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For the figure re: knowledge discovery

", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z" } }, { "key": "M2HSKEFF", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 565306, "name": "Data Dictionaries", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/565306/items/M2HSKEFF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries/items/M2HSKEFF", "type": "text/html" }, "up": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/565306/items/BJ7K3C3V", "type": "application/json" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 789246, "username": "stephlabou", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/stephlabou", "type": "text/html" } } } }, "data": { "key": "M2HSKEFF", "version": 2, "parentItem": "BJ7K3C3V", "itemType": "attachment", "linkMode": "linked_url", "title": "PubMed entry", "accessDate": "2016-06-15T17:10:13Z", "url": "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10833166", "note": "", "contentType": "text/html", "charset": "", "tags": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z" } }, { "key": "36V3FQTT", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 565306, "name": "Data Dictionaries", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/565306/items/36V3FQTT", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries/items/36V3FQTT", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 789246, "username": "stephlabou", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/stephlabou", "type": "text/html" } } }, "parsedDate": "2013-10-21", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "36V3FQTT", "version": 2, "itemType": "encyclopediaArticle", "title": "Semantic spectrum", "creators": [], "abstractNote": "The semantic spectrum (sometimes referred to as the ontology spectrum or the smart data continuum or semantic precision) is a series of increasingly precise or rather semantically expressive definitions for data elements in knowledge representations, especially for machine use.\nAt the low end of the spectrum is a simple binding of a single word or phrase and its definition. At the high end is a full ontology that specifies relationships between data elements using precise URIs for relationships and properties.\nWith increased specificity comes increased precision and the ability to use tools to automatically integrate systems but also increased cost to build and maintain a metadata registry.\nSome steps in the semantic spectrum include the following:\nglossary: A simple list of terms and their definitions. A glossary focuses on creating a complete list of the terminology of domain-specific terms and acronyms. It is useful for creating clear and unambiguous definitions for terms and because it can be created with simple word processing tools, few technical tools are necessary.\ncontrolled vocabulary: A simple list of terms, definitions and naming conventions. A controlled vocabulary frequently has some type of oversight process associated with adding or removing data element definitions to ensure consistency. Terms are often defined in relationship to each other.\ndata dictionary: Terms, definitions, naming conventions and one or more representations of the data elements in a computer system. Data dictionaries often define data types, validation checks such as enumerated values and the formal definitions of each of the enumerated values.\ndata model: Terms, definitions, naming conventions, representations and one or more representations of the data elements as well as the beginning of specification of the relationships between data elements including abstractions and containers.\ntaxonomy: A complete data model in an inheritance hierarchy where all data elements inherit their behaviors from a single \"super data element\". The difference between a data model and a formal taxonomy is the arrangement of data elements into a formal tree structure where each element in the tree is a formally defined concept with associated properties.\nontology: A complete, machine-readable specification of a conceptualization using URIs (and then IRIs) for all data elements, properties and relationship types. The W3C standard language for representing ontologies is the Web Ontology Language (OWL). Ontologies frequently contain formal business rules formed in discrete logic statements that relate data elements to each another.", "encyclopediaTitle": "Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2013-10-21T21:45:48Z", "publisher": "", "place": "", "pages": "", "ISBN": "", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semantic_spectrum&oldid=578173088", "accessDate": "2016-04-12T23:30:53Z", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wikipedia", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License", "extra": "Page Version ID: 578173088", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z" } }, { "key": "AV8Z9FIQ", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 565306, "name": "Data Dictionaries", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/565306/items/AV8Z9FIQ", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries/items/AV8Z9FIQ", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 789246, "username": "stephlabou", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/stephlabou", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Zins", "parsedDate": "2007-02-15", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "AV8Z9FIQ", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Conceptual approaches for defining data, information, and knowledge", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Chaim", "lastName": "Zins" } ], "abstractNote": "The field of Information Science is constantly changing. Therefore, information scientists are required to regularly review—and if necessary—redefine its fundamental building blocks. This article is one of a group of four articles, which resulted from a Critical Delphi study conducted in 2003–2005. The study, “Knowledge Map of Information Science,” was aimed at exploring the foundations of information science. The international panel was composed of 57 leading scholars from 16 countries, who represent (almost) all the major subfields and important aspects of the field. This particular article documents 130 definitions of data, information, and knowledge formulated by 45 scholars, and maps the major conceptual approaches for defining these three key concepts.", "publicationTitle": "Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "February 15, 2007", "volume": "58", "issue": "4", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "479-493", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci.", "DOI": "10.1002/asi.20508", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/asi.20508/abstract", "accessDate": "2016-06-15T17:17:45Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1532-2890", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Copyright © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z" } }, { "key": "2EACKPBK", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 565306, "name": "Data Dictionaries", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/565306/items/2EACKPBK", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries/items/2EACKPBK", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 789246, "username": "stephlabou", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/stephlabou", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Woodley", "parsedDate": "2008", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "2EACKPBK", "version": 2, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Crosswalks, metadata harvesting, federated searching, metasearching: using metadata to connect users and information", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mary S.", "lastName": "Woodley" } ], "abstractNote": "Since the turn of the millennium, instantaneous access to a wide variety\nof content via the Web has ceased to be considered “bleeding-edge technology”\nand instead has become expected. In fact, from 2000 to the\ntime of this writing, there has been continued exponential growth in the\nnumber of digital projects providing online access to a range of information\nresources: Web pages, full-text articles and books, cultural heritage\nresources (including images of works of art, architecture, and material\nculture), and other intellectual content, including born digital objects.