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The building is a typical public one, with an air-conditioned area of 1350 m2. The ground source heat pump installation is the largest in Greece, and its operation is monitored with the aid of a DAQ system. The energy flows presented in the paper are based on DAQ recordings of the first 3 years of system's operation. It is proved that the energy demand of the system is significantly lower, compared to that of conventional heating and cooling systems. The seasonal COP of the system has not yet been stabilized, gradually increasing, as it is expected due to the operation of the ground heat exchanger.", "publicationTitle": "Energy and Buildings", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 2007", "volume": "39", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "328-334", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.08.002", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778806001964", "accessDate": "2011-12-22T19:47:33Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0378-7788", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Cooling loads", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Energy demand", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ground source heat pump system (GSHP)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Heating loads", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-12-22T19:47:33Z", "dateModified": "2011-12-22T19:47:33Z" } }, { "key": "ZAC56K3V", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 57259, "name": "Ground Source Heat Pumps", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ground_source_heat_pumps", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/57259/items/ZAC56K3V", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ground_source_heat_pumps/items/ZAC56K3V", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 300433, "username": "m.srikanth", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/m.srikanth", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Bose et al.", "parsedDate": "1985-12", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "ZAC56K3V", "version": 1, "itemType": "book", "title": "Design/data manual for closed-loop ground-coupled heat pump systems", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. E.", "lastName": "Bose" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jerald D.", "lastName": "Parker" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Faye C.", "lastName": "McQuiston" } ], "abstractNote": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "1985-12", "publisher": "American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "numPages": "312", "ISBN": "9780910110419", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Google Books", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Heat pumps", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Technology & Engineering / Construction / General", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Technology & Engineering / Engineering (General)", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-12-22T14:49:36Z", "dateModified": "2011-12-22T16:29:28Z" } }, { "key": "SEQENEDV", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 57259, "name": "Ground Source Heat Pumps", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ground_source_heat_pumps", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/57259/items/SEQENEDV", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ground_source_heat_pumps/items/SEQENEDV", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 300433, "username": "m.srikanth", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/m.srikanth", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kersten", "parsedDate": "1949", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "SEQENEDV", "version": 1, "itemType": "report", "title": "Laboratory research for the determination of the thermal properties of soils.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.S.", "lastName": "Kersten" } ], "abstractNote": "", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "", "institution": "DTIC Document", "place": "", "date": "1949", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesNumber": "", "pages": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Google Scholar", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-12-22T16:24:54Z", "dateModified": "2011-12-22T16:26:42Z" } }, { "key": "6QTAZPKQ", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 57259, "name": "Ground Source Heat Pumps", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ground_source_heat_pumps", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/57259/items/6QTAZPKQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ground_source_heat_pumps/items/6QTAZPKQ", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/57259/items/SEQENEDV", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 300433, "username": "m.srikanth", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/m.srikanth", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "6QTAZPKQ", "version": 1, "parentItem": "SEQENEDV", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Google Scholar Linked Page", "accessDate": "2011-12-22T16:24:54Z", "url": "http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0712516", "note": "", "contentType": "", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-12-22T16:24:54Z", "dateModified": "2011-12-22T16:24:54Z" } }, { "key": "W53IW42E", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 57259, "name": "Ground Source Heat Pumps", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ground_source_heat_pumps", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/57259/items/W53IW42E", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ground_source_heat_pumps/items/W53IW42E", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 300433, "username": "m.srikanth", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/m.srikanth", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Calm", "parsedDate": "1987-09", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "W53IW42E", "version": 1, "itemType": "conferencePaper", "title": "Proceedings of the IEA Workshop on Ground-Source Heat Pumps. From the workshop held in Albany, New York, October 27 through November 1, 1986. HPC-WR-2.", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.M.", "lastName": "Calm" } ], "abstractNote": "", "proceedingsTitle": "", "conferenceName": "From the workshop held in October 27 through November 1, 1986.", "publisher": "International Energy Agency Heat Pump Center", "place": "", "date": "September, 1987", "eventPlace": "", "volume": "HPC-WR-2", "issue": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "pages": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "DOI": "", "ISBN": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-12-22T15:25:15Z", "dateModified": "2011-12-22T15:54:18Z" } }, { "key": "HHGZ99SI", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 57259, "name": "Ground Source Heat Pumps", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ground_source_heat_pumps", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/57259/items/HHGZ99SI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ground_source_heat_pumps/items/HHGZ99SI", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/57259/items/94WP639T", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 300433, "username": "m.srikanth", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/m.srikanth", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "HHGZ99SI", "version": 1, "parentItem": "94WP639T", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Wiley Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2011-12-22T15:18:36Z", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1002/(SICI)1099-159X(199801/02)6:1<55::AID-PIP191>3.0.CO;2-9/asset/191_ftp.pdf?v=1&t=gwhx2431&s=a82ce9b8de055e648a05a59f0cb8cac097713d70", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-12-22T15:18:36Z", "dateModified": "2011-12-22T15:18:36Z" } }, { "key": "94WP639T", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 