[ { "key": "CSEIM6NI", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 60156, "name": "Nutt Emergence", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nutt_emergence", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/60156/items/CSEIM6NI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nutt_emergence/items/CSEIM6NI", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 479645, "username": "Hannah Livesay Nutt", "name": "Hannah Nutt", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/hannah_livesay_nutt", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Anton et al.", "parsedDate": "2011-01", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "CSEIM6NI", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Modern human origins: continuity, replacement, and masticatory robusticity in Australasia", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Susan C.", "lastName": "Anton" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hannah", "lastName": "Carter-Menn" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Valerie B.", "lastName": "DeLeon" } ], "abstractNote": "Morphological evidence for a Multiregional (MR) model of human origins is suggested by a series of “linking traits” seen in the crania of late Javanese Homo erectus from Ngandong and anatomically modern Australian crania. A few studies that consider the genetic, structural, or functional aspects of these regional traits suggest their appearance is heavily influenced not by shared phylogeny but by a common “strong” masticatory pattern. Using dental occlusal areas, external mandibular metrics, internal biomechanical properties of the mandibular corpus measured from CT scans, and nonmetric traits associated with the attachment of masticatory muscles, we test the hypothesis that Australians exhibit evidence of a “strong” masticatory pattern. We use a mixed-sex comparative human sample (n = 415) that includes precontact Alaskans from Point Hope and the Aleutian Islands, Californians, Peruvians, an urban forensic sample, and the late Pleistocene Afalou–Taforalt sample. In comparison with recent humans known to exhibit such patterns, Australian mandibles show none of the expected changes related to producing and dissipating heavy occlusal loads. This is true regardless of whether external or internal mandibular dimensions are considered, albeit Australians show large occlusal areas and relatively large section modulus indices. Thus, a prime functional argument proposed for the origin of some Australian regional features is not supported by these data.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Human Evolution", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 2011", "volume": "60", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "70-82", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.08.004", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248410001739", "accessDate": "2011-11-14T15:58:58Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0047-2484", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Modern human origins", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "0000", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Homo sapiens", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mandibular architecture", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Masticatory biomechanics", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "82ECRH6B", "9CQC7GG9" ], "relations": { "owl:sameAs": "http://zotero.org/groups/65769/items/ERC4TQ5N" }, "dateAdded": "2012-01-26T19:38:07Z", "dateModified": "2012-02-23T19:07:39Z" } }, { "key": "PCWKC9ZZ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 60156, "name": "Nutt Emergence", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nutt_emergence", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/60156/items/PCWKC9ZZ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nutt_emergence/items/PCWKC9ZZ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 479645, "username": "Hannah Livesay Nutt", "name": "Hannah Nutt", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/hannah_livesay_nutt", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Templeton", "parsedDate": "1997-12", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "PCWKC9ZZ", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Out of Africa? What do genes tell us?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alan R.", "lastName": "Templeton" } ], "abstractNote": "Genetic diversity patterns in nuclear versus mitochondrial systems and in low versus high mutation rate systems do not support the hypothesis of a recent African origin for all of humanity following a split between Africans and non-Africans 100,000 years ago, nor do genetic distance data. Geographical analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial gene trees do not support the hypothesis of a recent global replacement of humans coming out of Africa, although a local replacement event in Europe is indicated by these analyses and recent studies on Neandertal DNA. The gene tree analyses instead indicate that genetic interchanges have ensured that all of humanity has evolved as a single evolutionary lineage with no major splits.", "publicationTitle": "Current Opinion in Genetics & Development", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 1997", "volume": "7", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "841-847", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/S0959-437X(97)80049-4", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959437X97800494", "accessDate": "2011-11-14T18:37:20Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0959-437X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Out of Africa?", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "0033", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "82ECRH6B", "9CQC7GG9" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-26T19:38:07Z", "dateModified": "2012-02-23T19:07:22Z" } }, { "key": "5E89HRWJ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 60156, "name": "Nutt Emergence", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nutt_emergence", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/60156/items/5E89HRWJ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nutt_emergence/items/5E89HRWJ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 479645, "username": "Hannah Livesay Nutt", "name": "Hannah Nutt", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/hannah_livesay_nutt", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Crevecoeur et al.", "parsedDate": "2010-12", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "5E89HRWJ", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The Spy VI child: A newly discovered Neandertal infant", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Isabelle", "lastName": "Crevecoeur" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Priscilla", "lastName": "Bayle" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hélène", "lastName": "Rougier" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bruno", "lastName": "Maureille" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas", "lastName": "Higham" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Johannes", "lastName": "van