\nUsers increasingly expect that the Web will serve as a portal to the entire\nuniverse of knowledge. Recently, Google Scholar, Yahoo! and OCLC’s\nWorldCat (a union catalog of the holdings of national and international\nlibraries) have joined forces to direct users to the closest library that owns\nthe book they are seeking, whether it is available in print or online or\nboth. Global access to the universe of traditional print materials and\ndigital resources has become more than ever the goal of many institutions\nthat create and/or manage digital resources.", "bookTitle": "", "series": "", "seriesNumber": "", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2008", "publisher": "Getty Research Institute", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "", "ISBN": "978-0-89236-966-9", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://scholarworks.calstate.edu/handle/10211.2/2001", "accessDate": "2016-06-14T20:15:51Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Crosswalks, metadata harvesting, federated searching, metasearching", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "scholarworks.csun.edu", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z" } }, { "key": "EQ3VB6HW", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 565306, "name": "Data Dictionaries", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/565306/items/EQ3VB6HW", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries/items/EQ3VB6HW", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 789246, "username": "stephlabou", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/stephlabou", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Tavana et al.", "parsedDate": "2007-07", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "EQ3VB6HW", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "An automated entity–relationship clustering algorithm for conceptual database design", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Madjid", "lastName": "Tavana" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Prafulla", "lastName": "Joglekar" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael A.", "lastName": "Redmond" } ], "abstractNote": "Entity–relationship (ER) modeling is a widely accepted technique for conceptual database design. However, the complexities inherent in large ER diagrams have restricted the effectiveness of their use in practice. It is often difficult for end-users, or even for well-trained database engineers and designers, to fully understand and properly manage large ER diagrams. Hence, to improve their understandability and manageability, large ER diagrams need to be decomposed into smaller modules by clustering closely related entities and relationships. Previous researchers have proposed many manual and semi-automatic approaches for such clustering. However, most of them call for intuitive and subjective judgment from “experts” at various stages of their implementation. We present a fully automated algorithm that eliminates the need for subjective human judgment. In addition to improving their understandability and manageability, an automated algorithm facilitates the re-clustering of ER diagrams as they undergo many changes during their design, development, and maintenance phases.\n\nThe validation methodology used in this study considers a set of both objective and subjective criteria for comparison. We adopted several concepts and metrics from machine-part clustering in cellular manufacturing (CM) while exploiting some of the characteristics of ER diagrams that are different from typical CM situations. Our algorithm uses well established criteria for good ER clustering solutions. These criteria were also validated by a group of expert database engineers and designers at NASA. An objective assessment of sample problems shows that our algorithm produces solutions with a higher degree of modularity and better goodness of fit compared with solutions produced by two commonly used alternative algorithms. A subjective assessment of sample problems by our expert database engineers and designers also found our solutions preferable to those produced by the two alternative algorithms.", "publicationTitle": "Information Systems", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "July 2007", "volume": "32", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "773-792", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Information Systems", "DOI": "10.1016/j.is.2006.07.001", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306437906000342", "accessDate": "2016-06-10T18:32:36Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0306-4379", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Analysis and designs", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Computers", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Databases", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Decision analysis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Information systems", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Planning", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z" } }, { "key": "6DPFRTVP", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 565306, "name": "Data Dictionaries", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/565306/items/6DPFRTVP", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries/items/6DPFRTVP", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 789246, "username": "stephlabou", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/stephlabou", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Shvaiko and Euzenat", "parsedDate": "2005", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "6DPFRTVP", "version": 2, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "A Survey of Schema-Based Matching Approaches", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Pavel", "lastName": "Shvaiko" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jérôme", "lastName": "Euzenat" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Stefano", "lastName": "Spaccapietra" } ], "abstractNote": "Schema and ontology matching is a critical problem in many application domains, such as semantic web, schema/ontology integration, data warehouses, e-commerce, etc. Many different matching solutions have been proposed so far. In this paper we present a new classification of schema-based matching techniques that builds on the top of state of the art in both schema and ontology matching. Some innovations are in introducing new criteria which are based on (i) general properties of matching techniques, (ii) interpretation of input information, and (iii) the kind of input information. In particular, we distinguish between approximate and exact techniques at schema-level; and syntactic, semantic, and external techniques at element- and structure-level. Based on the classification proposed we overview some of the recent schema/ontology matching systems pointing which part of the solution space they cover. The proposed classification provides a common conceptual basis, and, hence, can be used for comparing different existing schema/ontology matching techniques and systems as well as for designing new ones, taking advantages of state of the art solutions.", "bookTitle": "Journal on Data Semantics IV", "series": "Lecture Notes in Computer Science", "seriesNumber": "3730", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2005", "publisher": "Springer Berlin Heidelberg", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "146-171", "ISBN": "978-3-540-31001-3 978-3-540-31447-9", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/11603412_5", "accessDate": "2016-06-10T22:14:59Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "©2005 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg", "extra": "DOI: 10.1007/11603412_5", "tags": [ { "tag": "Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Computer Communication Networks", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Database Management", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Information Storage and Retrieval", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Information Systems Applications (incl. Internet)", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z" } }, { "key": "4HC23SQA", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 565306, "name": "Data Dictionaries", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/565306/items/4HC23SQA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries/items/4HC23SQA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 789246, "username": "stephlabou", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/stephlabou", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Sabharwal et al.", "parsedDate": "2011-12-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "4HC23SQA", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Deriving system complexity metric from events and its validation", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sangeeta", "lastName": "Sabharwal" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sandeep K.", "lastName": "Singh" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J. P.", "lastName": "Gupta" } ], "abstractNote": "The event based paradigm has gathered momentum as witnessed by current efforts in areas ranging from event driven architectures, complex event processing, and business process management and modeling to grid computing, web services notifications, event stream processing and message-oriented middleware. The increasing popularity of event based systems has opened new challenging issues for them. One such issue is measuring complexity of these systems. A well-developed system should be maintainable, pluggable, scalable and less complex. In this paper, an event based approach is proposed to derive software metrics for measuring system complexity. Events taking place in a system are documented using the proposed event template. An event-flow model is constructed from event templates. The event-flow model of an event