four scenarios were developed to explore the recovery of REEs from ELVs. In these scenarios, NiMH batteries and motors containing NdFeB magnets were identified as target components due to they are main REEs carriers; we focused on interpretation of neodymium (Nd) and dysprosium (Dy) owing to they are two of the most critical REEs. The results suggest that 2700 (±500) tons of REEs can be recovered, of which 520 (±100) tons and 31 (±7) tons will be contributed by Nd and Dy in 2030. Meanwhile, the Dy recovered from ELVs can satisfy 23 % (±6 %) of the demand for NdFeB magnets and NiMH battery cells in automobile production of Japan; the Nd recovered from ELVs can satisfy 49 % (±9 %) of the production demands.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2016/03/30", "volume": "18", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "469-482", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J Mater Cycles Waste Manag", "DOI": "10.1007/s10163-016-0487-y", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10163-016-0487-y", "accessDate": "2016-07-21T20:39:53Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1438-4957, 1611-8227", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-07-21T20:39:53Z", "dateModified": "2016-07-21T20:39:53Z" } }, { "key": "5E3J5SHE", "version": 28, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 607185, "name": "rare_earth_elements_recycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/607185/items/5E3J5SHE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling/items/5E3J5SHE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Firdaus et al.", "parsedDate": "2016-03-14", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "5E3J5SHE", "version": 28, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Review of High-Temperature Recovery of Rare Earth (Nd/Dy) from Magnet Waste", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Muhamad", "lastName": "Firdaus" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. Akbar", "lastName": "Rhamdhani" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yvonne", "lastName": "Durandet" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "W. John", "lastName": "Rankin" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Kathie", "lastName": "McGregor" } ], "abstractNote": "Rare-earth metals, particularly neodymium, dysprosium, and praseodymium are becoming increasingly important in the transition to a green economy due to their essential role in permanent magnet applications such as in electric motors and generators. With the increasingly limited rare-earth supply and complexity of processing Nd, Dy, and Pr from primary ores, recycling of rare-earth based magnets has become a necessary option to manage supply and demand. Depending on the form of the starting material (sludge or scrap), there are different routes that can be used to recover neodymium from secondary sources, ranging from hydrometallurgical (based on its primary production process), electrochemical to pyrometallurgical. Pyrometallurgical routes provide solution in cases where water is scarce and generation of waste is to be limited. This paper presents a systematic review of previous studies on the high-temperature (pyrometallurgical) recovery of rare earths from magnets. The features and conditions at which the recycling processes had been studied are mapped and evaluated technically. The review also highlights the reaction mechanisms, behaviors of the rare-earth elements, and the formation of intermediate compounds in high-temperature recycling processes. Recommendations for further scientific research to enable the development of recovery of the rare-earth and magnet recycling are also presented.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2016/03/14", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1-20", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J. Sustain. Metall.", "DOI": "10.1007/s40831-016-0045-9", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40831-016-0045-9", "accessDate": "2016-07-21T20:37:04Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2199-3823, 2199-3831", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-07-21T20:37:04Z", "dateModified": "2016-07-21T20:37:04Z" } }, { "key": "ICQJW4KA", "version": 27, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 607185, "name": "rare_earth_elements_recycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/607185/items/ICQJW4KA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling/items/ICQJW4KA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Onoda and Nakamura", "parsedDate": "2014-06", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "ICQJW4KA", "version": 27, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Recovery of neodymium from an iron–neodymium solution using phosphoric acid", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hiroaki", "lastName": "Onoda" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Reiichiro", "lastName": "Nakamura" } ], "abstractNote": "The iron–neodymium alloy is generally used for magnets. Neodymium is one of the rare earth elements; since these elements are precious metals and therefore rare and expensive, recycling processes are often used to save costs. There are a few reported processes for the recycling of rare earth elements; however, these processes have disadvantages, including requirements for high temperatures and harmful gases. In this paper, a novel technique is presented to recover neodymium without the difficulties reported in previous methods. Because rare earth phosphates are main components of rare earth ore, a novel phosphate process is suggested in this work. The iron–neodymium solution was mixed with phosphoric acid solution and then adjusted to pH with sodium hydroxide solution. Ascorbic acid was added to the iron–neodymium solution to reduce ionic valence of iron. The precipitates were filtered off and dried. The ratio of neodymium and iron in precipitates and filtered solutions was estimated with an ICP method. As an ideal phenomenon, neodymium phosphate was filtered off, and the filtered solution contained all cationic iron. The ratios of Nd/Fe, P/(Fe + Nd), the concentration of ascorbic acid, and pH were varied to study the precipitation of neodymium compounds. In this work, over 99% of neodymium cation was recovered from an iron–neodymium solution using phosphoric acid and ascorbic acid. This novel process was observed to be useful for the recovery of neodymium, and may have applications in the recycling and recovery of other rare earth elements of interest.