der Plicht" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nora", "lastName": "De Clerck" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Patrick", "lastName": "Semal" } ], "abstractNote": "Spy cave (Jemeppe-sur-Sambre, Belgium) is reputed for the two adult Neandertal individuals discovered in situ in 1886. Recent reassessment of the Spy collections has allowed direct radiocarbon dating of these individuals. The sorting of all of the faunal collections has also led to the discovery of the remains of a Neandertal child, Spy VI. This individual is represented by two mandibular corpus fragments. The left fragment is the most complete and both sides preserve the mental foramen. Four deciduous teeth are associated with these mandibular remains: three incisors and one canine. The lower left canine (Spy 645a) conjoins with the corresponding alveolar socket in the left part of the mandible. Following extant standards, the developmental stage of the preserved teeth indicate an age at death of about one and a half years. In addition to performing a classical morphometric comparative study of the mandible and teeth, we have evaluated the dental tissue proportions using high-resolution microtomographic techniques. Our results show that Spy VI generally falls within the Neandertal range of variation. However, this specimen also exhibits particular traits, notably in the dental internal structural organization, which reveals that variation in the immature Neandertal variation is larger than what was variation currently represented by the available fossil record. These observations demonstrate the need for investigating the frequency and expression of immature Neandertal traits in fossil anterior teeth, as well as their temporal and geographic variation. Direct radiocarbon dating of the Spy VI specimen has been conducted in two different laboratories. The results of Spy VI confirm the age previously determined for the two adults, making the Spy Neandertal remains the youngest ever directly dated in northwest Europe.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Human Evolution", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 2010", "volume": "59", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "641-656", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.022", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248410001648", "accessDate": "2011-10-23T18:14:04Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0047-2484", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "The Spy VI child", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "0005", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Deciduous teeth", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Dental development", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Dental tissue proportions", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Immature Neandertal", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mandible", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-02-08T16:11:50Z", "dateModified": "2012-02-08T16:11:51Z" } }, { "key": "NRDVH23F", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 60156, "name": "Nutt Emergence", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nutt_emergence", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/60156/items/NRDVH23F", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nutt_emergence/items/NRDVH23F", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/60156/items/5E89HRWJ", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 479645, "username": "Hannah Livesay Nutt", "name": "Hannah Nutt", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/hannah_livesay_nutt", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "NRDVH23F", "version": 1, "parentItem": 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"meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 479645, "username": "Hannah Livesay Nutt", "name": "Hannah Nutt", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/hannah_livesay_nutt", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "TFXDKM65", "version": 1, "parentItem": "H98T7DKB", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2011-11-14T17:27:49Z", "url": "http://libproxy.uta.edu:2128/science/article/pii/S0047248408001632", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "S0047248408001632.html", "md5": null, "mtime": null, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-26T19:38:41Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-26T19:38:41Z" } }, { "key": "EUWPSWXN", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 60156, "name": "Nutt Emergence", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nutt_emergence", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/60156/items/EUWPSWXN", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nutt_emergence/items/EUWPSWXN", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 479645, "username": "Hannah Livesay Nutt", "name": "Hannah Nutt", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/hannah_livesay_nutt", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "E.", "parsedDate": "1977-03", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "EUWPSWXN", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Palaeontological indications of the appearance of speech", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Boné", "lastName": "E." } ], "abstractNote": "What can palaeontological science contribute to defining circumstances and conditions of the origin of speech abilities? Two ways are successively tried: anatomical and behavioural.o(1)\nThe identification among fossil hominids of some anatomical features (both skeletal and neurological) provides negative evidence in so far as they manifest a potential openness to development of language among Australopithecines and contemporary Homo habilis, although no direct demonstration of its actual existence can be proposed.\n(2)\nThe interpretation of hominid cooperative hunting behaviour as well as its tcol-making instrumentation and other requirements suggest that some primitive concrete symbolization was available beyond a close call-system, since the time of the first flaking industries, of the late Pliocene.