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Timbuktu: warum es sich lohnt danach zu forschen

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Das Songhayreich war nach der maroccanischen Invasion zerschlagen und hatte keine Kontrolle mehr über Timbuktu und die umliegende Region. Die Marrocaner haben keinen Nachschub aus dem Mutterland mehr erhalten, was dazu geführt hat, dass diejenigen, die noch da waren indigenisiert wurden. Die politische Situation hat sich deswegen allerdings nicht wieder zurückbewegt. Timbuktu befand sich also inmitten einer turbulenten politischen Situation, seiner Gelehrten beraubt, die nach Marroco entführt worden waren. Sich TImbuktu in dieser Zeit anzuschauen, heißt, sich einen Ort anzuschauen, der in einer politisch turbulenten Zeit immer wieder fragen muss, wo er selbst steht, wer er ist und wie er sich neu definiert, nachdem ihm sein Herz, die Gelehrten entrissen worden sind. Zur gleichen Zeit haben sich die Handelsrouten geändert. Die Europäer hatten Handelsstationen an der Atlantikküste errichtet, was dazu geführt hat, dass der Transsaharahandel an Bedeutung verlor. Ist Timbuktu zu dieser Zeit unabhängiger und indigener geworden, aber auch ärmer und verlassener? Am Beispiel von Timbuktu können wir Einblick in die Situation des westafrikanischen Sahelraums gewinnen, in seine politischen Verhältnisse, sozialen Strukturen und Umwälzungen.

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Als Quellen dienen Al-Sa'dis Ta'rikh al Sudan, Frühe Berichte europäischer Reisenden und Manuskripte aus dem örtlichen Institut.

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Timbuktu war immer ein Zentrum des Transsaharahandels gewesen und dadurch eine \"internationale\" Stadt, die an der Schnittstelle zwischen Schwarzafrika und Nordafrika lag. Nach der Invasion, die ironischerweise eine Anbindung an den Norden sicher stellen sollte, began genau dies zu verschwinden. Mit dem Niedergang des Handels wurde der Transsaharahandel immer geringer und das internationale Timbuktu das in der Mitte, zwischen den Welten lag, wurde eine verarmte Provinzstadt am Rande der Wüste. Dies ist zumindest die Ansicht eines Teils der Forscher (Hunwick, noch mal nachschauen), die die marrokanische Invasion als Startpunkt für den wirtschaftlichen und scholary Niedergang ansehen. Demgegenüber stehen andere Forscher (John Ralph Willis) die sagen, dass im Gegenteil ein Aufschwung stattgefunden hat. In vielen Nachwörtern wird beklagt, dass genau diese Zeitperiode (1600 - 1800) fast nicht erforscht worden ist und deswegen keine wirkliche Antworten auf solche Fragen möglich sind. Es gibt keine Umfassende Werk, was die Entwicklungen in diesem Zeitraum an jenem Ort darstellen. Da nur endlich Zeit vorhanden ist, werde ich mich auf Timbuktu beschränken, auch wenn das oben Gesagte für ganz West Afrika gilt.

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