57259, "name": "Ground Source Heat Pumps", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ground_source_heat_pumps", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/57259/items/94WP639T", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ground_source_heat_pumps/items/94WP639T", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 300433, "username": "m.srikanth", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/m.srikanth", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Chabot", "parsedDate": "1998-01-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "94WP639T", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "From costs to prices: economic analysis of photovoltaic energy and services", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Bernard", "lastName": "Chabot" } ], "abstractNote": "A global economic analysis methodology is proposed in order to simplify the cost and the profitability assessment of energy and services delivered by photovoltaic (PV) systems. As examples, equations and graphic tools derived from this methodology give directly the overall discounted cost (ODC) of electricity delivered by grid-connected PV power plants and the ODC of water delivered by a stand-alone PV pumping system. The main criteria used for profitability analysis of PV projects are reviewed: net present value, internal rate of return and profitability index (PI). A simple method with associated equations and graphic tools is presented in order to assess the profitability of PV projects from their PI. Examples of profitability analysis of present and future grid-connected PV power plants built and operated by an independent power producer are presented and discussed, together with examples of stand-alone PV water pumping systems operated by the local community in developing countries. In both cases, equations and specific graphic tools are presented. Specific graphs can be used with different monetary units, different sizes and different investment costs of PV projects. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "publicationTitle": "Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "1998/01/01", "volume": "6", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "55-68", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1002/(SICI)1099-159X(199801/02)6:1<55::AID-PIP191>3.0.CO;2-9", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1099-159X(199801/02)6:1<55::AID-PIP191>3.0.CO;2-9/abstract", "accessDate": "2011-12-22T15:18:36Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1099-159X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "From costs to prices", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-12-22T15:18:36Z", "dateModified": "2011-12-22T15:18:36Z" } }, { "key": "PZIKRDMX", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 57259, "name": "Ground Source Heat Pumps", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ground_source_heat_pumps", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/57259/items/PZIKRDMX", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ground_source_heat_pumps/items/PZIKRDMX", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/57259/items/KDG4HVTG", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 300433, "username": "m.srikanth", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/m.srikanth", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "PZIKRDMX", "version": 1, "parentItem": "KDG4HVTG", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "Wiley Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2011-12-22T15:14:44Z", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1002/pip.984/asset/984_ftp.pdf?v=1&t=gwhwx5p3&s=222b7a5d370b88db6cf714f9684bfaceafe34925", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-12-22T15:14:44Z", "dateModified": "2011-12-22T15:14:44Z" } }, { "key": "KDG4HVTG", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 57259, "name": "Ground Source Heat Pumps", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ground_source_heat_pumps", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/57259/items/KDG4HVTG", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ground_source_heat_pumps/items/KDG4HVTG", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 300433, "username": "m.srikanth", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/m.srikanth", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Aste and Del Pero", "parsedDate": "2010-08-01", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "KDG4HVTG", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Technical and economic performance analysis of large‐scale ground‐mounted PV plants in Italian context", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "N.", "lastName": "Aste" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.", "lastName": "Del Pero" } ], "abstractNote": "During the last decade, the market penetration of photovoltaic (PV) technology has been increased tremendously worldwide. In the EU context, following the quick development in German and Spanish PV sector, Italy is currently one of the most interesting market. In view of these facts, it is strategic to perform detailed technical and economic analyses to establish energy performances and profitability of the PV plants, depending on their configurations. In particular, in addition to the selection of main components, such as inverters and modules, which are now characterized, on average, by good performance levels, the debate on the support structures is still open. In detail, the choice may fall, for example, on traditional fixed structures or on one/two axis tracking systems, that could ensure best productivity per unit of power, but also are typically characterized by higher complexity and land-occupation factors than the first ones. The purpose of this work is to carry out performance analyses on the most widespread plant configurations, taking into account different Italian climatic contexts, considering technical, energetic, and economic points of view. With this aim, different types of components (modules and inverters) and ground-mounting structures (fixed, one-axis, two-axis) have been evaluated. Subsequently, their obtainable performances have been estimated in three different locations (Milano, Roma, Palermo) that have been considered representative of average irradiation levels available in Italy. Analyses have been carried out by computer simulations, through two consequent levels of detail, highlighting the main performance influence-factors. In conclusion, the final profitability of each analyzed configuration has been evaluated, giving a reliable indication on their effective economic advantages. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "publicationTitle": "Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2010/08/01", "volume": "18", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "371-384", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1002/pip.984", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pip.984/abstract", "accessDate": "2011-12-22T15:14:44Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1099-159X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Economic analysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "energy performance analysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "fixed and tracking mounting systems", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "ground‐mounted PV plants", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-12-22T15:14:44Z", "dateModified": "2011-12-22T15:14:44Z" } }, { "key": "RS56PAZ9", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 57259, "name": "Ground Source Heat Pumps", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ground_source_heat_pumps", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/57259/items/RS56PAZ9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ground_source_heat_pumps/items/RS56PAZ9", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/57259/items/3PC79MB6", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 300433, "username": "m.srikanth", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/m.srikanth", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "RS56PAZ9", "version": 1, "parentItem": "3PC79MB6", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Full Text PDF", "accessDate": "2011-12-22T14:55:51Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.library.unlv.edu/science?