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Human Evolution", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 1977", "volume": "6", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "279-291", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/S0047-2484(77)80052-3", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248477800523", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0047-2484", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "0005", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "human palaeontology" }, { "tag": "language" }, { "tag": "tools" } ], "collections": [ "M784NKGK" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-26T19:38:41Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-26T19:38:41Z" } }, { "key": "ENIRSVTK", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 60156, "name": "Nutt Emergence", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nutt_emergence", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/60156/items/ENIRSVTK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nutt_emergence/items/ENIRSVTK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 479645, "username": "Hannah Livesay Nutt", "name": "Hannah Nutt", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/hannah_livesay_nutt", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Curnoe and Thorne", "parsedDate": "2003", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "ENIRSVTK", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Number of ancestral human species: a molecular perspective", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "D.", "lastName": "Curnoe" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Thorne" } ], "abstractNote": "Summary\nDespite the remarkable developments in molecular biology over the past three decades, anthropological genetics has had only limited impact on systematics in human evolution. Genetics offers the opportunity to objectively test taxonomies based on morphology and may be used to supplement conventional approaches to hominid systematics. Our analyses, examining chromosomes and 46 estimates of genetic distance, indicate there may have been only around 4 species on the direct line to modern humans and 5 species in total. This contrasts with current taxonomies recognising up to 23 species.\n\nThe genetic proximity of humans and chimpanzees has been used to suggest these species are congeneric. Our analysis of genetic distances between them is consistent with this proposal. It is time that chimpanzees, living humans and all fossil humans be classified in Homo. The creation of new genera can no longer be a solution to the complexities of fossil morphologies. Published genetic distances between common chimpanzees and bonobos, along with evidence for interbreeding, suggest they should be assigned to a single species.\n\nThe short distance between humans and chimpanzees also places a strict limit on the number of possible evolutionary side branches that might be recognised on the human lineage. All fossil taxa were genetically very close to each other and likely to have been below congeneric genetic distances seen for many mammals.\n\nOur estimates of genetic divergence suggest that periods of around 2 million years are required to produce sufficient genetic distance to represent speciation. Therefore, Neanderthals and so-called H. erectus were genetically so close to contemporary H. sapiens they were unlikely to have been separate species. Thus, it is likely there was only one species of human (H. sapiens) for most of the last 2 million years. We estimate the divergence time of H. sapiensfrom 16 genetic distances to be around 1.7 Ma which is consistent with evidence for the earliest migration out of Africa. These findings call into question the mitochondrial «African Eve» hypothesis based on a far more recent origin for H. sapiens and show that humans did not go through a bottleneck in their recent evolutionary history.\n\nGiven the large offset in evolutionary rates of molecules and morphology seen in human evolution, Homo species are likely to be characterised by high levels of morphological variation and low levels of genetic variability. Thus, molecular data suggest the limits for intraspecific morphological variation used by many palaeoanthropologists have been set too low. The role of phenotypic plasticity has been greatly underestimated in human evolution.\n\nWe call into question the use of mtDNA for studies of human evolution. This DNA is under strong selection, which violates the assumption of selective neutrality. This issue should be addressed by geneticists, including a reassessment of its use for molecular clocks. There is a need for greater cooperation between palaeoanthropologists and anthropological geneticists to better understand human evolution and to bring palaeoanthropology into the mainstream of evolutionary biology.", "publicationTitle": "HOMO - Journal of Comparative Human Biology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2003", "volume": "53", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "201-224", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1078/0018-442X-00051", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0018442X04700335", "accessDate": "2011-11-14T18:39:28Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0018-442X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Number of ancestral human species", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "M784NKGK" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-26T19:38:41Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-26T19:38:41Z" } }, { "key": "A58VCGNA", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 60156, "name": "Nutt Emergence", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nutt_emergence", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/60156/items/A58VCGNA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nutt_emergence/items/A58VCGNA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 479645, "username": "Hannah Livesay Nutt", "name": "Hannah Nutt", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/hannah_livesay_nutt", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "M.", "parsedDate": "2001", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "A58VCGNA", "version": 1, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Human Cognition, Evolution of", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Tomasello", "lastName": "M." }, { "creatorType": "contributor", "firstName": "", "lastName": "Editors-in-Chief:  Neil J. Smelser" }, { "creatorType": "contributor", "firstName": "", "lastName": "Paul B. Baltes" } ], "abstractNote": "Given what is known about nonhuman primate cognition, it is likely that the first hominids 6 million years ago already conceptualized a sensory-motor world of permanent objects—arrayed in a representational space and categorized and quantified in some fundamental ways—and a social world of animate conspecifics with whom they could cooperate and compete in complex ways. For the next 4 million years (as Australopithecines) changes in hominid cognition were minimal. However, early Homo (including Homo erectus) began to demonstrate some new skills of causal understanding in the context of complex tool manufacture and use. Then, the earliest modern humans 150,000 years ago evolved some new skills of social cognition that fundamentally changed the process of human cognitive evolution because they enabled uniquely powerful processes of cultural learning and cumulative cultural evolution—which transformed the ontogenetic niche in which human cognition develops ontogenetically from a social into a truly cultural niche including artifacts, symbols, and social practices with accumulated histories. This ability to pool cognitive resources may even have been the competitive advantage that modern humans had over other contemporaneous