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "June 2014", "volume": "2", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1186-1190", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jece.2014.04.019", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221334371400092X", "accessDate": "2016-07-21T20:15:38Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2213-3437", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-07-21T20:15:38Z", "dateModified": "2016-07-21T20:15:38Z" } }, { "key": "DJZVJCCK", "version": 26, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 607185, "name": "rare_earth_elements_recycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/607185/items/DJZVJCCK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling/items/DJZVJCCK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Schulze and Buchert", "parsedDate": "2016-10", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "DJZVJCCK", "version": 26, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Estimates of global REE recycling potentials from NdFeB magnet material", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rita", "lastName": "Schulze" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Matthias", "lastName": "Buchert" } ], "abstractNote": "Rare earth element (REE) containing neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magnets play a major role in green technologies, including motor and generator applications. Recycling of REE from NdFeB magnets is expected to be beneficial from an environmental point of view compared to the production of magnets using primary REE currently practiced. This study gives a broad overview of global recycling potentials from end-of-life magnets from eleven different application groups and industrial scrap, quantified through dynamic material flow analysis. Data was obtained through a review of the literature, complemented by expert estimations. Recycling potentials achievable for REEs used in NdFeB magnets, namely neodymium (Nd), praseodymium (Pr), terbium (Tb) and dysprosium (Dy), were calculated for years 2020–2030, derived from two demand scenarios to reflect uncertainties in historic NdFeB demand figures and future demand development, taking into account the recent success in heavy REE reduction efforts. The most important NdFeB application groups in terms of recycling potentials are identified. The modelled scenarios show that between 18 and 22 percent of global light REE (Nd and Pr) and 20–23 percent of heavy (Dy and Tb) REE demand for use in NdFeB magnet production can be met by supply from secondary sources from end-of-life magnets and industrial scrap in years 2020, 25 and 30 (ranges of values for individual years and scenarios).", "publicationTitle": "Resources, Conservation and Recycling", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 2016", "volume": "113", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "12-27", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Resources, Conservation and Recycling", "DOI": "10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.05.004", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344916301148", "accessDate": "2016-07-21T20:13:30Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0921-3449", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-07-21T20:13:30Z", "dateModified": "2016-07-21T20:13:30Z" } }, { "key": "BC2KAQI5", "version": 25, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 607185, "name": "rare_earth_elements_recycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/607185/items/BC2KAQI5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling/items/BC2KAQI5", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sprecher et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-08-19", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "BC2KAQI5", "version": 25, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Recycling Potential of Neodymium: The Case of Computer Hard Disk Drives", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Benjamin", "lastName": "Sprecher" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rene", "lastName": "Kleijn" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gert Jan", "lastName": "Kramer" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Environmental Science & Technology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2014-08-19", "volume": "48", "issue": "16", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "9506-9513", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1021/es501572z", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es501572z", "accessDate": "2016-07-21T20:12:53Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0013-936X, 1520-5851", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Recycling Potential of Neodymium", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "CrossRef", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-07-21T20:12:53Z", "dateModified": "2016-07-21T20:12:53Z" } }, { "key": "9XAFNHGH", "version": 24, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 607185, "name": "rare_earth_elements_recycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/607185/items/9XAFNHGH", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling/items/9XAFNHGH", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Rademaker et al.", "parsedDate": "2013-09-03", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "9XAFNHGH", "version": 24, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Recycling as a Strategy against Rare Earth Element Criticality: A Systemic Evaluation of the Potential Yield of NdFeB Magnet Recycling", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jelle H.", "lastName": "Rademaker" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "René", "lastName": "Kleijn" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yongxiang", "lastName": "Yang" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Environmental Science & Technology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2013-09-03", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "130903123155005", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1021/es305007w", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es305007w", "accessDate": "2016-07-21T20:12:01Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0013-936X, 