based system is represented as an event-flow graph. The proposed event-flow complexity metric for analysis model is derived from an event-flow graph. The metric has also been evaluated in terms of Weyuker's properties. Results of evaluation show that it satisfies 8 out of 9 Weyuker's properties. A prototype tool is also developed to automatically generate event interdependency matrices and compute absolute and relative complexity of an entire system. The proposed technique can be very effective especially for real time systems where lots of events take place.", "publicationTitle": "International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "December 1, 2011", "volume": "21", "issue": "08", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "1097-1121", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Int. J. Soft. Eng. Knowl. Eng.", "DOI": "10.1142/S021819401100561X", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S021819401100561X", "accessDate": "2016-06-10T17:49:10Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0218-1940", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "worldscientific.com (Atypon)", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z" } }, { "key": "4NJKGCG2", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 565306, "name": "Data Dictionaries", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/565306/items/4NJKGCG2", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries/items/4NJKGCG2", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 789246, "username": "stephlabou", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/stephlabou", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Recker and Rosemann", "parsedDate": "2010-05", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "4NJKGCG2", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "The measurement of perceived ontological deficiencies of conceptual modeling grammars", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jan", "lastName": "Recker" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Michael", "lastName": "Rosemann" } ], "abstractNote": "Over recent years, many scholars have studied the conceptual modeling of information systems based on a theory of ontological expressiveness. This theory offers four constructs that inform properties of modeling grammars in the form of ontological deficiencies, and their implications for development and use of conceptual modeling in IS practice. In this paper we report on the development of a valid and reliable instrument for measuring the perceptions that individuals have of the ontological deficiencies of conceptual modeling grammars. We describe a multi-stage approach for instrument development that incorporates feedback from expert and user panels. We also report on a field test of the instrument with 590 modeling practitioners. We further study how different levels of modeling experience influence user perceptions of ontological deficiencies of modeling grammars. We provide implications for practice and future research.", "publicationTitle": "Data & Knowledge Engineering", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "May 2010", "volume": "69", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "516-532", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Data & Knowledge Engineering", "DOI": "10.1016/j.datak.2010.01.003", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169023X10000042", "accessDate": "2016-06-10T18:32:26Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0169-023X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Conceptual modeling", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Instrument development", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Perception measurement", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Theory of ontological expressiveness", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z" } }, { "key": "CP7MSAJE", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 565306, "name": "Data Dictionaries", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/565306/items/CP7MSAJE", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries/items/CP7MSAJE", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 789246, "username": "stephlabou", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/stephlabou", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Ram and Park", "parsedDate": "2004-02", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "CP7MSAJE", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Semantic conflict resolution ontology (SCROL): an ontology for detecting and resolving data and schema-level semantic conflicts", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Sudha", "lastName": "Ram" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Jinsoo", "lastName": "Park" } ], "abstractNote": "Establishing semantic interoperability among heterogeneous information sources has been a critical issue in the database community for the past two decades. Despite the critical importance, current approaches to semantic interoperability of heterogeneous databases have not been sufficiently effective. We propose a common ontology called semantic conflict resolution ontology (SCROL) that addresses the inherent difficulties in the conventional approaches, i.e., federated schema and domain ontology approaches. SCROL provides a systematic method for automatically detecting and resolving various semantic conflicts in heterogeneous databases. SCROL provides a dynamic mechanism of comparing and manipulating contextual knowledge of each information source, which is useful in achieving semantic interoperability among heterogeneous databases. We show how SCROL is used for detecting and resolving semantic conflicts between semantically equivalent schema and data elements. In addition, we present evaluation results to show that SCROL can be successfully used to automate the process of identifying and resolving semantic conflicts.", "publicationTitle": "IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "February 2004", "volume": "16", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "189-202", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1109/TKDE.2004.1269597", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1041-4347", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "Semantic conflict resolution ontology (SCROL)", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "IEEE Xplore", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Artificial intelligence", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Databases", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Finance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Helium", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Knowledge based systems", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Manipulator dynamics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Multiagent systems", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ontologies", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Problem-solving", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Vocabulary", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "data models", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "distributed databases", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "heterogeneous databases", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "knowledge representation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "multi-agent systems", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "schema-level semantic conflicts", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "semantic conflict resolution ontology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "semantic interoperability", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "semantic modeling", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z" } }, { "key": "JTBPUNC4", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 565306, "name": "Data Dictionaries", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/565306/items/JTBPUNC4", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries/items/JTBPUNC4", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 789246, "username": "stephlabou", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/stephlabou", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Priss", "parsedDate": "2006-01-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "JTBPUNC4", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Formal concept analysis in information science", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Uta", "lastName": "Priss" } ], "abstractNote": "", "publicationTitle": "Annual Review of Information Science and Technology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 1, 2006", "volume": "40", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "521-543", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Ann. Rev. Info. Sci. Tech.", "DOI": "10.1002/aris.1440400120", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aris.1440400120/abstract", "accessDate": "2016-04-18T22:39:55Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1550-8382", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "Wiley Online