hominids.", "bookTitle": "International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2001", "publisher": "Pergamon", "place": "Oxford", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "6955-6959", "ISBN": "978-0-08-043076-8", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767031235", "accessDate": "2011-11-14T17:36:11Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "M784NKGK" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-26T19:38:41Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-26T19:38:41Z" } }, { "key": "QHH4G2HA", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 60156, "name": "Nutt Emergence", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nutt_emergence", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/60156/items/QHH4G2HA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nutt_emergence/items/QHH4G2HA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 479645, "username": "Hannah Livesay Nutt", "name": "Hannah Nutt", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/hannah_livesay_nutt", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "B.", "parsedDate": "2006", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "QHH4G2HA", "version": 1, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Evolution of Phonetics and Phonology", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "de Boer", "lastName": "B." }, { "creatorType": "contributor", "firstName": "", "lastName": "Editor-in-Chief:  Keith Brown" } ], "abstractNote": "Human speech – the acoustic signal used for language – differs from the sounds produced by our nearest relatives, the great apes. Like apes, humans have a system to convey information about emotional state, using signals such as crying, laughter, and cries of pain or joy. However, humans also use speech to convey complex information. There are two fundamental differences between the primate system and speech. Speech is under voluntary control, whereas the primate system is involuntary. Secondly, the primate system is holistic, whereas speech is combinatorial. A combinatorial system has a small number of basic elements that can be combined into many different sequences. For speech, the basic elements are phonemes or syllables, and these are combined into words and phrases. Holistic utterances do not consist of smaller elements. They cannot be recombined, although they might have some parameters that can be varied, such as pitch and loudness.", "bookTitle": "Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics (Second Edition)", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2006", "publisher": "Elsevier", "place": "Oxford", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "335-338", "ISBN": "978-0-08-044854-1", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080448542047453", "accessDate": "2011-11-14T17:34:38Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Language evolution", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "language universals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "primate vocalizations", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "speech", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "speech adaptations", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "M784NKGK" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-26T19:38:41Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-26T19:38:41Z" } }, { "key": "4NNNEBTB", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 60156, "name": "Nutt Emergence", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nutt_emergence", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/60156/items/4NNNEBTB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nutt_emergence/items/4NNNEBTB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 479645, "username": "Hannah Livesay Nutt", "name": "Hannah Nutt", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/hannah_livesay_nutt", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Adler et al.", "parsedDate": "2009-04", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "4NNNEBTB", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Erratum to “Dating the demise: Neandertal extinction and the establishment of modern humans in the southern Caucasus” J. Hum. Evol. 55 (2008) 817–833", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daniel S.", "lastName": "Adler" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ofer", "lastName": "Bar-Yosef" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Anna", "lastName": "Belfer-Cohen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nicholas", "lastName": "Tushabramishvili" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E.", "lastName": "Boaretto" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "N.", "lastName": "Mercier" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H.", "lastName": "Valladas" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "W.J.", "lastName": "Rink" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Human Evolution", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "April 2009", "volume": "56", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "436-437", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.12.001", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248408002388", "accessDate": "2011-11-14T17:12:36Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0047-2484", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Erratum to “Dating the demise", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "0000", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "M784NKGK" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-26T19:38:41Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-26T19:38:41Z" } }, { "key": "6MVHHDP6", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 60156, "name": "Nutt Emergence", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nutt_emergence", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/60156/items/6MVHHDP6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nutt_emergence/items/6MVHHDP6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 479645, "username": "Hannah Livesay Nutt", "name": "Hannah Nutt", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/hannah_livesay_nutt", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ofer", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "6MVHHDP6", "version": 1, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Emergence of Modern Humans", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bar-Yosef", "lastName": "Ofer" }, { "creatorType": "contributor", "firstName": "", "lastName": "Editor-in-Chief:  Deborah M. Pearsall" } ], "abstractNote": "The evolution of humans during the last ca. 300 000 years is currently explained by two competing models: the ‘out of Africa’ as based on the genetic evidence (mainly the mtDNA), the available fossil, such as Omo-Kibish, Herto, Skhul and Qafzeh, and a wealth of archaeological evidence, often related to the Moustrian industries. The second suggests a ‘multi-regional continuity’ accounted by the same fossils, and supported by the particular lithic industries of East Asia that demonstrate continuity during the entire Pleistocene. The Upper Paleolithic revolution in North Africa and Western Eurasia, rich in technological