1520-5851", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Recycling as a Strategy against Rare Earth Element Criticality", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "CrossRef", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-07-21T20:12:01Z", "dateModified": "2016-07-21T20:12:01Z" } }, { "key": "DBGEVJ9A", "version": 23, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 607185, "name": "rare_earth_elements_recycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/607185/items/DBGEVJ9A", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling/items/DBGEVJ9A", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sprecher et al.", "parsedDate": "2014", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "DBGEVJ9A", "version": 23, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Life Cycle Inventory of the Production of Rare Earths and the Subsequent Production of NdFeB Rare Earth Permanent Magnets", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Benjamin", "lastName": "Sprecher" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yanping", "lastName": "Xiao" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Allan", "lastName": "Walton" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "John", "lastName": "Speight" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rex", "lastName": "Harris" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Rene", "lastName": "Kleijn" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Geert", "lastName": "Visser" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Gert Jan", "lastName": "Kramer" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Environmental Science & Technology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "04/2014", "volume": "48", "issue": "7", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "3951-3958", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1021/es404596q", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es404596q", "accessDate": "2016-07-21T20:11:36Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0013-936X, 1520-5851", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "CrossRef", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-07-21T20:11:36Z", "dateModified": "2016-07-21T20:11:36Z" } }, { "key": "KW5WAGSE", "version": 22, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 607185, "name": "rare_earth_elements_recycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/607185/items/KW5WAGSE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling/items/KW5WAGSE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bogart et al.", "parsedDate": "2015-07-06", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "KW5WAGSE", "version": 22, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "An Operationally Simple Method for Separating the Rare-Earth Elements Neodymium and Dysprosium", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Justin A.", "lastName": "Bogart" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Connor A.", "lastName": "Lippincott" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Patrick J.", "lastName": "Carroll" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Eric J.", "lastName": "Schelter" } ], "abstractNote": "Rare-earth metals are critical components of electronic materials and permanent magnets. Recycling of consumer materials is a promising new source of rare earths. To incentivize recycling there is a clear need for simple methods for targeted separations of mixtures of rare-earth metal salts. Metal complexes of a tripodal nitroxide ligand [{(2-tBuNO)C6H4CH2}3N]3− (TriNOx3−), feature a size-sensitive aperture formed of its three η2-(N,O) ligand arms. Exposure of metal cations in the aperture induces a self-associative equilibrium comprising [M(TriNOx)thf]/ [M(TriNOx)]2 (M=rare-earth metal). Differences in the equilibrium constants (Keq) for early and late metals enables simple Nd/Dy separations through leaching with a separation ratio SNd/Dy=359.", "publicationTitle": "Angewandte Chemie", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "July 6, 2015", "volume": "127", "issue": "28", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "8340-8343", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Angew. Chem.", "DOI": "10.1002/ange.201501659", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ange.201501659/abstract", "accessDate": "2016-07-21T19:56:29Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1521-3757", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-07-21T19:56:29Z", "dateModified": "2016-07-21T19:56:29Z" } }, { "key": "TG687ZMP", "version": 21, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 607185, "name": "rare_earth_elements_recycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/607185/items/TG687ZMP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling/items/TG687ZMP", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bandara et al.", "parsedDate": "2015-02-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TG687ZMP", "version": 21, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Closing the Lifecycle of Rare Earth Magnets: Discovery of Neodymium in Slag from Steel Mills", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H. M. Dhammika", "lastName": "Bandara" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mark A.", "lastName": "Mantell" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Julia W.", "lastName": "Darcy" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Marion H.", "lastName": "Emmert" } ], "abstractNote": "Analysis of slag from steel mini-mills reveals that substantial amounts of the rare earth element neodymium (Nd, an average of 0.032 wt % in the tested samples) are present in this waste product. This provides insight into a currently unknown part of the rare earth lifecycle after the end-of-life for rare earth magnet motors. Furthermore, slag from steel mini-mills that reprocess steel scrap is therefore an important potential source of the rare earth element Nd especially in countries without established mining operations or direct access to rare earth ores.", "publicationTitle": "Energy Technology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "February 1, 