Library", "callNumber": "", "rights": "Copyright © 2006 American Society for Information Science and Technology", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "analytic models", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "concept association", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "concepts", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "contextual information", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "knowledge discovery", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z" } }, { "key": "VR9ZMVEF", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 565306, "name": "Data Dictionaries", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/565306/items/VR9ZMVEF", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries/items/VR9ZMVEF", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 789246, "username": "stephlabou", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/stephlabou", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Patnaik et al.", "parsedDate": "2015-01-01", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VR9ZMVEF", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "International Conference on Computer, Communication and Convergence (ICCC 2015)Literature Review of Data Model Quality Metrics of Data Warehouse", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Srikanta", "lastName": "Patnaik" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Anjana", "lastName": "Gosain" }, { "creatorType": "author", "name": "Heena" } ], "abstractNote": "Quality of data warehouse is very crucial for managerial strategic decisions. Multidimensional data modeling has been accepted as a basis for data warehouse, thus data model quality has a great impact on overall quality of data warehouse. Metrics act as a tool to measure the quality of data warehouse model. Various authors have proposed metrics to assess the quality attributes of conceptual data models for data warehouse such as understandability, maintainability etc. All the related research work inspires us to investigate the metrics proposed to measure data warehouse data model quality, the various quality factors assessed and to provide a ground work for research advancement in this field. A total of 22 studies were selected and analyzed to identify the various validation techniques used to prove usage and practical utility of metrics and the quality factors measured by these metrics. Opportunities for future work lie in the gaps that were found in the validation of the metrics and the lack of quality factors measured.", "publicationTitle": "Procedia Computer Science", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 1, 2015", "volume": "48", "issue": "", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "236-243", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Procedia Computer Science", "DOI": "10.1016/j.procs.2015.04.176", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877050915006857", "accessDate": "2016-06-10T17:52:53Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1877-0509", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Conceptual Data model quality metrics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Data warehouse Data Model Quality Metrics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Literature review", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Understandability", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z" } }, { "key": "AX8TNEFB", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 565306, "name": "Data Dictionaries", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/565306/items/AX8TNEFB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries/items/AX8TNEFB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 789246, "username": "stephlabou", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/stephlabou", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Nelson et al.", "parsedDate": "2011-04-19", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "AX8TNEFB", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "A conceptual modeling quality framework", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H. James", "lastName": "Nelson" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Geert", "lastName": "Poels" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Marcela", "lastName": "Genero" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mario", "lastName": "Piattini" } ], "abstractNote": "The goal of any modeling activity is a complete and accurate understanding of the real-world domain, within the bounds of the problem at hand and keeping in mind the goals of the stakeholders involved. High-quality representations are critical to that understanding. This paper proposes a comprehensive Conceptual Modeling Quality Framework, bringing together two well-known quality frameworks: the framework of Lindland, Sindre, and Sølvberg (LSS) and that of Wand and Weber based on Bunge’s ontology (BWW). This framework builds upon the strengths of the LSS and BWW frameworks, bringing together and organizing the various quality cornerstones and then defining the many quality dimensions that connect one to another. It presents a unified view of conceptual modeling quality that can benefit both researchers and practitioners.", "publicationTitle": "Software Quality Journal", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2011/04/19", "volume": "20", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "201-228", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Software Qual J", "DOI": "10.1007/s11219-011-9136-9", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11219-011-9136-9", "accessDate": "2016-06-10T17:56:52Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0963-9314, 1573-1367", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Conceptual modeling", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Data Structures, Cryptology and Information Theory", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Operating Systems", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Programming Languages, Compilers, Interpreters", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Quality", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Software Engineering/Programming and Operating Systems", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "System development process", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z" } }, { "key": "V2IMFVII", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 565306, "name": "Data Dictionaries", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/565306/items/V2IMFVII", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries/items/V2IMFVII", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 789246, "username": "stephlabou", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/stephlabou", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Mühlhäusler and Peace", "parsedDate": "2006", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "V2IMFVII", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Environmental Discourses", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peter", "lastName": "Mühlhäusler" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Adrian", "lastName": "Peace" } ], "abstractNote": "AbstractDiscourses concerned with the perceived global environmental crisis have increased dramatically over the past couple of decades. This review consists of an ethnographic analysis of the principal components of environmental discourses as well as a discussion of the approaches employed to analyze them. These include linguistic discourses (ecolinguistics, ecocritical linguistics, discourse analysis) as well as approaches developed within other disciplines (anthropology, literary studies, philosophy, and psychology). Over the years, the structural properties of environmental discourses have developed into a distinct discourse category. It remains unclear to what extent the numerous environmental discourses and metadiscourses significantly contribute to improving the health of the natural environment.", "publicationTitle": "Annual Review of Anthropology", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "2006", "volume": "35", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "457-479", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123203", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123203", "accessDate": "2016-04-12T23:29:54Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Annual Reviews", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "biocultural diversity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "ecolinguistics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "environmental metaphor", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "ethnography of communication", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "greenspeak", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z" } }, { "key": "Q82X4RPR", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 565306, "name": "Data Dictionaries", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/565306/items/Q82X4RPR", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries/items/Q82X4RPR", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 