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Based on the concept of lack of redundancy of social ties we defined clinical cut-points of the LSNS-6 for identifying persons deemed at risk for social isolation. Results: Among all three samples, the LSNS-6 and two subscales (Family and Friends) demonstrated high levels of internal consistency, stable factor structures, and high correlations with criterion variables. The proposed clinical cut-points showed good convergent validity, and classified 20% of the respondents in Hamburg, 11% of those in Solothurn (Switzerland), and 15% of those in London as at risk for social isolation. Implications: We conclude that abbreviated scales such as the LSNS-6 should be considered for inclusion in practice protocols of gerontological practitioners. 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Accession Number: psp-95-4-861.  First Author & Affiliation: Savani, Krishna; Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, US.  Release Date: 20080922.  Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal.  Media Covered: Electronic. Media Available: Electronic; Print. Document Type: Journal Article.  Language: English.  Major Descriptor: Choice Behavior; Cross Cultural Differences; Preferences; Sociocultural Factors.  Classification: Personality Traits & Processes (3120);  Population: Human (10); Male (30); Female (40);  Location: India; North America.  Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300);  Grant Information: This research was supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship, the Sperry Fund's Beinecke Scholarship, and grants from the Stanford University Undergraduate Research Programs to Krishna Savani and by National Science Foundation Grant 0092018 and Stanford University Vice-Provost for Undergraduate Education grants to Hazel Rose Markus.. Methodology: Empirical Study; Quantitative Study. References Available: Y..  Issue Publication Date: Oct, 2008. Publication History: Accepted Date: Jan 20, 2008; Revised Date: Jan 15, 2008; First Submitted Date: Oct 2, 2007. Copyright:  American Psychological Association. 2008.;