2015", "volume": "3", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "118-120", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Energy Technology", "DOI": "10.1002/ente.201402162", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ente.201402162/abstract", "accessDate": "2016-07-21T19:56:01Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2194-4296", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Closing the Lifecycle of Rare Earth Magnets", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-07-21T19:56:01Z", "dateModified": "2016-07-21T19:56:01Z" } }, { "key": "DFGW49KM", "version": 20, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 607185, "name": "rare_earth_elements_recycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/607185/items/DFGW49KM", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling/items/DFGW49KM", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "parsedDate": "2016-01-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "DFGW49KM", "version": 20, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Recycling Rare Earths", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Chemistry & Industry", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 1, 2016", "volume": "80", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "26-29", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Chemistry & Industry", "DOI": "10.1002/cind.802_12.x", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cind.802_12.x/abstract", "accessDate": "2016-07-21T19:50:18Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "2047-6329", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "© Society of Chemical Industry 2016", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-07-21T19:50:18Z", "dateModified": "2016-07-21T19:50:18Z" } }, { "key": "7AMJXJC6", "version": 19, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 607185, "name": "rare_earth_elements_recycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/607185/items/7AMJXJC6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling/items/7AMJXJC6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zakotnik and Tudor", "parsedDate": "2015-10", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "7AMJXJC6", "version": 19, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Commercial-scale recycling of NdFeB-type magnets with grain boundary modification yields products with ‘designer properties’ that exceed those of starting materials", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Zakotnik" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C. O.", "lastName": "Tudor" } ], "abstractNote": "NdFeB-type magnets dominate the market for high performance magnetic materials, yet production of ‘virgin’ magnets via mining is environmentally, financially and energetically costly. Hence, interest is growing in ‘magnet to magnet’ recycling schemes that offer the potential for cheaper, more environmentally-friendly solutions to the world’s growing appetite for rare-earth based magnetic materials. Unfortunately, previously described recycling processes only partially capitalise on this potential, because the methods described to date are limited to ‘laboratory scale’ or operate only under ideal conditions and result in products that fail to recapture the coercivity of the starting, scrap materials.\n\nHerein, we report a commercial scale process (120 kg batches) that completely recovers the properties of the starting scrap magnets. Indeed, ‘grain boundary modification’, via careful addition of a proprietary mix of blended elements, produces magnets with ‘designer properties’ that can exceed those of the starting materials and can be closely tailored to meet a wide variety of end-user applications, including high-coercivity (>2000 kA/m), sintered magnets suitable for motor applications.", "publicationTitle": "Waste Management", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 2015", "volume": "44", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "48-54", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Waste Management", "DOI": "10.1016/j.wasman.2015.07.041", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X1530057X", "accessDate": "2016-07-21T19:43:17Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0956-053X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-07-21T19:43:17Z", "dateModified": "2016-07-21T19:43:17Z" } }, { "key": "QM3GJ5MR", "version": 18, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 607185, "name": "rare_earth_elements_recycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/607185/items/QM3GJ5MR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling/items/QM3GJ5MR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Binnemans et al.", "parsedDate": "2013-07-15", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "QM3GJ5MR", "version": 18, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Recycling of rare earths: a critical review", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Koen", "lastName": "Binnemans" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peter Tom", "lastName": "Jones" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bart", "lastName": "Blanpain" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tom", "lastName": "Van Gerven" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yongxiang", "lastName": "Yang" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Allan", "lastName": "Walton" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Matthias", "lastName": "Buchert" } ], "abstractNote": "The rare-earth elements (REEs) are becoming increasingly important in the transition to a green economy, due to their essential role in permanent magnets, lamp phosphors, catalysts, rechargeable batteries etc. With China presently producing more than 90% of the global REE output and its increasingly tight export quota, the rest of the world is confronted with a REE supply risk. Mining companies are now actively seeking new exploitable REE deposits while some old mines are being reopened. Because of the absence of economical and/or operational primary deposits on their territory, many countries will have to rely on recycling of REEs from pre-consumer scrap, industrial residues and REE-containing End-of-Life products. REE recycling is also recommended in view of the so-called “balance problem”. For instance, primary mining of REE ores for neodymium