789246, "username": "stephlabou", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/stephlabou", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Moody", "parsedDate": "1998-11-16", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "Q82X4RPR", "version": 2, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Metrics for Evaluating the Quality of Entity Relationship Models", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Daniel L.", "lastName": "Moody" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Tok-Wang", "lastName": "Ling" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Sudha", "lastName": "Ram" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Mong Li", "lastName": "Lee" } ], "abstractNote": "This paper defines a comprehensive set of metrics for evaluating the quality of Entity Relationship models. This is an extension of previous research which developed a conceptual framework and identified stakeholders and quality factors for evaluating data models. However quality factors are not enough to ensure quality in practice, because different people will have different interpretations of the same concept. The objective of this paper is to refine these quality factors into quantitative measures to reduce subjectivity and bias in the evaluation process. A total of twenty five candidate metrics are proposed in this paper, each of which measures one of the quality factors previously defined. The metrics may be used to evaluate the quality of data models, choose between alternatives and identify areas for improvement.", "bookTitle": "Conceptual Modeling – ER ’98", "series": "Lecture Notes in Computer Science", "seriesNumber": "1507", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "1998/11/16", "publisher": "Springer Berlin Heidelberg", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "211-225", "ISBN": "978-3-540-65189-5 978-3-540-49524-6", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-49524-6_18", "accessDate": "2016-06-10T18:32:22Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "©1998 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg", "extra": "DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-49524-6_18", "tags": [ { "tag": "Data Structures, Cryptology and Information Theory", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Database Management", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Information Systems Applications (incl. Internet)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mathematical Logic and Formal Languages", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Models and Principles", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Simulation and Modeling", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z" } }, { "key": "BXGJGI2D", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 565306, "name": "Data Dictionaries", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/565306/items/BXGJGI2D", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries/items/BXGJGI2D", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 789246, "username": "stephlabou", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/stephlabou", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Lindland et al.", "parsedDate": "1994-03", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "BXGJGI2D", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Understanding quality in conceptual modeling", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "O. I.", "lastName": "Lindland" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "G.", "lastName": "Sindre" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "A.", "lastName": "Solvberg" } ], "abstractNote": "With the increasing focus on early development as a major factor in determining overall quality, many researchers are trying to define what makes a good conceptual model. However, existing frameworks often do little more than list desirable properties. The authors examine attempts to define quality as it relates to conceptual models and propose their own framework, which includes a systematic approach to identifying quality-improvement goals and the means to achieve them. The framework has two unique features: it distinguishes between goals and means by separating what you are trying to achieve in conceptual modeling from how to achieve it (it has been made so that the goals are more realistic by introducing the notion of feasibility); and it is closely linked to linguistic concepts because modeling is essentially making statements in some language.<>", "publicationTitle": "IEEE Software", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 1994", "volume": "11", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "42-49", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1109/52.268955", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0740-7459", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "IEEE Xplore", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Conceptual modeling", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Software quality", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "System analysis and design", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "feasibility", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "linguistic concepts", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "modeling", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "modelling", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "quality-improvement goals", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "systematic approach", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "systems analysis", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z" } }, { "key": "VTZZPZF9", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 565306, "name": "Data Dictionaries", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/565306/items/VTZZPZF9", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries/items/VTZZPZF9", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 789246, "username": "stephlabou", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/stephlabou", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kedad and Métais", "parsedDate": "2002-06-27", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VTZZPZF9", "version": 2, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Ontology-Based Data Cleaning", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Zoubida", "lastName": "Kedad" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Elisabeth", "lastName": "Métais" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Birger", "lastName": "Andersson" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Maria", "lastName": "Bergholtz" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Paul", "lastName": "Johannesson" } ], "abstractNote": "Multi-source information systems, such as data warehouses, are composed of a set of heterogeneous and distributed data sources. The relevant information is extracted from these sources, cleaned, transformed and then integrated. The confrontation of two different data sources may reveal different kinds of heterogeneities: at the intensional level, the conflicts are related to the structure of the data. At the extensional level, the conflicts are related to the instances of the data. The process of detecting and solving the conflicts at the extensional level is known as data cleaning. In this paper, we will focus on the problem of differences in terminologies and we propose a solution based on linguistic knowledge provided by a domain ontology. This approach is well suited for application domains with intensive classification of data such as medicine or pharmacology. The main idea is to automatically generate some correspondence assertions between instances of objects. The user can parametrize this generation process by defining a level of accuracy expressed using the domain ontology.", "bookTitle": "Natural Language Processing and Information Systems", "series": "Lecture Notes in Computer Science", "seriesNumber": "2553", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2002/06/27", "publisher": "Springer Berlin Heidelberg", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "137-149", "ISBN": "978-3-540-00307-6 978-3-540-36271-5", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-36271-1_12", "accessDate": "2016-04-12T23:35:48Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "©2002 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg", "extra": "DOI: 10.1007/3-540-36271-1_12", "tags": [ { "tag": "Data Cleaning", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Database Management", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Information Storage and Retrieval", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Information Systems Applications (incl. Internet)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Language Translation and Linguistics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Logics and Meanings of Programs", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Mathematical Logic and Formal Languages", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Multi-Source Information