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-11-02T18:48:49Z", "dateModified": "2011-11-02T18:48:49Z" } }, { "key": "QC67X4ES", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 59017, "name": "Class_Culture_Risk", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/class_culture_risk", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/59017/items/QC67X4ES", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/class_culture_risk/items/QC67X4ES", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 762095, "username": "hkilber", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/hkilber", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Savani et al.", "parsedDate": "2008-10", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "QC67X4ES", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Let your preference be your guide? Preferences and choices are more tightly linked for North Americans than for Indians.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Krishna", "lastName": "Savani" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Hazel Rose", "lastName": "Markus" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Alana L.", "lastName": "Conner" } ], "abstractNote": "Using experimental paradigms from economics and social psychology, the authors examined the cross-cultural applicability of 3 widely held assumptions about preference and choice: People (a) recruit or construct preferences to make choices; (b) choose according to their preferences; and (c) are motivated to express their preferences in their choices. In 6 studies, they compared how middle-class North American and Indian participants choose among consumer products. Participants in both contexts construct nonrandom preferences at similar speeds. Those in Indian contexts, however, are slower to make choices, less likely to choose according to their personal preferences, and less motivated to express their preferences in their choices. The authors infer that the strong link between preferences and choices observed among North Americans is not a universal feature of human nature. Instead, this link reflects the disjoint model of agency, which prescribes that people should choose freely on the basis of their preferences. In contrast, Indian contexts reflect and promote a conjoint model of agency, according to which agency is responsive to the desires and expectations of important others and may require restraining one's preferences. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved). (from the journal abstract)", "publicationTitle": "Journal of Personality and Social Psychology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "October 2008", "volume": "95", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "861-876", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://offcampus.lib.washington.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pdh&AN=psp-95-4-861&site=ehost-live", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0022-3514", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Choice Behavior" }, { "tag": "Cross Cultural Differences" }, { "tag": "India" }, { "tag": "North Americans" }, { "tag": "Preferences" }, { "tag": "Sociocultural Factors" }, { "tag": "agency" }, { "tag": "choice" }, { "tag": "culture" }, { "tag": "preference" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-11-02T18:48:49Z", "dateModified": "2011-11-02T18:48:49Z" } }, { "key": "UDT4F8XS", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 59017, "name": "Class_Culture_Risk", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/class_culture_risk", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/59017/items/UDT4F8XS", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/class_culture_risk/items/UDT4F8XS", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/59017/items/QC67X4ES", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 762095, "username": "hkilber", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/hkilber", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "UDT4F8XS", "version": 1, "parentItem": "QC67X4ES", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "login.aspx?direct=true&db=pdh&AN=psp-95-4-861&site=ehost-live", "accessDate": "2011-11-02T18:48:49Z", "url": "http://offcampus.lib.washington.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pdh&AN=psp-95-4-861&site=ehost-live", "note": "", "contentType": "", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-11-02T18:48:49Z", "dateModified": "2011-11-02T18:48:49Z" } }, { "key": "IT63ETVU", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 59017, "name": "Class_Culture_Risk", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/class_culture_risk", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/59017/items/IT63ETVU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/class_culture_risk/items/IT63ETVU", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/59017/items/GVJC3DBK", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 762095, "username": "hkilber", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/hkilber", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "IT63ETVU", "version": 1, "parentItem": "GVJC3DBK", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Snapshot", "accessDate": "2011-11-02T18:47:35Z", "url": "http://pss.sagepub.com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/content/21/3/391.full.pdf+html?frame=sidebar", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "utf-8", "filename": "391.full.html", "md5": null, "mtime": 1320259654457, "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-11-02T18:47:35Z", "dateModified": "2011-11-02T18:48:08Z" } }, { "key": "FAUK96H5", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 59017, "name": "Class_Culture_Risk", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/class_culture_risk", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/59017/items/FAUK96H5", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/class_culture_risk/items/FAUK96H5", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/59017/items/GVJC3DBK", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 762095, "username": "hkilber", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/hkilber", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "FAUK96H5", "version": 1, "parentItem": "GVJC3DBK", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "imported_url", "title": "Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2011-11-02T18:47:34Z", "url": "http://pss.sagepub.com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/content/21/3/391.full.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "filename": "Savani et al. - 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In five studies, we found that people in U.S. American contexts, where the disjoint model of agency is prevalent, are more likely than those in Indian contexts to construe their own and other individuals’ behaviors as choices, to construe ongoing behaviors and behaviors recalled from memory as choices, to construe naturally occurring and experimentally controlled behaviors as choices, to construe mundane and important actions as choices, and to construe personal and interpersonal actions as choices. Indians showed a greater tendency to construe actions as choices when these actions involved responding to other people than when they did not. These findings show that whether people construe actions as choices is significantly shaped by sociocultural systems of meanings and practices. 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We report five studies that uncovered novel consequences of choice for public policy and interpersonal judgments. Studies 1 through 3 found that activating the concept of choice decreases support for policies promoting intergroup equality (e.g., affirmative action) and societal benefits (e.g., reducing environmental pollution), but increases support for policies promoting individual rights (e.g., legalizing drugs). Studies 4 and 5 found that activating the concept of choice increases victim blaming and decreases empathy for disadvantaged people. Study 5 found that choice does not decrease Indians’ empathy for disadvantaged individuals, indicating that the social and interpersonal consequences of choice are likely culture-specific. This research suggests that the well-known positive effects of choice for individuals can be accompanied by an array of previously unexamined and potentially negative outcomes for other people and for society.", "publicationTitle": "Psychological Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "June 01 , 2011", "volume": "22", "issue": "6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "795 -802", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1177/0956797611407928", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://pss.sagepub.com/content/22/6/795.abstract", "accessDate": "2011-11-02T18:45:40Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Highwire 2.0", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "KEY" } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-11-02T18:45:40Z", "dateModified": "2011-11-02T18:45:40Z" } }, { "key": "F7MTBQ3T", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 59017, "name": "Class_Culture_Risk", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/class_culture_risk", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/59017/items/F7MTBQ3T", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/class_culture_risk/items/F7MTBQ3T", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/59017/items/FSQ92T8P", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 762095, "username": "hkilber", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/hkilber", "type": "text/html" } } }, "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "F7MTBQ3T", "version": 1, "parentItem": "FSQ92T8P", "itemType": "note", "note": "