generates an excess of the more abundant elements, lanthanum and cerium. Therefore, recycling of neodymium can reduce the total amount of REE ores that need to be extracted. Despite a vast, mostly lab-scale research effort on REE recycling, up to 2011 less than 1% of the REEs were actually recycled. This is mainly due to inefficient collection, technological problems and, especially, a lack of incentives. A drastic improvement in the recycling of REEs is, therefore, an absolute necessity. This can only be realized by developing efficient, fully integrated recycling routes, which can take advantage of the rich REE recycling literature. This paper provides an overview of this literature, with emphasis on three main applications: permanent magnets, nickel metal hydride batteries and lamp phosphors. The state of the art in preprocessing of End-of-Life materials containing REEs and the final REE recovery is discussed in detail. Both pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical routes for REE separation from non-REE elements in the recycled fractions are reviewed. The relevance of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for REE recycling is emphasized. The review corroborates that, in addition to mitigating the supply risk, REE recycling can reduce the environmental challenges associated with REE mining and processing.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Cleaner Production", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "July 15, 2013", "volume": "51", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1-22", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Journal of Cleaner Production", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.12.037", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652612006932", "accessDate": "2016-07-21T19:28:44Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0959-6526", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Recycling of rare earths", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-07-21T19:28:44Z", "dateModified": "2016-07-21T19:28:44Z" } }, { "key": "V2IZ9KKJ", "version": 17, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 607185, "name": "rare_earth_elements_recycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/607185/items/V2IZ9KKJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling/items/V2IZ9KKJ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Rademaker et al.", "parsedDate": "2013-09-03", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "V2IZ9KKJ", "version": 17, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Recycling as a Strategy against Rare Earth Element Criticality: A Systemic Evaluation of the Potential Yield of NdFeB Magnet Recycling", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jelle H.", "lastName": "Rademaker" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "René", "lastName": "Kleijn" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yongxiang", "lastName": "Yang" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Environmental Science & Technology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2013-09-03", "volume": "", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "130903123155005", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1021/es305007w", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es305007w", "accessDate": "2016-07-21T19:19:58Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0013-936X, 1520-5851", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Recycling as a Strategy against Rare Earth Element Criticality", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "CrossRef", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-07-21T19:19:58Z", "dateModified": "2016-07-21T19:19:58Z" } }, { "key": "NCGP8G77", "version": 16, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 607185, "name": "rare_earth_elements_recycling", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/607185/items/NCGP8G77", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/rare_earth_elements_recycling/items/NCGP8G77", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 250494, "username": "tsandberg", "name": "Tami Sandberg", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/tsandberg", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Golev et al.", "parsedDate": "2014-09", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "NCGP8G77", "version": 16, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Rare earths supply chains: Current status, constraints and opportunities", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Artem", "lastName": "Golev" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Margaretha", "lastName": "Scott" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peter D.", "lastName": "Erskine" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Saleem H.", "lastName": "Ali" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Grant R.", "lastName": "Ballantyne" } ], "abstractNote": "The unique properties of rare earth elements (REEs) and lack of alternatives for their application in modern technologies, especially electronics and fast growing green technologies such as renewable energy generation and storage, energy efficient lights, electric cars, and auto catalysts, as well as specific military and aerospace applications, underpin their strategic status.\n\nThe absolute domination of China in the production of REEs, aggravated by a significant reduction in export quotas since 2010, raised severe concerns of securing REE supply in the USA, Japan, European Union and other countries. In 2010–2012 it resulted in skyrocketing prices and supply deficit for most REEs, leading to numerous new REE start-up companies around the world, with allocation of large investments in additional geological explorations and technology development. At the same time, the supply difficulties enforced the downstream users of REEs to invest in the development of recycling technologies and reuse options for these elements.\n\nThe main focus of this paper is to overview existing and emerging REE supply chains outside of China up to date (end of 2013), define their environmental constraints and opportunities, as well as reflect on a broader range of technical, economic, and social challenges for both primary production and recycling of REEs. 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