Systems", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ontology", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z" } }, { "key": "VCAZCFXU", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 565306, "name": "Data Dictionaries", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/565306/items/VCAZCFXU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries/items/VCAZCFXU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 789246, "username": "stephlabou", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/stephlabou", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Kedad and Métais", "parsedDate": "1999-11-15", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "VCAZCFXU", "version": 2, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Dealing with Semantic Heterogeneity During Data Integration", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Zoubida", "lastName": "Kedad" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Elisabeth", "lastName": "Métais" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Jacky", "lastName": "Akoka" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Mokrane", "lastName": "Bouzeghoub" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Isabelle", "lastName": "Comyn-Wattiau" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Elisabeth", "lastName": "Métais" } ], "abstractNote": "Multi-sources information systems, such as data warehouse systems, involve heterogeneous sources. In this paper, we deal with the semantic heterogeneity of the data instances. Problems may occur when confronting sources, each time different level of denominations have been used for the same value, e.g. “vermilion” in one source, and “red” in an other. We propose to manage this semantic heterogeneity by using a linguistic dictionary. “Semantic operators” allow a linguistic flexibility in the queries, e.g. two tuples with the values “red” and “vermilion” could match in a semantic join on the “color” attribute. A particularity of our approach is it states the scope of the flexibility by defining classes of equivalent values by the mean of “priority nodes”. They are used as parameters for allowing the user to define the scope of the flexibility in a very natural manner, without specifying any distance.", "bookTitle": "Conceptual Modeling — ER ’99", "series": "Lecture Notes in Computer Science", "seriesNumber": "1728", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "1999/11/15", "publisher": "Springer Berlin Heidelberg", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "325-339", "ISBN": "978-3-540-66686-8 978-3-540-47866-9", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-47866-3_22", "accessDate": "2016-06-15T16:56:59Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "©1999 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg", "extra": "DOI: 10.1007/3-540-47866-3_22", "tags": [ { "tag": "Computation by Abstract Devices", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Data Structures, Cryptology and Information Theory", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Database Management", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Information Systems Applications (incl. Internet)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Popular Computer Science", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Simulation and Modeling", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z" } }, { "key": "4HZ3H2NI", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 565306, "name": "Data Dictionaries", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/565306/items/4HZ3H2NI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries/items/4HZ3H2NI", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 789246, "username": "stephlabou", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/stephlabou", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Jones et al.", "parsedDate": "2001-09", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "4HZ3H2NI", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Managing scientific metadata", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M. B.", "lastName": "Jones" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "C.", "lastName": "Berkley" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "J.", "lastName": "Bojilova" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "M.", "lastName": "Schildhauer" } ], "abstractNote": "Metacat is a network-enabled database framework that lets users store, query, and retrieve XML documents with arbitrary schemas in SQL-compliant relational database systems. The system (available from the Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity, http://knb.ecoinformatics.org/) incorporates RDF-like methods for packaging data sets to allow researchers to customize and revise their metadata. It is extensible and flexible enough to preserve utility and interpretability working with future content standards. Metacat solves several key challenges that impede data confederation efforts in ecological research, or any field in which independent agencies collect heterogeneous data that they wish to control locally while enabling networked access. This distributed solution integrates with existing site infrastructures because it works with any SQL-compliant database system. The framework's open-source based components are widely available, and individual sites can extend and customize the system to support their data and metadata needs", "publicationTitle": "IEEE Internet Computing", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "September 2001", "volume": "5", "issue": "5", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "59-68", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1109/4236.957896", "citationKey": "", "url": "", "accessDate": "", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1089-7801", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "IEEE Xplore", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Database systems", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ecology", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Impedance", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Information retrieval", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Internet", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Java", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Microorganisms", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Network synthesis", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Protocols", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "RDF-like methods", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "SQL", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "SQL-compliant relational database systems", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Spatiotemporal phenomena", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Vocabulary", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "XML", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "XML documents", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "arbitrary schemas", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "content standards", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "data confederation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "data sets", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "distributed solution", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "ecological research", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "file servers", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "heterogeneous data", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "hypermedia markup languages", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "independent agencies", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "meta data", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "metadata catalog", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "metadata needs", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "network-enabled database framework", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "networked access", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "open-source based components", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "relational databases", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "scientific information systems", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "scientific metadata management", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z" } }, { "key": "EC38XNWB", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 565306, "name": "Data Dictionaries", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/565306/items/EC38XNWB", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries/items/EC38XNWB", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 789246, "username": "stephlabou", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/stephlabou", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hu and Qu", "parsedDate": "2007", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "EC38XNWB", "version": 2, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Discovering Simple Mappings Between Relational Database Schemas and