Accession Number: 52888690; MARKUS, HAZEL ROSE 1; Email Address: hmarkus@stanford.edu; SCHWARTZ, BARRY 2; Email Address: bschwarl@swarthmore.edu; Affiliations: 1: Davis-Brack Professor in the Behavioral Sciences in the psychology department at Stanford University, Stanford, CA; 2: Dorwin Cartwright Professor of Social Theory and Social Action in the psychology department at Swarthmore College, PA; Issue Info: Aug2010, Vol. 37 Issue 2, p344; Thesaurus Term: CULTURAL values; Subject Term: INDIVIDUALISM; Subject Term: CROSS-cultural studies; Subject Term: CHILDREN of immigrants; Subject Term: MIDDLE class -- United States; Subject Term: WORKING class -- United States; Subject Term: EAST Asians -- United States; Subject: UNITED States; Number of Pages: 12p; Document Type: Article

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Accession Number: psp-93-5-814.  First Author & Affiliation: Stephens, Nicole M.; Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, US.  Release Date: 20071105.  Publication Type: Journal, Peer Reviewed Journal.  Media Covered: Electronic. Media Available: Electronic; Print. Document Type: Journal Article.  Language: English.  Major Descriptor: Choice Behavior; Independence (Personality); Individuality; Preferences; Social Class.  Minor Descriptor: Educational Attainment Level; Higher Education; Middle Class; Sociocultural Factors.  Classification: Social Psychology (3000); Personality Traits & Processes (3120);  Population: Human (10); Male (30); Female (40);  Location: US.  Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older) (300);  Grant Information: This research was supported by National Science Foundation Research Grant 0092018 awarded to Hazel Rose Markus and by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship awarded to Nicole M. Stephens. Tests & Measures: Relational-Interdependent Self-Construal Scale; Self-Construal Scale;  Methodology: Empirical Study; Quantitative Study. References Available: Y..  Issue Publication Date: Nov, 2007. Publication History: Accepted Date: Mar 28, 2007; Revised Date: Mar 23, 2007; First Submitted Date: Sep 20, 2005. Copyright:  American Psychological Association. 2007.;

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M.", "lastName": "Townsend" } ], "abstractNote": "Social class is one important source of models of agency--normative guidelines for how to be a \"good\" person. Using choice as a prototypically agentic action, 5 studies test the hypotheses that models of agency prevalent in working-class (WK) contexts reflect a normative preference for similarity to others, whereas models prevalent in middle-class (MD) contexts reflect a preference for difference from others. Focusing on participants' choices, Studies 1 and 2 showed that participants from WK relative to MD contexts more often chose pens that appeared similar to, rather than different from, other pens in the choice set, and more often chose the same images as another participant. Examining participants' responses to others' choices, Studies 3 and 4 demonstrated that participants from WK relative to MD contexts liked their chosen pens more when a confederate chose similarly and responded more positively when a friend chose the same car in a hypothetical scenario. Finally, Study 5 found that car advertisements targeting WK rather than MD consumers more often emphasized connection to, rather than differentiation from, others, suggesting that models of agency are reflected in pervasive cultural products. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved). 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Accession Number: 25695202; Brumagim, Alan L. 1; Email Address: brumagimal@scranton.edu; Wu Xianhua 2; Email Address: wxh5508@mail.china.com; Affiliations: 1: Associate Professor of Management, University of Scranton; 2: Professor of Finance, Dongbei University of Finance and Economics (DUFE), Dalian, Peoples' Republic of China; Issue Info: Fall2005, Vol. 13 Issue 3, p67; Thesaurus Term: RISK assessment; Thesaurus Term: UTILITY theory; Thesaurus Term: BUSINESS losses; Thesaurus Term: PROFIT; Subject Term: PROSPECT theory; Subject Term: CROSS-cultural differences; Subject: CHINA; Number of Pages: 20p; Document Type: Article

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