_ob=MiamiImageURL&_cid=271641&_user=516213&_pii=S1359431105004175&_check=y&_origin=&_coverDate=31-Oct-2006&view=c&wchp=dGLbVlt-zSkWA&md5=c6f35ec55d49edd0cc78185e0931a07f/1-s2.0-S1359431105004175-main.pdf", "note": "", "contentType": "application/pdf", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-12-22T14:55:51Z", "dateModified": "2011-12-22T14:55:51Z" } }, { "key": "XAG3JSMA", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 57259, "name": "Ground Source Heat Pumps", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ground_source_heat_pumps", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/57259/items/XAG3JSMA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ground_source_heat_pumps/items/XAG3JSMA", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/57259/items/3PC79MB6", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 300433, "username": "m.srikanth", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/m.srikanth", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "XAG3JSMA", "version": 1, "parentItem": "3PC79MB6", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "ScienceDirect Snapshot", "accessDate": "2011-12-22T14:55:51Z", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.library.unlv.edu/science/article/pii/S1359431105004175", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-12-22T14:55:51Z", "dateModified": "2011-12-22T14:55:51Z" } }, { "key": "3PC79MB6", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 57259, "name": "Ground Source Heat Pumps", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ground_source_heat_pumps", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/57259/items/3PC79MB6", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ground_source_heat_pumps/items/3PC79MB6", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 300433, "username": "m.srikanth", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/m.srikanth", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Nagano et al.", "parsedDate": "2006-10", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "3PC79MB6", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Development of a design and performance prediction tool for the ground source heat pump system", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Katsunori", "lastName": "Nagano" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Takao", "lastName": "Katsura" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sayaka", "lastName": "Takeda" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper introduces a novel design and performance prediction tool for the ground source heat pump (GSHP) system. This tool features, a user-friendly interface for data input and graphical output. First, an outline of this tool was described. Next, the authors validated temperature variation calculated by theoretical method of the developed tool compared with one measured in the thermal response test. The thermal response test was carried out in a house garden in Sapporo. Giving the calculated conditions, the calculated temperature variation almost traced the measured value. The developed tool’s preciseness was proved with the results. In final, performance prediction and feasibility study of a residential GSHP system in Sapporo was performed with this tool as an example. Results of the calculations show that the life cycle CO2 emission (LCCO2) of the GSHP system is 2038 kg-CO2/year and it is less than half compared to conventional oil boiler systems. Also, the GSHP system can reduce life cycle cost (LCC) by 50,000–90,000 Japanese-yen/year. 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Course on heating with geothermal energy: conventional and new schemes", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.W.", "lastName": "Lund" } ], "abstractNote": "", "bookTitle": "WGC 2000 Short Courses; Convener Paul J Lienau", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "", "publisher": "8–10 June, 2000", "place": "Kazuno, Tōhoku District, Japan", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "209–36", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2011-12-19T17:14:01Z", "dateModified": "2011-12-19T17:26:29Z" } }, { "key": "ZSV76Q9G", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 57259, "name": "Ground Source Heat Pumps", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ground_source_heat_pumps", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/57259/items/ZSV76Q9G", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ground_source_heat_pumps/items/ZSV76Q9G", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 300433, "username": "m.srikanth", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/m.srikanth", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Rafferty", "parsedDate": "1996", "numChildren": 1 }, "data": { "key": "ZSV76Q9G", "version": 1, "itemType": "report", "title": "A capital cost comparison of commercial ground-source heat pump systems", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "K.", "lastName": "Rafferty" } ], "abstractNote": "", "reportNumber": "", "reportType": "", "institution": "Oregon Institute of Technology, Klamath Falls, Oregon", "place": "", "date": "1996", 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{ "key": "GFDZ5PE7", "version": 1, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 57259, "name": "Ground Source Heat Pumps", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ground_source_heat_pumps", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/57259/items/GFDZ5PE7", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/ground_source_heat_pumps/items/GFDZ5PE7", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 300433, "username": "m.srikanth", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/m.srikanth", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Srinivas", "parsedDate": "2003-12", "numChildren": 2 }, "data": { "key": "GFDZ5PE7", "version": 1, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Innovations in energy efficient and environmentally friendly space-conditioning systems", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Garimella", "lastName": "Srinivas" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper discusses several different approaches to increase the energy efficiency and decrease the environmental impact of space-conditioning systems. The use of microchannel components and hydronic coupling is presented as a method to drastically reduce the size and refrigerant inventories of the refrigerant-carrying components of vapor-compression heat pumps. Design aspects of heat pumps using carbon dioxide, a natural refrigerant with minimal environmental impact, are discussed, and novel component geometries that offer compactness are presented. The advantages of absorption heat pumps using waste heat and natural gas are discussed, and innovative component designs are presented. It is believed that these innovations will hasten the commercialization of these environmentally benign alternatives to CFC- and HCFC-based vapor-compression systems. The environmental benefits of waste heat-driven absorption chillers are quantified in terms of the energy savings, greenhouse gas emission reductions, and installed electric power reductions. 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