Ontologies", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Wei", "lastName": "Hu" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Yuzhong", "lastName": "Qu" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Karl", "lastName": "Aberer" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Key-Sun", "lastName": "Choi" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Natasha", "lastName": "Noy" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Dean", "lastName": "Allemang" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Kyung-Il", "lastName": "Lee" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Lyndon", "lastName": "Nixon" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Jennifer", "lastName": "Golbeck" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Peter", "lastName": "Mika" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Diana", "lastName": "Maynard" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Riichiro", "lastName": "Mizoguchi" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Guus", "lastName": "Schreiber" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Philippe", "lastName": "Cudré-Mauroux" } ], "abstractNote": "Ontologies proliferate with the growth of the Semantic Web. However, most of data on the Web are still stored in relational databases. Therefore, it is important to establish interoperability between relational databases and ontologies for creating a Web of data. An effective way to achieve interoperability is finding mappings between relational database schemas and ontologies. In this paper, we propose a new approach to discovering simple mappings between a relational database schema and an ontology. It exploits simple mappings based on virtual documents, and eliminates incorrect mappings via validating mapping consistency. Additionally, it also constructs a special type of semantic mappings, called contextual mappings, which is useful for practical applications. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach performs well on several data sets from real world domains.", "bookTitle": "The Semantic Web", "series": "Lecture Notes in Computer Science", "seriesNumber": "4825", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2007", "publisher": "Springer Berlin Heidelberg", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "225-238", "ISBN": "978-3-540-76297-3 978-3-540-76298-0", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-76298-0_17", "accessDate": "2016-06-10T22:14:17Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "©2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg", "extra": "DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-76298-0_17", "tags": [ { "tag": "Computer Communication Networks", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Computer Science, general", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Information Systems Applications (incl. Internet)", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Library Science", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Multimedia Information Systems", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z" } }, { "key": "F4C6Z73H", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 565306, "name": "Data Dictionaries", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/565306/items/F4C6Z73H", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries/items/F4C6Z73H", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 789246, "username": "stephlabou", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/stephlabou", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Houy et al.", "parsedDate": "2012-10-15", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "F4C6Z73H", "version": 2, "itemType": "bookSection", "title": "Understanding Understandability of Conceptual Models – What Are We Actually Talking about?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Constantin", "lastName": "Houy" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peter", "lastName": "Fettke" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Peter", "lastName": "Loos" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Paolo", "lastName": "Atzeni" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "David", "lastName": "Cheung" }, { "creatorType": "editor", "firstName": "Sudha", "lastName": "Ram" } ], "abstractNote": "Investigating and improving the quality of conceptual models has gained tremendous importance in the past years. In general, model understandability is regarded one of the most important model quality goals and criteria. A considerable amount of empirical studies, especially experiments, have been conducted in order to investigate factors influencing the understandability of conceptual models. However, a thorough review and reconstruction of 42 experiments on conceptual model understandability conducted in this research shows that there is a variety of different understandings and conceptualizations of the term model understandability. As a consequence, this term remains ambiguous, research results on model understandability are hardly comparable and partly imprecise, which shows the necessity of clarification what the conceptual modeling community is actually talking about when the term model understandability is used. In order to overcome this shortcoming, our research classifies the different observed dimensions of model understandability in a reference framework. Moreover, implications of the findings are presented and discussed and some guidelines for future model understandability research are given.", "bookTitle": "Conceptual Modeling", "series": "Lecture Notes in Computer Science", "seriesNumber": "7532", "volume": "", "numberOfVolumes": "", "edition": "", "date": "2012/10/15", "publisher": "Springer Berlin Heidelberg", "place": "", "originalDate": "", "originalPublisher": "", "originalPlace": "", "format": "", "pages": "64-77", "ISBN": "978-3-642-34001-7 978-3-642-34002-4", "DOI": "", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-34002-4_5", "accessDate": "2016-06-10T18:32:28Z", "ISSN": "", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "en", "libraryCatalog": "link.springer.com", "callNumber": "", "rights": "©2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg", "extra": "DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-34002-4_5", "tags": [ { "tag": "Conceptual modeling", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Database Management", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Information Storage and Retrieval", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Logics and Meanings of Programs", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Simulation and Modeling", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "experimental research", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "model comprehensibility", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "model quality", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "model understandability", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "software engineering", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z" } }, { "key": "PMD9XETU", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 565306, "name": "Data Dictionaries", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/565306/items/PMD9XETU", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries/items/PMD9XETU", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 789246, "username": "stephlabou", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/stephlabou", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Herre and Heller", "parsedDate": "2006-06", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "PMD9XETU", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Semantic foundations of medical information systems based on top-level ontologies", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "H.", "lastName": "Herre" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "B.", "lastName": "Heller" } ], "abstractNote": "The modeling of knowledge and its implementation in software systems is not sufficiently supported by proper guidelines and well-established principles. An interdisciplinary approach seems to be necessary because the development of guidelines for sound knowledge modeling—in particular in medicine—requires expertise from areas such as linguistics, informatics, medicine, cognitive science and philosophy. In the present paper, we discuss relevant aspects of such an approach and outline some results of the work of the research group Onto-Med. In particular, we expound a methodology, which supports the semantic foundation of medical information systems by using top-level ontologies.", "publicationTitle": "Knowledge-Based Systems", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "June 2006", "volume": "19", "issue": "2", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "107-115", "series": "Intelligent Software Design", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Knowledge-Based Systems", "DOI": "10.1016/j.knosys.2005.10.002", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950705105000894", "accessDate": "2016-06-14T20:39:07Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0950-7051", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "GFO", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Medical