innovations and systematic appearance of art objects (mainly in the Franco-Cantabrian region), was also the time when Neanderthals became extinct. The complex process of population dispersals across most of the Old World and the cultural variability as reflected in the various geographic regions is briefly described.", "bookTitle": "Encyclopedia of Archaeology", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2008", "publisher": "Academic Press", "place": "New York", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "1643-1648", "ISBN": "978-0-12-373962-9", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123739629001941", "accessDate": "2011-11-14T18:05:45Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "0000", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "M784NKGK" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-26T19:38:41Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-26T19:38:41Z" } }, { "key": "H98T7DKB", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 60156, "name": "Nutt Emergence", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nutt_emergence", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/60156/items/H98T7DKB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nutt_emergence/items/H98T7DKB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 479645, "username": "Hannah Livesay Nutt", "name": "Hannah Nutt", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/hannah_livesay_nutt", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Adler et al.", "parsedDate": "2008-11", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "H98T7DKB", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Dating the demise: Neandertal extinction and the establishment of modern humans in the southern Caucasus", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daniel S.", "lastName": "Adler" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Ofer", "lastName": "Bar-Yosef" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Anna", "lastName": "Belfer-Cohen" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Nicholas", "lastName": "Tushabramishvili" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "E.", "lastName": "Boaretto" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "N.", "lastName": "Mercier" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H.", "lastName": "Valladas" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "W.J.", "lastName": "Rink" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper considers the recent radiometric dating (14C-AMS, TL, ESR) of 76 late Middle and early Upper Paleolithic samples from Ortvale Klde Rockshelter, located in the Republic of Georgia. We present a critical evaluation of each date based on its stratigraphic and archaeological context, its pretreatment and contamination history, and its resulting accuracy and precision, the goal being to establish a sound chronology for the site. Only by systematically identifying aberrant dates within a data set and isolating them from further analysis can we hope to understand cultural and biological phenomena on an accurate temporal scale. Based on the strict discard protocol outlined here, we omit 25% of the dated samples from the analysis. The remaining data speak to the lengthy tenure of Neandertals in the region, but also to their relatively rapid demise and the establishment of modern human populations ∼38–34 ka 14C BP (42–39 ka cal BPHulu). We compare these chronometric data with those from the neighboring sites of Bronze and Dzudzuana caves, as well as Mezmaiskaya Cave, located in the northern Caucasus. While the lack of key contextual information limit our ability to subject these other data sets to the same critical evaluation procedure, they provide the first interregional temporal assessment of the Middle to Upper Paleolithic “transition,” the results of which suggest an initial expansion of modern humans into the southern Caucasus followed by expansion along the Black Sea coast and into the northern Caucasus.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Human Evolution", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "November 2008", "volume": "55", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "817-833", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.08.010", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248408001632", "accessDate": "2011-11-14T17:27:42Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0047-2484", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Dating the demise", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Chronometric dating", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Discard protocol", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Middle to Upper Paleolithic replacement event", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [ "M784NKGK" ], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2012-01-26T19:38:41Z", "dateModified": "2012-01-26T19:38:41Z" } }, { "key": "C5PFD768", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 60156, "name": "Nutt Emergence", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nutt_emergence", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/60156/items/C5PFD768", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/nutt_emergence/items/C5PFD768", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 479645, "username": "Hannah Livesay Nutt", "name": "Hannah Nutt", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/hannah_livesay_nutt", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "D.", "parsedDate": "2009", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "C5PFD768", "version": 1, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Brain Evolution: The Radiator Theory", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Falk", "lastName": "D." }, { "creatorType": "contributor", "firstName": "", "lastName": "Editor-in-Chief:  Larry R. Squire" } ], "abstractNote": "Selection for habitual bipedalism in early hominins precipitated a cascade of events that eventually resulted in the evolution of a network of cranial veins that contributed to selective cooling of brains (SBC) under conditions that stimulated hyperthermia in the ancestors of early Homo, much as the radiators of cars prevent their engines from overheating. This vascular mechanism for regulating brain temperature released a thermal constraint that had previously kept brain size in check, thereby paving the way for the natural selection of enlarged brains (for whatever behavioral reasons) that occurred in the direct ancestors of Homo sapiens.", "bookTitle": "Encyclopedia of Neuroscience", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2009", "publisher": "Academic Press", "place": "Oxford", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "347-352", "ISBN": "978-0-08-045046-9", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080450469009402", "accessDate": "2011-11-14T17:35:35Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Brain Evolution", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "0000", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [ "M784NKGK" ], 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