data dictionary", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ontological mappings", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Ontology", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z" } }, { "key": "GACAZAZI", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 565306, "name": "Data Dictionaries", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/565306/items/GACAZAZI", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries/items/GACAZAZI", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 789246, "username": "stephlabou", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/stephlabou", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Hamm", "parsedDate": "2012-01-13", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "GACAZAZI", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Development and Evaluation of a Data Dictionary to Standardize Salmonid Habitat Assessments in the Pacific Northwest", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "David E.", "lastName": "Hamm" } ], "abstractNote": "Restoration ecology and conservation biology have increasingly recognized the need for a common language to facilitate the combining of data sets to help identify threats, degraded habitat, and appropriate restoration response. However, to date no tool exists that can standardize language for large quantities of publicly available information relevant to the analysis and management of threatened and endangered Pacific salmonids. Here, I present a simple and transparent method for integrating assessments of degraded salmonid habitat into a database using a data dictionary. The data dictionary is then used to measure similarity between independently created assessments for subbasins within the Columbia-Cascade region. The relationship between the number of restoration projects and the number of assessed ecological concerns is also compared. This initial investigation illustrates the data dictionary's utility in defining a set of salmonid-specific ecological concerns, providing a means to integrate habitat assessments to encompass a wider area and measure the concordance between different assessments conducted over the same geographical area. The ability to standardize and integrate information on degraded habitat provides an important link in a logical chain connecting habitat conditions to the restoration projects intended to enhance populations of threatened and endangered salmonids. This article not subject to U.S. copyright law.", "publicationTitle": "Fisheries", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "January 13, 2012", "volume": "37", "issue": "1", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "6-18", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "", "DOI": "10.1080/03632415.2012.639679", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03632415.2012.639679", "accessDate": "2016-06-14T20:16:20Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0363-2415", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "Taylor and Francis+NEJM", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z" } }, { "key": "TS865WHA", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 565306, "name": "Data Dictionaries", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/565306/items/TS865WHA", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries/items/TS865WHA", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 789246, "username": "stephlabou", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/stephlabou", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Gruber", "parsedDate": "1995-11", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "TS865WHA", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Toward principles for the design of ontologies used for knowledge sharing?", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Thomas R.", "lastName": "Gruber" } ], "abstractNote": "Recent work in Artificial Intelligence (AI) is exploring the use of formal ontologies as a way of specifying content-specific agreements for the sharing and reuse of knowledge among software entities. We take an engineering perspective on the development of such ontologies. Formal ontologies are viewed as designed artifacts, formulated for specific purposes and evaluated against objective design criteria. We describe the role of ontologies in supporting knowledge sharing activities, and then present a set of criteria to guide the development of ontologies for these purposes. We show how these criteria are applied in case studies from the design of ontologies for engineering mathematics and bibliographic data. Selected design decisions are discussed, and alternative representation choices are evaluated against the design criteria.", "publicationTitle": "International Journal of Human-Computer Studies", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "November 1995", "volume": "43", "issue": "5–6", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "907-928", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "International Journal of Human-Computer Studies", "DOI": "10.1006/ijhc.1995.1081", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1071581985710816", "accessDate": "2016-03-30T20:36:00Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "1071-5819", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z" } }, { "key": "FZQWZI9N", "version": 2, "library": { "type": "group", "id": 565306, "name": "Data Dictionaries", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries", "type": "text/html" } } }, "links": { "self": { "href": "https://api.zotero.org/groups/565306/items/FZQWZI9N", "type": "application/json" }, "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/groups/data_dictionaries/items/FZQWZI9N", "type": "text/html" } }, "meta": { "createdByUser": { "id": 789246, "username": "stephlabou", "name": "", "links": { "alternate": { "href": "https://www.zotero.org/stephlabou", "type": "text/html" } } }, "creatorSummary": "Genero et al.", "parsedDate": "2008-03", "numChildren": 0 }, "data": { "key": "FZQWZI9N", "version": 2, "itemType": "journalArticle", "title": "Defining and validating metrics for assessing the understandability of entity–relationship diagrams", "creators": [ { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Marcela", "lastName": "Genero" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Geert", "lastName": "Poels" }, { "creatorType": "author", "firstName": "Mario", "lastName": "Piattini" } ], "abstractNote": "Database and data model evolution cause significant problems in the highly dynamic business environment that we experience these days. To support the rapidly changing data requirements of agile companies, conceptual data models, which constitute the foundation of database design, should be sufficiently flexible to be able to incorporate changes easily and smoothly. In order to understand what factors drive the maintainability of conceptual data models and to improve conceptual modelling processes, we need to be able to assess conceptual data model properties and qualities in an objective and cost-efficient manner. The scarcity of early available and thoroughly validated maintainability measurement instruments motivated us to define a set of metrics for Entity–Relationship (ER) diagrams. In this paper we show that these easily calculated and objective metrics, measuring structural properties of ER diagrams, can be used as indicators of the understandability of the diagrams. Understandability is a key factor in determining maintainability as model modifications must be preceded by a thorough understanding of the model. The validation of the metrics as early understandability indicators opens up the way for an in-depth study of how structural properties determine conceptual data model understandability. It also allows building maintenance-related prediction models that can be used in conceptual data modelling practice.", "publicationTitle": "Data & Knowledge Engineering", "publisher": "", "place": "", "date": "March 2008", "volume": "64", "issue": "3", "section": "", "partNumber": "", "partTitle": "", "pages": "534-557", "series": "", "seriesTitle": "", "seriesText": "", "journalAbbreviation": "Data & Knowledge Engineering", "DOI": "10.1016/j.datak.2007.09.011", "citationKey": "", "url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169023X07001796", "accessDate": "2016-03-25T23:05:13Z", "PMID": "", "PMCID": "", "ISSN": "0169-023X", "archive": "", "archiveLocation": "", "shortTitle": "", "language": "", "libraryCatalog": "ScienceDirect", "callNumber": "", "rights": "", "extra": "", "tags": [ { "tag": "Conceptual data modelling", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "ER diagram", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Experimental validation", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Measurement theory", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Metrics", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Structural properties", "type": 1 }, { "tag": "Understandability", "type": 1 } ], "collections": [], "relations": {}, "dateAdded": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z", "dateModified": "2016-06-16T22:27:13Z" } } ]